《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry

Unit1 Chemical Industry化学工业Beforereadingthetextbelow,trytoanswerfollowingBeforereadingthetextbelow,trytoanswerfollowingquestion:Whendidthemodernchemicalindustrystart?Canyougiveadefinitionforthechemicalindustry?Whatarethecontributionwhichthechemicalindustryhasmademeetandsatisfyourneeds?Isthechemicalindustrycapital-orlabor-intensive?Why?OriginsoftheChemicalIndustryAlthoughtheuseofchemicalsdatesbacktotheancientcivilizations,theevolutionofwhatweknowasthemodernchemicalindustrystartedmuchmorerecently.ItmaybeconsideredtohavebegunduringtheIndustrialRevolution,about1800,anddevelopedtoprovidechemicalsroeusebyotherindustries.Examplesarealkaliforsoapmaking,bleachingpowderforcotton,andsilicaandsodiumcarbonateforglassmaking.Itwillbenotedthattheseareallinorganicchemicals.Theorganicchemicalsindustrystartedinthe1860swiththeexploitationofWilliamHenryPerkin’sdiscoveryifthefirstsyntheticdyestuff—mauve.AtthestartofthetwentiethcenturytheemphasisonresearchontheappliedaspectsofchemistryinGermanyhadpaidoffhandsomely,andby1914hadresultedintheGermanchemicalindustryhaving75%oftheworldmarketinchemicals.ThiswasbasedonthediscoveryofnewdyestuffsplusthedevelopmentofboththecontactprocessforsulphuricacidandtheHaberprocessforammonia.Thelaterrequiredamajortechnologicalbreakthroughthatofbeingabletocarryoutchemicalreactionsunderconditionsofveryhighpressureforthefirsttime.TheexperiencegainedwiththiswastostandGermanyingoodstead,particularlywiththerapidlyincreaseddemandfornitrogen-basedcompounds(ammoniumsaltsforfertilizersandnitricacidforexplosivesmanufacture)withtheoutbreakofworldwarⅠin1914.Thisinitiatedprofoundchangeswhichcontinuedduringtheinter-waryears(1918-1939).化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代1800用的硅及Na2CO3.我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以WilliamHenryPerkin—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。201914在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后1918-193。datebaketo/from:回溯到dated:过时的，陈旧的standsb.ingoodstead:Since1940thechemicalindustryhasgrownataremarkablerate,althoughthishasslowedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Thelion’sshareofthisgrowthhasbeenintheorganicchemicalssectorduetothedevelopmentandgrowthofthepetrochemicalsareasince1950s.Theexplosivesgrowthinpetrochemicalsinthe1960sand1970swaslargelyduetotheenormousincreasedemandforsyntheticpolymerssuchaspolyethylene,polypropylene,nylon,polyestersandepoxyresins.1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。化学工业的发展由于19506070乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。Thechemicalindustrytodayisaverydiversesectorofmanufacturingindustry,withinwhichitplaysacentralrole.Itmakesthousandsofdifferentchemicalswhichthegeneralpubliconlyusuallyencounterasendorconsumerproducts.Theseproductsarepurchasedbecausetheyhavetherequiredpropertieswhichmakethemsuitableforsomeparticularapplication,e.g.anon-stickcoatingforpansoraweedkiller.Thuschemicalsareultimatelysoldfortheeffectsthattheyproduce.今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如一种杀虫剂。这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。DefinitionoftheChemicalIndustryAttheturnofthecenturytherewouldhavebeenlittledifficultyindefiningwhatconstitutedthechemicalindustrysinceonlyaverylimitedrangeofproductswasmanufacturedandthesewereclearlychemicals,e.g.,alkali,sulphuricacid.Atpresent,however,manyintermediatestoproductsproduced,fromrawmaterialslikecrudeoilthrough(insomecases)manyintermediatestoproductswhichmaybeuseddirectlyasconsumergoods,orreadilyconvertedintothem.Thedifficultyconesindecidingatwhichpointinthissequencetheparticularoperationceasestobepartofthechemicalindustry’ssphereofactivities.Toconsideraspecificexampletoillustratethisdilemma,emulsionpaintsmaycontainpoly(vinylchloride)/poly(vinylacetate).Clearly,synthesisofvinylchloride(oracetate)anditspolymerizationarechemicalactivities.However,ifformulationandmixingofthepaint,includingthepolymer,iscarriedoutbyabranchofthemultinationalchemicalcompanywhichmanufacturedtheingredients,isthisstillpartofthechemicalindustryofdoesitmowbelonginthedecoratingindustry?化学工业的定义一些原料物质像用于制备许多的半成品的石油/聚醋酸乙烯。显然，氯乙烯（或醋酸乙烯）配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨国化学公司完成的话Itisthereforeapparentthat,becauseofitsdiversityof operationsandcloselinksinmanyareaswithotherindustries,thereisnosimpledefinitionofthechemicalindustry.Insteadeachofficialbodywhichcollectsandpublishesstatisticsonmanufacturingindustrywillhaveitsdefinitionastowhichoperationsareclassifiedasthechemicalindustry.Itisimportanttobearthisinmindwhencomparingstatisticalinformationwhichisderivedfromseveralsources.TheNeedforChemicalIndustryThechemicalindustryisconcernedwithconvertingrawmaterials,suchascrudeoil,firstlyintochemicalintermediatesandthenintoatremendousvarietyofotherchemicals.Thesearethenusedtoproduceconsumerproducts,whichmakeourlivesmorecomfortableor,insomecasessuchaspharmaceuticalproduces,helptomaintainourwell-beingorevenlifeitself.Ateachstageoftheseoperationsvalueisaddedtotheproduceandprovidedthisaddedexceedstherawmaterialplusprocessingcoststhenaprofitwillbemadeontheoperation.Itistheaimofchemicalindustrytoachievethis.对化学工业的需要Itmayseemstrangeintextbookthisonetoposethequestion―doweneedachemicalindustry?‖Howevertryingtoanswerthisquestionwillprovide(ⅰ)anindicationoftherangeofthechemicalindustry’sactivities,(ⅱ)itsinfluenceonourlivesineverydayterms,and(ⅲ)howgreatissociety’sneedforachemicalindustry.Ourapproachinansweringthequestionwillbetoconsidertheindustry’scontributiontomeetingandsatisfyingourmajorneeds.Whatarethese?Clearlyfood(anddrink)andhealthareparamount.Otherwhichweshallconsiderintheirturnareclothingand(briefly)shelter,leisureandtransport.在这样的一本教科书中提出呢？然而，先回答下面几个问题将给我们提供一些信息（1）化学工业的活动范围（）化学工业对我们日常生活的影响（旅行。(1)Food.Thechemicalindustry makesamajorcontributiontofoodproductioninatleastthreeways.Firstly,bymakingavailablelargequantitiesofartificialfertilizerswhichareusedtoreplacetheelements(mainlynitrogen,phosphorusandpotassium)whichareremovedasnutrientsbythegrowingcropsduringmodernintensivefarming.Secondly,bymanufacturingprotectionchemicals,i.e.,pesticides,whichmarkedlyreducetheproportionoftheconsumedbypests.Thirdly,byproducingveterinaryproductswhichprotectlivestockdiseaseorcuretheirinfections.食物。化学工业对粮食生产所做的巨大贡献至少有三个方面。第一，提供大量可以获得的肥料以补充由于密集耕作被农作物生长时所带走的营养成分（主要是氮、磷和钾。产兽药保护家禽免遭疾病或其它感染的侵害。Health.Weareallawareofthemajorcontributionwhichthepharmaceuticalsectoroftheindustryhasmadetohelpkeepusallhealthy,e.g.bycuringbacterialinfectionswithantibiotics,andevenextendinglifeitself,e.g.ß–blockerstolowerbloodpressure.（2）健康。我们都很了解化学工业中制药这一块在维护我们的身体健康甚至延长寿命方面所做出的巨大贡献，例如，用抗生素治疗细菌感染，用β-抗血栓降低血压。Clothing.Theimprovementinpropertiesofmodernsyntheticfibersoverthetraditionalclothingmaterials(e.g.cottonandwool)hasbeenquiteremarkable.Thusshirts,dressesandsuitsmade from polyesters like Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are machine-washable,anddrip-dryornon-iron.Theyarealsocheaperthannaturalmaterials.衣物。在传统的衣服面料上，现代合成纤维性质的改善也是非常显著的。用聚脂如涤纶或聚酰胺如尼龙所制作的T恤、上衣、衬衫抗皱、可机洗，晒干自挺或免烫，也比天然面料便宜。Paralleldevelopmentsinthediscoveryofmodernsyntheticdyesandthetechnologyto―bond‖themtothefiberhasresultedinatremendousincreaseinthevarietyofcolorsavailabletothefashiondesigner.Indeedtheynowspanalmosteverycolorandhueofthevisiblespectrum.Indeedifasuitableshadeisnotavailable,structuralmodificationofanexistingdyetoachievethiscanreadilybecarriedout,providedthereisasatisfactorymarketfortheproduct.与此同时，现代合成染料开发和染色技术的改善使得时装设计师们有大量的色彩可以利只要这种产品确有市场，就可以很容易地通过对现有的色彩进行结构调整而获得。Othermajoradvancesinthisspherehavebeenincolor-fastness,i.e.,resistancetothedyebeingwashedoutwhenthegarmentiscleaned.这一领域中另一些重要进展是不褪色，即在洗涤衣物时染料不会被洗掉。Shelter,leisureandtransport.Intermsofshelterthecontributionofmodernsyntheticpolymershasbeensubstantial.Plasticsaretendingtoreplacetraditionalbuildingmaterialslikewoodbecausetheyarelighter,maintenance-free(i.e.theyareresistanttoweatheringanddonotneed painting). Other polymers,e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are insulatingmaterialsforreducingheatlossesandhencereducingenergyusage.（4）住所，休闲和旅游。讲到住所方面现代合成高聚物的贡献是巨大的。塑料正在取（即它们可以抵抗风化，不需油漆Plasticsandpolymershavemadeaconsiderableimpactonleisureactivitieswithapplicationsrangingfromall-weatherartificialsurfacesforathletictracks,footballpitchesandtenniscourtstonylonstringsforracquetsanditemslikegolfballsandfootballsmadeentirelyfromsyntheticmaterials.和网球的经纬线，到球拍的尼龙线还有高尔夫球的元件，还有制造足球的合成材料。Likewisethechemicalindustry’scontributiontotransportovertheyearshasledtomajorimprovements.Thusdevelopmentofimprovedadditiveslikeanti-oxidantsandviscosityindeximprovesforengineoilhasenabledroutineservicingintervalstoincreasefrom3000to6000to12000miles.Researchanddevelopmentworkhasalsoresultedinimprovedlubricatingoilsandgreases,andbetterbrakefluids.Yetagainthecontributionofpolymersandplasticshasbeenverystrikingwiththeproportionofthetotalautomobilederivedfromthesematerials—dashboard,steeringwheel,seatpaddingandcoveringetc.—nowexceeding40%.多年来化学工业对旅游方面所作的贡献也有很大的提高3000600012000英——超过Soitisquiteapparentevenfromabrieflookatthechemicalindustry’scontributiontomeetingourmajorneedsthatlifeintheworldwouldbeverydifferentwithouttheproductsoftheindustry.Indeedthelevelofacountry’sdevelopmentmaybejudgedbytheproductionlevelandsophisticationofitschemicalindustry.很显然简单地看一下化学工业在满足我们的主要需求方面所做的贡献就可以知道的生产水平和精细程度来加以判断。ResearchandDevelopment (R&D)inChemicalIndustriesOneofthemainreasonsfortherapidgrowthofthechemicalindustryinthedevelopedworldhasbeenitsgreatcommitmentto,andinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment(R&D).Atypicalfigureis5%ofsalesincome,withthisfigurebeingalmostdoubledforthemostresearchintensivesector,pharmaceuticals.Itisimportanttoemphasizethatwearequotingpercentagesherenotofprofitsbutofsalesincome,i.e.thetotalmoneyreceived,whichhastopayforrawmaterials,overheads,staffsalaries,etc.aswell.Inthepastthistremendousinvestmenthaspaidoffwell,leadingtomanyusefulandvaluableproductsbeingintroducedtothemarket.Examplesincludesyntheticpolymerslikenylonsandpolyesters,anddrugsandpesticides.Althoughthenumberofnewproductsintroducedtothemarkethasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentyears,andintimesofrecessiontheresearchdepartmentisusuallyoneofthefirsttosuffercutbacks,thecommitmenttoR&Dremainsataveryhighlevel.4．化学工业的研究和开发。发达国家化学工业飞速发展的一个重要原因就是它在研究和开发方面的投入和投资5%资仍然保持在较高的水平。Thechemicalindustryisaveryhightechnologyindustrywhichtakesfulladvantageofthelatestadvancesinelectronicsandengineering.Computersareverywidelyusedforallsortsofapplications,