农业土地用途的模式

B.2.(1)

AModelofAgriculturallanduse

農業土地用途的模式

VonThunen’sModel范杜能模式1VonThunen’sModel范杜能模式Thefirsttheory首個理論Locationofvariousofagriculturalactivities不同農業活動的位置InGermany,early19thcentury19世紀初的德國2Observed觀察varioustypesoffarmingoccurredinconcentricringsaroundsettlement不同的農業類別以同心環形態環繞聚落Aims目的:howanwhyagriculturallandusevarieswiththedistancefromamarket怎樣及為甚麼隨與市場距離，農業土地用途改變？3TwoBasicTheories2個基本理論Intensityofproduction生產密度Variationsofcroptypes不同農作物的類別41.Intensityofproduction生產密度Intensityofproductionofaparticularcropwilldeclinewithincreasingdistancefromamarket農作物的生產密度會隨與市場距離增加而下降(Intensity密度:amountofinputsperunitareaofland投入在每單位土地面積的數量)

生產密度與市場距離52.Variationsofcroptypes不同農作物的類別Typesoflandusewillvarywithdistancefrommarket土地用途會隨市場的距離而改變6Assumptions假設1.isolatedstate孤立的國家(subsistence自給自足,noexternaldisturbance不受外界干擾)2.solemarket只得一個市場3.isotropicplain均質平原(samephysicalconditions環境條件一樣)4.economicman經濟人(maximizeprofitwithfullknowledgeofmarket賺取最大利潤，並擁有所有市場資料)75.onlyoneformoftransport只有一種交通工具6.costoftransportisdirectlyproportionaltodistance運輸費會按比例隨距離增加而遞增8Principle原則:RENTisthedeterminingfactor租值就是決定因素(economicrent經濟租值/locationalrent區位租值)Rent租值/NetReturn淨回報: :revenue利潤-cost成本Revenue利潤(price市值xamount產量)/

Totalcost總成本(production生產+transportation運輸) When當:R>C(surplus盈利)-productioncontinues繼續生產R=Climit/marginofproduction生產邊線R<C(deficit赤字)-nomoreproduction停止生產9Revenue:samepriceofaparticularcrop同類農作物的市值是一樣Costs-sameproductioncostofaparticularcrop同類農作物的生產成本相同-transportcost

increases

withincreasingweight/distancefrommarket-運輸費用隨重量及距離增加而上升Therefore因此,rentdecreaseswiththedistancefromthemarket租值會隨市場的距離遞減10Model.1DistanceDecayfunction隨距距遞減減Distancedecayoftheintensityofproductionofaparticularcrop生生產產農作作物的的密度度會隨隨距遞遞減11啡先生的區區位租值較低因為運費較高1213DIMINISHINGMARGINALRETURN收收益遞減定定律Thereturnforagivenunitofinputdeclinesasmoreinputsareapplied.當更多的資資源投入土土地時，每每一單位的的投入的收收益遞減。。MrGreenandMrBrownhaveincreasedinputsby1times增加一一倍的投入入But,outputsonlyincreaseby50%only產量只只增加50%14對於啡先生生,增加投入的的額外運費費>額額外的收益益1516Conclusion總結結beingmuchclosertomarket,farmingshouldbebettertobeintensive越接近市場,農業採採用集約模式較佳beingfurtherawayfromthemarket,farmingshouldbebettertobeextensive越遠離市場,農業採採用粗放模式較佳Theintensityofproductionofaparticularcropwilldeclinewithdistancefromthemarket.農農作物生產產密度會隨隨市場距離離而遞減17Model2Typesofcropsvary農農作物類別別的變化Typesofcropsvarywithdistancefromthemarket農作作物的類別別會隨市場距離離而變化determinedbyRent由租租值決定(marketprice市場價格格,yieldperhectare每每公頃地的的產量,transportcosts運運輸成本,productioncosts生產成成本,)transportcosts運費費:varywithweight,bulk,perishabilityofcrops隨產產品的重量量，體積和和易腐壞性性而改變cropwiththehighestlocationalrent,thengrow擁有最高區位租租值的農作物，，會被種植植18Example1:AandBA-morecostlytotransport運費較較昂貴/steeperslopeofrent租值坡坡度較斜-highermarketprice市場價值值較高-closertomarket較近市市場19Example2:CandDC:higheryield收成量較較高/lowermarket市場價格格較低:higheryield,highertransportcosts收成量量較高，運運費較高:higheryield,higherrent收成成量較高，，租值較高高:closertomarket較近市市場20Consequently:aconcentriczonationoflandusepatternoccursaroundamarket圍繞市市場，出現現同心環形形態的農業業用地帶:withintensityofproductionincreasestowardsmarket越近近市場，投投入密度越越高21VonThunen—Classicmodel22VonThunen—ClassicmodelZone1:Productionoffreshmilkandvegetable生生產鮮奶和和蔬菜(marketgardening園藝農業業)-perishable易易腐壞,greatdemand需求大,highprice市價高高-intensive集約式,nofallow無休休耕,highinputs投入入高23Zone2:Productionofwood(Forestry)生產產木材（林林地）-bulky笨重重-mainfuel主要要燃料-greatdemand需求大大24Zone3:CropAlternationSystem精耕式輪輪作-intensive集約約式,nofallow無休耕-6-yearcroprotation6年輪作不不同農作物物Zone4:Improvedsystem,fallowandpasture改善了了的系統，，有休耕和和牧地-seven-yearrotationcrop7年年輪作-fallow休休耕-crops輪作作/pasture牧地地/fallow休耕25Zone5:3-fieldsystem三三圃農業業帶-1/3:fieldcrops黑麥麥,1/3:pasture牧牧地,1/3:fallow休休耕-rotationsystem輪作系統統Zone6:Extensivelivestockfarming粗放式放放牧6526ModificationofVonThunen’smodel修改1.Additionofanavigableriver航航運河流cheapertransportation較便宜宜的運輸productionzonebecomeelongated生生產帶伸延延及拉長paralleltotheriver沿河發展展272.Additionofasmallcity另一一小鎮competingcentre競競爭市場simpleconcentriczone簡單同同心環帶complex複雜雜28Causesofvariationinlocationalrent區位租租值改變的的因素changesinmarketprice市場場價格changesinproductioncost生產成成本changesintransportcost運輸成本本-Ifmarketprice市場價格:$160-Productioncost生產成本:$40/tonne-Transportcost運輸成本:$2/km/tonneEx.1,Ex.2,Ex.329Ex.1(ans)3031Ex.2Referto參參閱Ex.1,drawnewdiagramstoshowthechangesinrentandmarginofproduction繪畫新新的圖表顯顯示租值和和生產邊線線的改變(2.1)Ifmarketprice市場價格格increasesby$40(2.2)Ifproductioncost生生產成本increasesby$40(2.3)Iftransportcost運輸輸成本decreasesby$0.5/km/tonne32Ex.2.1(ans)(2.1)Ifmarketprice市場價格格increasesby$40利潤上升生產邊線擴擴張33Ex.2.2(ans)Ifproductioncost生產成成本increasesby$40利潤下降生產邊線收收縮34Ex.2.3(ans)Iftransportcost運輸成本本decreasesby$0.5/km/tonne生產邊線擴擴張利潤上升35Conclusion總結結Changeinmarketprice/productioncost市場場價格和生生產成本改改變curveofrent租值曲線線:parallelshift平行移移動gradientkeepsconstant梯度度不變36Changeintransportcost運運輸成本改改變curveofrent/netprofit租值/純利曲線線:changeingradient梯度改改變↓transportcost,↓gradient/gentler較較平緩↑transportcost,↑gradient/steeper較斜37Changeinrent–changeinproductionarea生產面面積改變expands擴張張/contracts收縮Ex.3Ifthereisanadditionofcompetingmarket當出出現另一個個市場38Ex.3繪繪畫圖表表顯示以下下農業的空空間分佈Milk鮮鮮奶:marketprice市場價價格:$160:transportcost運運費:$40/10km/tonneWheat小麥:marketprice市場價價格:$120:transportcost運運費:$20/10km/tonneWool羊羊毛:marketprice市場價價格:$80:transportcost運運費:$10/10km/tonne39Ex.3(ans)圖表顯顯示農業的的空間分佈佈40Ex.3Ifthereisanothercompetingmarket100kmaway當100公公里外出現現另一個市市場繪畫新的圖圖表顯示農農業空間分分佈的改變變41answer42Applicability可行性Economicrentmechanism經經濟租值機機制landusewithhighesteconomicrentoccupiesthespaceclosertothecitycentre擁有最高經經濟租值的的土地用途途能佔鄰近近市中心的的土地43香港的農業業土地利用用分佈44市中心園藝農業園藝農業45caseinHK,marketgardeningislocatednearbythecitycentre,becauseofitshighmarketvalueandhighperishability在香港，由由於鮮花蔬蔬菜市場價價值高及容容易腐壞，，故園藝農農業鄰近市市中心thetheoreticalpatternexistsinthereality大致理論的的模式會在在現實中出出現462.Landusepatternoffarming農業用用地用途模模式thetheoreticalfarmingpatternsuchasurbanfarming,forestry,feed-graincultivationandlivestockfarmingcanbefoundintherealworld理論中的農農業模式，，例如城市市農業，林林木區，穀穀物，畜牧牧都能於現現實世界中中找到BelgiumactsascentreinEurope比利時為歐洲的中中心4748themarket-gardeningareaisfoundinHolland園藝農業區區出現於荷蘭thelivestockfarmingisfoundinthesouthernpartofFranceandPortugal畜牧業出現現於法國南部及及葡萄牙theintensityoffarmingandcroptypeschangeatasimilartheoreticalpatternoutward農業密度及及農作物類類別的改變變，大致與與理論接近近Thehighestfarmingintensityisfoundatthecentre.Awayfromthecentre,intensitydeclines.最高的農業業投入密度度在中心區區出現。遠離中心心區,密密度遞減。。49Inapplicability不不可行circularzonalpattern圓形形區域模式式intherealworld,thespatialvariationofphysicalenvironmentdistortstheidealcircularlandusepattern現實中不一一致的空間間環境會扭扭曲理想的的環狀土地地模式50ForexampleThepresenceofEasternHighlandandTasmanSeainSEAustraliaafterlandusepatternintolinearpattern在澳洲東部，東部高地地及塔斯曼曼海改變土土地模式（（成為帶狀狀）Somephysicalconditionsarefavorableforparticularfarming.Forexample,paddygrowsinthefloodplainsoralluvialplainlikeSEChina有些自然條件件有利某種農農業。例如水水稻適合在氾氾濫平原生長長。炎熱而潮潮濕的華南地區每年生產兩造造稻米51Developmentoftransportation運輸輸發展Marketgardeningcanbedevelopedfurtherawayfromthecentre園藝農業能在在遠離市中心心的地區發展展Forexample,LondonmaynowbeservedfromDevonbymilktrainswithrefrigeratedcontainers使特文（一個個較遠離市中中心的地方））能為倫敦供應鮮奶，因因為運載鮮奶奶的火車設有有冷藏設備522.Perfectinformationandeconomicman掌掌握完全資料料的經濟人thisassumptionisinvalid不適行的的Theexperience,customsandbeliefaffectthedecisionmakingofthefarmers.PaddycultivationinSEAsiawherericeisthemaindietisanexample經驗，習慣和和信念會影響響農夫的決定定。在東南亞亞，米是主要要糧食，該地地的稻米農業業便是一例533.Zoneofforesting林木區區(nearbymarket鄰近市場)Wood:wasthemainfuel以前前是主要燃料料replacedbyfossilfuels礦礦物燃料So,nowadaystheforestingareahasdisappeared現時，，鄰近市場的林木區已消失失544.Intensityofproduction生產密度度Phenomenon:theintensityofproductiondecreasesoutward(maynotexit)現象：生產密度向向外遞減(不不出現)Becauseofurbanexpansion,speculativepurposefarmersmaynotinvestanymoreinthelandnearbythecentre(abandonedland).因為城市擴張張,農夫等等待收地,農農民不會再再投資任何投投入在鄰近市市中心的土地地(棄耕地)So,theidealVonThunen’spatternmaybedisturbed.因此，范杜能能理想的模式式會被干擾55香港的農業土土地利用分佈佈棄耕地565.Governmentintervention政府干涉landusezoningpolicy,anti-pollutionandtradingpolicies(eg,freetrade,tariffandsubsidies)mightaffectthelandusepattern.土地用途劃分分，反污染政政策及貿易政政策（自由貿貿易，關稅及及資助），都都會影響土地地用途模式57Casestudy個個案1.Australia澳洲2.AddisAbaba,Ethiopia阿的的斯阿貝巴，，埃塞俄比亞亞58Casestudy個個案:Australia澳洲洲5960Casestudy個個案:Australia澳洲洲Australia澳澳洲Market市場:Sydney悉尼Innermost接近近市場:milkzonefarming鮮鮮奶農業Intermediate中間:mixedfarming(wheat-sheepfarming)混合式農農業（小麥－－綿羊農業））Outer外外圍:extensivesheepgrazing(woolproduction)粗放式牧牧羊（羊毛生生產）61Conclusion總總結Thehighestfarmingintensityisfoundatthecentre.Awayfromthecentre,intensitydeclines.最高的農業投投入密度在中中心區出現。遠離中心區區,密度遞遞減ThegeneralpatternofVonThunen’sModelislikelyappliedinNewSouthWales,Australia范杜能模式的的土地用途模模式，大致可可以運用在澳澳洲的新南威威爾斯省62鮮奶業接近市市場牛油生產業接接近原料6364However,65However,1.ThepresenceofEasternHighlandandtheTasmanSeainSEAustraliaalterthelandusepatternintolinearandscattered在澳洲東南部部，東部高原原及塔斯曼海海將土地用途途模式改變成成帶狀及分散形形態662.ImprovedtransportsystemandgovernmentcontrolsextendtheareasupplyingwholemilktoSydneyalongrailwaynetworksandintoirrigationareasofinterior.改善了的運輸輸系統,加加上政府控制制，將供應悉悉尼的鮮奶區區沿鐵路伸延延至內陸灌溉區673.ThereareseverallargecitiesalongeastcoastofAustralia.Multiplenucleatedpatternisformed.沿澳洲東岸有有數個大城市市（多核心模式式形成）4.Australiaisnotisolatedstateaffectedbyquota,tariffandimportsfromtheEurope.澳洲並非孤立立國家，受歐洲的配額額，關稅及入入口影響685.BrokenHill(interiorregion)isanminingtownwhereDairyfarmingisfound.布羅肯希頓（內陸地區））是個採礦的的城鎮，該鎮鎮亦有乳品農農業6.Forestryisnotforfuelbutforrecreationandreservation林木區並非用作燃料料，而是用作作康樂及保育用用途69AddisAbaba,Ethiopia阿的斯阿阿貝巴，埃塞塞俄比亞70AddisAbaba,Ethiopia阿的斯阿阿貝巴，埃塞塞俄比亞notisotropic不是均均質differentphysicalenvironment不不同自然環環境differentgroupsofpeoplewithspecificcustoms有不同同習俗的民族族71Similar相似Landusepattern土地用途途模式Similar相似Forestswereplantednearbythecit