木材材料的选择T讲义总结

第三讲材料的选择Lesson3:SelectingMaterials1木材的类型Typesofwood硬木（阔叶木）和软木（针叶木）Hardwoodsandsoftwoods树木通常被划分为两个种类：硬木和软木

Treesareoftendividedintotwoclasses:hardwoodsandsoftwoods有些软木比硬木的硬度更大，所以其名字会被误解（反过来也一样）

Thesenamescanbemisleadingbecausesomesoftwoodsareharderthansomehardwoods(thereverseisalsotrue)3木材的类型Typesofwood硬木和软木Hardwoodsandsoftwoods硬木树种通常都有较宽的树叶（部分例外），在秋季或冬季会落叶。

Hardwoodtreesusuallyhavebroadleavesthat,withsomeexceptions,areshedinautumnorwinterintemperateclimates软木树种通常都有针状或鳞片状的树叶，一般情况下都是常绿的并且有年轮。

Softwoodtreesusuallyhaveneedleorscale-likeleavesthat,inmostcases,remaingreenandareretainedyear-round4木材的类型Typesofwood硬木和软木Hardwoodsandsoftwoods硬木在建筑中通常用于地板和内装工程（楼梯，壁橱，踢脚线，门窗线条等）

Hardwoodsareusedinconstructionmostlyforflooring

andinteriorwoodwork(e.g.stairs,cabinetry,baseboards,trimaroundwindowsanddoors,etc.)软木一般被用于结构框架，封板，混凝土支模，脚手架和其他建筑构件

Softwoodsareusedforframing,sheathing,concreteforms,scaffoldingandmanyotherbuildingcomponents耐久性好的软木（比如西部红柏，花旗松）可用于屋面瓦，墙面外挂板，窗框和外门等外部构件

Somemoredurablespeciesofsoftwoodareusedfor

exteriorcomponentssuchasroofandwallshingles,windowframesandexteriordoors5软木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber制造过程始于伐树Manufacturingprocessbeginswithharvestingtrees树木被砍下后，树枝先被去除，切割成一定长度方便卡车运送

Treesarecutdown,strippedofbranchesand

cuttolengthfortransportbytruck这样形成的原木再被运往锯木厂

Resultinglogsarethenshippedtoasawmill砍伐之后的区域将种上树苗使森林再生

Harvestedareasarereplantedwithtreeseedlings

toregeneratetheforest6软木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber原木在锯木厂进行加工Thelogsareprocessedbythesawmill树皮在加工的过程中被去除

Barkisremovedfromthelogs去掉树皮的木材将被锯成的初步的木板

Debarkedlogsaresawntointoroughplanks这些厚木板之后会被切边，重新切割成特定尺寸和长度

Theseplanksarethenedged,resawntospecificdimensionsandcuttostandardlengths7软木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber之后把生材由垫块隔开堆放进行风干或者窑干Thisgreenlumberisthenstackedwithspacersandeitherair-driedorkiln-dried大多数软木是在窑内烘干而不是风干

Mostsoftwoodlumberiskiln-driedratherthanairdried尽管花费更大，但窑干更快速，过程更方便控制

Althoughmorecostly,kilndryinglumberisaquickerandeasiertocontrolprocess8软木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber需将生材干燥的重要原因：Thereareseveralimportantreasonstodrygreenlumber:减少收缩变形

Reducesproblemswithshrinkage减少变色、腐坏及虫害

Reducessusceptibilitytostaining,decayandinsectdamage使得木材可以被防腐处理

Enableswoodtobetreatedwithpreservatives9软木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber需将生材干燥的重要原因：Thereareseveralimportantreasonstodrygreenlumber:改善木材握钉及施胶能力

Improvesstrengthandtheholdofnails,screwsandglue保证油漆和其他表面材料的更好的粘结力

Allowspaintsandotherfinishestoadherebetter6.使木材处理及运输更方便

Makesiteasiertohandleandtransport10软木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber干燥之后，木材被送过刨床，校直，磨平，统一尺寸Afterdrying,thelumberisputthoughaplanermillwhereitisstraightened,smoothedanduniformlysized11软木材的的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber木材制造造的最后后一个过过程是将将木材分分等级Finalstepinthemanufacturingprocessisgradingandsortingthelumber12软木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes木材相关关称呼：：Lumberterminology:13边面Edge端面End宽度WidthorDepth厚度Thickness正面SideorFace软木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes木材的厚厚度和宽宽度：Thicknessandwidthoflumberisexpressedintwoways:名义尺寸寸-在进行干干燥和最最终处理理之前的的生材尺尺寸Nominalsize–Referstotheapproximatesize(ininches)ofgreenlumberbeforeitisdriedandreceivesfinalprocessinginaplanermill实际尺寸寸-进行干燥燥和刨光处理之后后的实际际尺寸Dressedsize–Referstoactualsizeoflumberafteritisdriedandsurfacedinaplanermill14软木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes结构规格格材常用的尺寸（厚度和和宽度））:Commonsizes(thicknessandwidth)offraminglumber:15实际尺寸公制（英制）

ActualDressed

Size

metric(imperial)名义尺寸（英制）

NominalSize

(imperial)38x89mm(1½x3½in.)2x438x140mm(1½x5½in.)2x638x184mm(1½x7¼in.)2x838x235mm(1½x9¼in.)2x1038x286mm(1½x11¼in.)2x12软木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes结构用规规格材的长度度Commonlengthsofframinglumber:2.4米至7.2米，其中中以600毫米递增增的每一一个长度度2.4to7.2min600mmincrements中国内地地能买到到的最长长材料为为6.1米LongestmaterialavailableinChinais6.1m常见长度度：Usuallengths:168英尺8ft.10英尺10ft.12英尺12ft.14英尺14ft.16英尺16ft.18英尺18ft.20英尺20ft.2.44m3.05m3.66m4.27m4.88m5.49m6.10m含水率与与变形Moisturecontentandshrinkage木材的含水率极为影响响其表观观及耐久久性Moisturecontentoflumberisanimportantfactorinitsperformanceanddurability含水率是是指木材材内所含含水分的的质量占占其烘干干质量的的百分比比Moisturecontentistheweightofwatercontainedinwoodexpressedasapercentageoftheweightofoven-drywood木材的含含水率会会随着周周围的空空气稳定定下来，，但会随随着环境境的变化化而变化化Moisturecontentofwoodwilleventuallyequilibriumwiththesurroundingairandthenrespondtochangingconditions17含水率与与变形Moisturecontentandshrinkage木材会干干缩和湿湿胀Woodshrinkswhenitdriesandswellswhenitiswet生材干燥燥时会有有明显的的收缩Significantshrinkageoccursasgreenwooddries木材各方方向变形形不一致致-顺纹方向向变形很很小-横纹方向向变形很很大Wooddoesnotshrinkorexpandequallyinalldirections-verylittleshrinkage/expansionalongthegrain(lengthwise)-significantshrinkage/expansioncanoccuracrossthegrain木材干燥燥过程中中可能会会有翘曲曲出现Warpingmayalsooccuraswooddries18翘曲类型型Typesofwarps翘弯Bow扭弯Crook扭曲Twist瓦弯Cup收缩现象象Shrinkageeffects含水率与与变形Moisturecontentandshrinkage推荐的含含水率：：Recommendedmoisturecontentlevels:结构中的的规格材材在封板板之前最高含水率不不超过19%Dimensionlumberforframingshouldhaveamaximummoisturecontentlevelof19%beforeitisenclosed一般此时时，木材材平均含水率在在15%，绝大部部分收缩缩已经没没有了Atthislevel,theaveragewoodmoisturecontentwillbelower(about15%)andmostshrinkagehasalreadyoccurred可用仪器器测试木木材的含含水率Awoodmoisturemetercanbeusedtomeasurethemoisturecontentofdimensionallumber19探针型木木材含水水率测试试仪Pin-typewoodmoisture软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading结构用材材必须是是经过分分等级的的Lumberusedforframingmustbegraded方便设计计师选择择强度合合适的木木材Enablesdesignerstospecifylumberthathasappropriatestrengthproperties方便订货货商清楚楚所订货货物为其其所需Providesbuyerswithareliablewaytoidentifywhattheyarebuying方便施工工监理检检查材料料是否符符合规范范Allowsbuildinginspectorstoverifythatqualityoflumbermeetscoderequirements20软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading大部分木木材是根根据其缺缺陷数量量进行目目测分级级Mostlumberisvisuallygradedbasedonnumberandtypesofdefects节疤的尺寸与与位置Sizeandlocationofknots斜纹理Slopeofgrain钝棱数量Amountofwane轮裂、端裂与干裂的尺寸Sizeofshakes,splitsandchecks21节疤Knot斜纹理Slopeofgrain干裂Checks钝棱Wane软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading加拿大国国家评级级系统Canada’’snationalgradingsystem加拿大国家木材材评级机机构NationalLumberGradesAuthority(NLGA)加拿大木木材评级级标准规规定StandardGradingRulesforCanadianLumberGB50005-2003《木结构设设计规范范》的分级标标准同加加拿大标标准一致致GradingrulesinChina’sGB50005-2003CodeforDesignofTimberStructuresareequivalenttotheNLGA’s22软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading24树种等级含水率制材厂编编号加拿大木木材评级级管理局局是管理理机构NationalLumberGradeAuthority(NLGA)isregulatoryauthority加拿大共共有约15家木材定定级机构构Approximately15Canadiangradingagencies所有木材材厂家都都是加拿拿大木材材评级管管理局下下的成员员AlllumbermanufacturersaremembersoftheNLGA评级机构构评级机构构树种软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading25等级含水率制材厂编编号具有相似似特性的的木材种种类被划划分为一一类Woodspecieswithsimilarcharacteristicsaregroupedtogether花旗松-落叶松(D.Fir-L)DouglasFir––Larch(D.FIR-L)铁杉-冷杉(Hem-fir)Hemlock–Fir(Hem-fir)云杉-松-冷杉(SPF)Spruce––Pine–Fir(SPF)北方树种种(Northern)NorthernSpecies(Northern)树种等级评级机构构软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading26含水率制材厂编编号目测强度度评级Visualstrengthgrades特选结构构级材(SS)Selectstructural(SS)一级与二级材No.1,No.2（结构用材）No.1andNo.2(usedforframing)三级材No.3含水率评级机构构软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading27树种等级制材厂编编号含水率Moisturecontent制材时的测定值Measuredattimeofmilling干材刨光光S-DryS-Dry(surfaceddry)湿材刨光S-GrnS–Grn(surfacedgreenorwet)含水率制材厂编编号评级机构构软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading28树种等级制材厂编编号Milldesignation代表制材材厂的代代号Codeformillwherelumberwasmanufactured软木材分分级Softwoodlumbergrading另一种方方法是用用机械测测试每根根木材来来分级Anothergradingmethodinvolvesloadtestingeachpieceoflumberwithaspecialmachinefollowedbyvisualgrading这种叫做做机械分级级木材ThistypeoflumberiscalledMachineStressRated(MSR)机械分级级木材一一般用于于作高应应力构件件（比如跨跨度大的的楼板搁搁栅，工字梁的上下弦弦，胶合木梁）MSRlumberistypicallyusedinhighlystressedcomponents

(e.g.longspanfloorandtrusses,chordsforI-joists,glulambeams,etc.)29定级机构树种含水率弹性系数计算预计最终弯曲度锯木厂编号工程木产产品Engineeredwoodproducts工程木产产品是一一种再造造的或组组合而成成的材料料，逐渐渐被用来来替代规规格材Engineeredwoodproductsarereconstitutedorassembledmaterialsincreasinglybeingusedasasubstitutefordimensionallumber它们是通通过使用用粘合剂剂把木材材的纤维维，颗粒粒，薄木木片或者者粘合在在一起的的规格材材制作而而成Theyaremanufacturedbybindingwoodstrands

offibers,particles,veneersordimensionallumberbondedtogetherwithadhesives这些材料料在制造造过程中中遵循严严格的质质量指标标，并且且其性能能必须满满足各种种各样的的工业标标准Theseproductsaremanufacturedtoprecisespecificationsandmustmeetavarietyofindustrystandardsforperformance30工程木产产品Engineeredwoodproducts与规格材材比较工工程木产产品的优优势Advantagesofengineeredwoodproductscomparedtodimensionallumber:更高、更更准确的的强度与与刚度，，增加了了许用跨跨度Higher,morepredictablestrengthandstiffnessallowsincreasedspans更好的尺尺寸稳定定性（更更少的收收缩，弯弯曲或者者扭转））Moredimensionalstability(lessshrinkage,warpingortwisting)消耗更少少木材并并且能使使用更小小的，生生长快速速的树进进行制造造Consumeslesswoodandcanbemadefromsmaller,fast-growingtrees在不牺牲牲结构强强度的情情况下提提供额外外的设计计选择Providesadditionaldesignoptionswithoutsacrificingstructuralstrength31工程木产产品Engineeredwoodproducts指接材Finger-jointedlumber指接材是是将短段段的规格格材通过过端部的的指结缝缝施胶粘粘结起来来形成的的木材Finger-jointedlumberismadefromshortsectionsofdimensionallumberjoinedtogetherend-to-endwithinterlockingfingersthatareglued用途：在在某些情情况下可可以与通通常的规规格材交交替使用用Uses:Withsomeexceptions,canbeusedinterchangeablywith

regulardimensionallumber指接木可利利用之前被被视作无用用的短片规规格材制作作Finger-jointingallowsmanufacturestoutilizeshortpiecesof

dimensionallumberthatwouldotherwisebeunusable32指接木接头头Fingerjoint工程木产品品Engineeredwoodproducts单板层积材材(LVL)Laminatedveneerlumber(LVL)将多层单板板施加防水水胶胶合在在一起形成成的工程木木产品，和和胶合板类类似，但比比它厚LVLisalayeredcompositeofwoodveneersandwaterproofadhesivesimilartoplywoodbutthicker用途：主梁梁，过梁，，楼板封边边板，工字字梁翼缘，，楼梯梁Uses:beams,headers,rimjoists,flangemembersforI-joists,stairstringers主梁可在现现场拼装制制作，减少少过重的吊吊装Beamscanbebuilt-upon-sitetoreduceheavylifting33工程木产品品Engineeredwoodproducts平行木片胶胶合木（PSL）Parallelstrandlumber(PSL)将木片在压压力下胶合合在一起制制成的高强强度的工程程木制品PSLisahighstrengthstructuralcompositeproductmanufacturedbygluingstrandsofwoodtogetherunderpressure.用途：主梁梁，柱，过过梁Uses:beams,columns,headersPSL梁有漂亮外外观，可用用于裸露部部分。其高高强度同样样可用于其其他非裸露露的地方PSLisanattractivematerialsuitablewherefinishedappearance

isimportantandforconcealedstructuralapplicationswhere

appearanceisnotafactor.34工程木产品品Engineeredwoodproducts层叠木片胶胶合木(LSL)Laminatedstrandlumber(LSL)同OSB板制作类似似，是将速速生树种木木片在压力力下施加防防水胶胶合合在一起制制成的工程程木产品SimilartoOSB,LSLismanufacturedfromthinstrandsoffastgrowingspeciesofwoodbondedtogetherunder

heatandpressureusingawaterproofadhesive用途：主梁梁，过梁，，楼板搁栅栅，墙龙骨骨，楼板封封边板，楼楼梯梁，地地梁板Uses:beams,headers,floorjoists,wallstuds,rimboards,stairstringers,sillplatesLSL可用作墙体体龙骨，用用在很高或或垂直度要要求高的墙墙体（比如如厨房橱柜柜墙或浴室室贴砖墙））LSLwallstudscanbeusedselectivelywhereeithertallwallsarerequiredorthewallsneedstoverystraight(e.g.kitchencabinetwalls,tiledbathroomwalls)35工程木产品品Engineeredwoodproducts工字梁I-joists工字梁是将将规格材或或单板层积积材作翼缘缘，胶合板板或OSB板作腹板胶胶合在一起起制成的工工程木I-joistsareprefabricatedwoodjoistsmadebygluingsolidlumberorlaminatedveneerlumberflangestoaplywoodorOSBweb用途：楼板板搁栅，屋屋顶椽条及及搁栅Uses:floorjoists,roofraftersandjoists工字梁一致致的刚度，，强度及自自重使其适适合较大跨跨度Theuniformstiffness,strengthandlightweightofI-joistsmakethemwell-suitedforlongerspans腹板可以按按照要求钻钻出管道孔孔Holescanbedrilledinwebforplumbingandelectricalworkbutmustlocatedaccordingtothemanufacturer’srecommendations36翼缘Flanges腹板Web工程木产品品Engineeredwoodproducts胶合木Gluelaminatedtimber(Glulam)在一定条件件下将特殊殊等级的规规格材胶合合在一起制制成的工程程木产品Glulamisastructuralwoodproductmanufacturedbygluingtogetherpiecesofspecialgradedimensionallumberundercontrolledconditions用途：主梁梁，过梁，，桁架梁，，柱，重型型桁架Uses:beams,headers,girders,columns,heavytrusses使用防水胶胶使其室内内外皆可应应用Manufacturedwithwaterproofgluemakesitsuitableforbothinteriorandexteriorapplications37木基结构板板Structuralwood-basedpanels胶合板Plywood胶合板由多多层单板在在一定温度度和压力下下胶合而成成Plywoodisapanelbuilt-upfromseveralsheetsofwoodveneergluedtogether用途：屋面面板，墙面面板，楼面面基板，工字梁腹板Uses:roof,wallandfloorsheathing,floorunderlayment,I-joistwebs楼面胶合板板一般都有有企口，可以互相相咬合，所所以接缝部部位下面就就可以不使使用挡块支支撑Plywoodusedforfloorsheathingoftenhastongueandgroove(T&G)edgestointerlockadjacentpanelseliminatingtheneedforblockingtosupportedges没带企口的的胶合板是是用安装在在接缝处的的H形卡件彼此此咬合Plywoodroofsheathinghassquareedgesthatareoftensupportedwith

metal‘‘H-shaped’clipsasanalternativetosolidblockingtosupportedges38楼面胶合板板带企口Plywoodfloorsheathing

withT&Gedges屋面胶合板板用H形卡件Plywoodroofsheathing

withmetalH-clip木基结构板板Structuralwood-basedpanels定向木片板板（OSB板）Orientedstrandboard(OSB)OSB板是细木片按同同一方向排排列、分层层并用胶粘合的的结构木板板OSBisapanelmadefromthinstrandsoffastgrowing

speciesofwoodbondedtogetherunderheatandpressure

usingawaterproofadhesive用处：屋面面板，墙面面板，楼面面板，工字字梁腹板Uses:roof,wallandfloorsheathing,floorunderlayment,I-joistwebs由于木片朝朝向的原因因，OSB板强度和刚刚度沿长向向比沿短向向大OSBpanelshavegreaterstrengthandstiffnessalongtheirlengththanacrossthepanelduetothewaythewoodstrandsareoriented15.5毫米或更厚厚的OSB板长边有些些带有企口口，有些没没有OSB15.5mmandthickeraremanufacturedeitherwitha

squareedgeortongueandgroovealongthelongedges39术语表Glossaryofnewterms风干材-裸露在自然然大气条件件下进行缓缓慢干燥得得到的木材材Air-dried–Lumberthathasbeenslowlydriedbyexposingittonaturalatmosphericconditions.干裂-木材径向小小裂纹Checks–Shortseparationsinthewoodalongthegrain.实际尺寸-进行干燥和和刨平切割割之后的实实际尺寸Dressedsize–Actualsizeoflumberafteritisdriedandsurfacedinaplanermill.切边材-一面以上切切出来的木木材Edged–Lumberthathashadoneormoreofitssurfacessawnorplanedsquare.指接材-将短段的规规格材通过过端部的指指结缝施胶胶粘结起来来形成的木木材Finger-jointedlumber–Lumberismadefromshortsectionsofdimensionallumberjoinedtogetherend-to-endwithinterlockingfingersthatareglued.胶合木-在一定条件件下将特殊殊等级的规规格材胶合合在一起制制成的工程程木产品Gluelaminatedtimber(Glulam)–Anengineeredwoodproductmanufacturedbygluingtogetherpiecesofspecialgradedimensionallumberundercontrolledconditions.46术语表Glossaryofnewterms生材-未干燥之前前的木材Greenlumber–Unseasonedlumberthathasnotbeendried.硬木-在秋季或冬冬季会落叶叶的阔叶树树（部分例例外）的木木材。Hardwood–Woodfrombroad-leavedtreesthat,withsomeexceptions,areshedinautumnorwinterintemperateclimates.工字梁-将规格材或或单板层积积材作为翼翼缘，胶合合板或OSB板作为腹板板胶合在一一起制成的的工程木I-joists–Aprefabricatedwoodjoistmadebygluingsolidlumberorlaminatedveneerlumberflangesto

aplywoodorOSBweb.窑干材-将其放入窑窑中，控制制在一定热热量、湿度度和风量中中干燥得来来的木材Kiln-dried–Lumberthathasbeendriedtoapredeterminedlevelbyplacingitinachamber,applyingcarefullycontrolledlev