经典分析弥尔顿-失乐园分析课件

JohnMilton(1608—1674)HeremainedoutsidebothDonne’sandJonson’sinfluenceJohnMilton(1608—1674)HeremParadiseLosttakesitsplaceinwesternliteraturealongwithHomer’sIlliadandOdyssey,Virgil’sAneid《伊尼伊德》,andDante’sDivineComedyandinEnglishliteraturewithBeowulfandSpenser’sFairieQueene.经典分析弥尔顿--失乐园分析课件1.JohnMilton'sTimes1642-1649:EnglishCivilWarKing/AnglicanClergyvs.Parliament(dominatedbyPuritans)ProtestantRevolution(DeathofKingCharlesI)1649-1660:NoBritishKing1649-1653:Commonwealth1653-1658:ProtectorateofOliverCromwell1660:Restoration(ofKingCharlesII)1.JohnMilton'sTimes1642-164

2.Milton’sReligion1).MiltonbelievedthateachindividualChristianshouldbehisownchurch,withoutanyestablishmenttoencumberhim.2).Inhislateryears,MiltoncametoviewallorganizedChristianchurches,whetherAnglican,CatholicorPresbyterian,asanobstacletotruefaith.

3.Hisrevolutionarycareer

1).Pamphleteeringinthecauseofreligiousandcivillibertyin1641-60.2).AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwell’sCouncilofStatein1649.3).CensorandeditoroftheCommonwealthpaper,MercuriusPoliticuin1651.LatinDefenseofthePeopleofEngland.4).Totallyblindin1652andimprisonedforashorttimeaftertherestorationandthenretiredtoprivatelife.

3.Hisrevolutionarycareer1)4.Milton’sliterarycareer

1625-1640:shortpoems:L’AllegroandIl

Penseroso(1632),Comus(1634,宴会欢乐之神),andLycidas(1638)1640-1660:pamphletsandtracts:Areopagitica(1644《论出版自由》);TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650);The2ndDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650).1660-1674:ParadiseLost(1667),Paradise

Regained(1671),andSamson

Agonistes(1671).

4.Milton’sliterarycareer161).Milton’sWorksofHisEarlyDaysPoemswritteninCambridgeandatHorton:a.OntheMorningofChrist’sNativity《基督诞生晨颂》,firstimportantworkb.L’Allegro《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》c.Comus《科玛斯》amask假面剧,inblankversed.Lycidas《利西达斯》,expressingthepathos(哀颂)ofhisfriendEdwardKing’sprematuredeathtwinlyricalpoemsRhyme:abbacdeec1).Milton’sWorksofHisEarl2).Worksofhisadultyears:a.pamphletsonreligiousreform

OfReformationinEngland《论英国改革》b.pamphletsonmarriageanddivorce:

DoctrineandDisciplineofDivorce《离婚的戒律与学说》c.Areopagitica《论出版自由》aproseworkforthefreedomofthepressd.DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》

—Apamphletagainstthedivinerightoftheking.—Peoplemadetheking,sothekingshoulddoeverythingforthepeople.2).Worksofhisadultyears:e.TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople

《再为英国人民声辩》

—AnanswertotheproductionsagainsttheCommonwealth.—Fightforthelibertyofthenationsintheworldandrecovertheirlostliberty.3).Milton’sworksofoldagea.ParadiseLostb.ParadiseRegainedc.SamsonAgonistese.TheSecondDefenceoftheE5.ParadiseLost(1667)5.ParadiseLost(1667)1).OverviewofParadiseLost

__Milton’smasterpiece.__Alongepicin12books.__takenfromtheOldTestament.__Majorcharacters:Satan,God,Archangel,Adam,Eve…__ItisaboutSatan’srebellionagainstGodandtheexpulsionofAdamandEvefromtheGardenofEden.1).OverviewofParadiseLostThecreationTherebellionofSatanandhisfellowangelsTheirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeavenCreationoftheearthandofAdamandEveSataninhellplottingagainstGodSatan’stemptationofEveDepartureofAdamandEvefromEden2).TheStoryofParadiseLostThecreation2).TheStoryofParadiseLost–LeadingUptotheBeginningAtthebeginningofpoem,warinHeavenhasbeenoverfortwoweeks;Forninedays,SatanandthosewhofoughtGodalongsidehimhavebeenlyinginHell,stunnedattheoutcome;ThefirstcharactertomoveisSatan,whobeginsbyspeakingtoBeelzebub;Startstosortofrallyhistroops.ParadiseLost–LeadingUpto

AtthecenteroftheconflictbetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMilton’sfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice;thefreedomtosubmittoGod'sprohibitiononeatingtheappleandthechoiceofdisobediencemadeforlove.Eve,seducedbySatan’srhetoricandherownconfusedambitionfallsintosinthroughinnocentcredulity.AdamfallsbyconsciouslychoosinghumanloveratherthanobeyingGod.Thisistheerrorwhereinhisgreatnesslies.InthefallofmanAdamdiscoveredhisfullhumanity.Butman'sfallisthesequeltoanotherandmorestupendoustragedy,thefalloftheangels.Byliftinghisargumenttothatplane,Miltonraisestheproblemofevilinamoreintractableform.MiltonheldthatGodcreatedallthingsoutofHimself,includingevil.TherewasevilinHeavenbeforeSatanrebelled:Pride,Lust,Wrath,andAvaricewerethere.3).Themes:arevoltagainstGod’sauthority3).Themes:arevoltagainstG

AttheexaltationoftheSontheseforceseruptedandwerecastforth.ButGodsufferedthemtoescapefromHellandinfecttheEarth.Andthenthetragedywasre-enacted,butwithadifference—“Manshallfindgrace”.Buthemustlayholdofitbyanactoffree-will.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'screed.HispoemattemptstoconvinceusthattheunquestionabletruthofBiblicalrevelationmeansthatanall-knowingGodwasjustinallowingAdamandEvetobetemptedand,oftheirfreewill,tochoosesinanditsinevitablepunishment.And,thereby,itopensthewayforthevoluntarysacrificeofChrist,whichshowedthemercyofGodinbringinggoodoutevil.

OnlySixmajorcharactersSatan,theleaderofthefallenangels(nowknownasdevils)Beelzebub,Satan´sclosestfriend/allyGod,theFatherTheSon,alsoknownastheMessiah,ChristAdam,thefirstman,livinginParadiseEve,hiswife,supposedtobeunderhiscontrol4).ThecharactersOnlySixmajorcharacters4).TSatan：arebelagainsttyrannyandSatanandhisfollowersresemblea_________________.

MajorQuote:"BettertoreigninHellthenserveinHeav'n!"republicanParliamentSatan：arebelagainsttyrannySatan:ChineseView1.Arebelagainsttyranny2.Milton’smouthpiece,utteringhishatredoftyranny.3.Revoltagainstthedictatorandestablisheddoctrines.

Satan:ChineseViewWesternViewSatan’squalitiesareperverted:evilandexaggerated.Satan'sdefianceofGodmanifests:hisegoisticpride,falseconceptionoffreedom,alienationfromallgood;Religiouslyandmorallycorruptandblind.ConsciousnessofhisownevilanddamnationSatanandhisfellowsareenvelopedindramaticironybecausetheyfightandschemeinignoranceoftheunshakablepowerofGodandgoodness.WesternViewBeelzebubSatan’sBestFriendHeistalkingtoSatanaboutareturntoHeavenformorefightingDisappearsafterBookI,sincetherestofthestoryconcernsSatan,God,andtheFirstPeople

BeelzebubGodTheFather：selfishdespot,cruel,unjustCalledtheFatherbecauseofHolyTrinity:TheFather,theSon,theHolySpiritRulerofHeavenandCreatorofEarthItwasHewhocastSatanoutFirstappearanceisinBookIII:“NowhadtheAlmightyFather,fromabove,

FromthepureEmpyreanwherehesits

Highthronedaboveallheighth,bentdownhiseye…”–Lines56-58GodTheFather：TheSonAlsoreferredtoasTheMessiahWhenGodtheFatherfirstspeaks,itisTheSonthatHeisaddressingTheFatherandSonseeAdameattheappleTheSonmovesdown,inBookX,tointerview,passjudgementon,andclotheAdamandEveTheSonAdam

ThefirstmanHeliveswithEveintheGardenofEden(Paradise,Earth)HeeatsfromtheTreeofKnowledgeonlyafterEvedoesReferredtoas“thepatriarchofman”,Line379,BookIXAdamEveThefirstwomanSatanuseshercuriosityagainstherSheistrickedinto,andgivenabadnamefor,eatingfromtheTreeofKnowledgefirstGenesis3:18referstoheras“themotherofallliving”EveAdam&EveChineseView:embodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman,cravingforknowledge.WesternView:EnvelopedinaparallelkindofironyGardenofEdenisasymbolicrenderingofMilton'svisionofperfection;butitispresentedwithSatan,thusidyllicinnocenceandhappinessareseenonlyundertheshadowofevil.farfromattaininggodlikeknowledge,theysuccumbtoanimallust.Thoughthereispromisedredemptionforthefaithful,andthoughthepoemisadivinecomedywithahappyending,Milton'spanoramaofhumanhistorygiveslittlegroundforhopeonearth.5).UnderstandingoftheselectionAdam&Eve5).UnderstandingofLines50-58NinetimesthespacethatmeasuresdayandnightTomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrewLayvanquish'd,rollinginthefierygulf,Confoundedthoughimmortal.ButhisdoomReserv'dhimtomorewrath;fornowthethoughtBothoflosthappinessandlastingpainTormentshim;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyes,Thatwitness'dhugeafflictionanddismayMix'dwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate.Thiscarefullyavoidsthesimplerexpressionof“ninedaysandnights”becausethemutinyinheavenoccurredbeforetheCreationUtterlydefeatedandruined.Judgment;punishmentDestined;keptforSatan’shappylifeinheavennowlostforeverThepaininhellwhichSatanmustsuffernowforeverEvilandsuffering.NotethedepthofDescriptionhere,andthisfromablindmanLines50-58Ninetimesthespa依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，他和他那一伙可怕的徒众，沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中。虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈；但这个惩罚反激起他更大的忿怒，既失去了幸福，又受无穷痛苦的煎熬。他抬起忧郁的双眼，环顾周遭，摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，Lines59-64

Atonce,asfarasAngelsken,heviews

Thedismalsituationwasteandwild:

Adungeonhorribleonallsidesround

Asonegreatfurnaceflam'd;yetfromthoseflames

Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible

Serv'donlytodiscoversightsofwoe,

InonecomprehensiveviewrangeofvisionrevealLines59-64

Atonce,asfara霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断际涯，但见悲风弥漫，浩渺无垠，四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢，象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断杜勒﹝AlbrechtDurerand忧郁(MelencoliaI﹞1514年杜勒﹝AlbrechtDurerand忧郁(Mele读《拉奥孔》文字艺术不但能制造颜色的矛盾，还能调和黑暗和光明的真矛盾，创辟新奇的景象。例如《金楼子》第二篇《箴戒》“两日并出，黑光遍天”，冯明期《滹沱秋兴》“倒卷黑云遮古林，平沙落日光如漆”……莱辛称赞弥尔顿《乐园的丧失》里有“诗歌的画”，在《拉奥孔》草稿中列举该诗章句为例，都是描述继续进展的动作的，“物质的画”画不出来。不过，弥尔顿有些形容状态的词句，也同样无法画入“物质的画”，拉辛似乎忽视了。读《拉奥孔》文字艺术不但能制造颜色的矛盾，还能调和黑暗和光明例如地狱里的阴火“没有亮光，只是可以照见事物的黑暗”，又魔鬼向天堂开炮，射出一道“黑火”(blackfire)。本身黑暗的光明或本身光明的黑暗，造型艺术很难表达。中国诗里的“黑日”也曾出现在雨果的诗里：“一个可怕的黑太阳耀射出昏夜”……一位大画家确曾企图把黑太阳画出来；尽管度勒的名作《忧郁》里那枚黑太阳也博得雨果的叹赏，我们终觉得不如他自己的诗句惊心动魄。竟可以大胆说，我们要不是事先心中有数，还看不出度勒所画的是黑太阳呢。例如地狱里的阴火“没有亮光，只是可以照见事物的黑暗”，又魔鬼Antithesis:Arhetoricaldeviceinwhichirreconcilableoppositesorstronglycontrastingideasareplacedinsharpjuxtapositionandsustainedtension,asinthephrase“theypromisedfreedomandprovidedslavery.”

AbrahamLincoln’s“GettysburgAddress”:Theworldwilllittlenotenorlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Antithesis:ArhetoricaldevicParadox:Anapparentlyself-contradictorystatement,theunderlyingmeaningofwhichisrevealedonlybycarefulscrutiny.Thepurposeofaparadoxistoarrestattentionandprovokefreshthought.Thestatement“lessismore”isanexample.

InGeorgeOrwell’santi-UtopiansatireAnimalFarm(1945),thefirstcommandmentoftheanimals’communeisrevisedintoawittyparadox:“Allanimalsareequal,butsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers.”Paradox:Anapparentlyself-coOxymoronWhenaparadoxiscompressedintowords,asin“loudsilence”,“lonelycrowd”,or“livingdeath”,itiscalledanOxymoron.OxymoronWhenaparadoxiscomLines65-74Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeaceAndrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomes

Thatcomestoall,buttorturewithoutend

Stillurges,andafierydeluge,fed

Withever-burningsulphurunconsum'd.SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepar'dForthoserebellious;heretheirprisonordain'dInutterdarkness,andtheirportionset,Asfarremov'dfromGodandlightofHeav'nAsfromthecentrethricetoth'utmostpole.HopethatcomestoallnevercomestothefallenAngels.pressesonforeverAndafierydeluge,fed…,stillurges.Here“eternaljusticehad”ordainedtheirprisonInutterdarkness,andsettheirportion(i.e.lot)TheCenter:theearth.InParadiseLostthestarryuniverseisunderstoodasagreathollowsphereenclosedinanopaqueshell.Aflightofstairsleadtoheavenfromthetopofthespherewhereanopeningismade,throughwhichpassagebetweenearth,heavenandhellcanbeeffected.Theutmostpole:referingtotheendoftheaxisrunningthroughthestarryuniverse,nottheEarth’spole.JacobsLadderThedistancedownwardfromearthtohellistwiceaslongasthatfromearthtoheaven.Inall,thedistancebetweenempyrealheavenandhellisthreetimesthatfromtheearthtothepoleofthestarryuniverse.Lines65-74Regionsofsorrow37可编辑37可编辑悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。和平和安息绝不在那儿停留，希望无所不到，惟独不到那里。只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。这个地方，就是正义之神为那些叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方离开天神和天界的亮光，相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。Lines75-83Ohhowunliketheplacefromwhencetheyfell!Therethecompanionsofhisfall,o'erwhelm'dWithfloodsandwhirlwindsoftempestuousfire,Hesoondiscerns;andwelt'ringbyhissideOnenexthimselfinpowerandnextincrime,LongafterknowninPalestineandnam'dBeëlzebub.Towhomth'Arch-Enemy,AndthenceinHeav'ncall'dSatan,withboldwordsBreakingthehorridsilence,thusbegan:Therehesoondiscernsthecompanionsofhisfall…andonenexttohimselfinpowerandcrime,welteringbyhisside,knowninPalestinelongafterandnamedBeelzebubChiefenemy,i.e.Satan.InHebrew,‘adversary”.Lines75-83Ohhowunlikethep啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方比起来是何等的不同呀！和他一起坠落的伙伴们淹没在猛火的洪流和旋风之中，他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的，论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔，后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的首要神敌，用豪言壮语打破可怕的沉寂，开始向他的伙伴这样说道：啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方Lines84-92"Ifthoubeesthe--butohhowfall'n!howchang'dFromhimwho,inthehappyrealmsoflight,Cloth'dwithtranscendentbrightnessdidstoutshineMyriadsthoughbright!--ifhewhommutualleague,Unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhopeAndhazardinthegloriousenterprise,Join'dwithmeonce,nowmiseryhathjoin'dInequalruin,intowhatpitthouseestFromwhathighthfall'n.Satan’srebellionThesubjectsof“joined”are“mutualleague,unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhopeandhazard’.Nowmiseryhathjoined(theewithme)inequalruin.i.e.weareeqaullyfallenandruinedLines84-92"Ifthoubeesthe--“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！何等的变化呀！你原来住在光明的乐土，全身披覆着无比的光辉，胜过群星的灿烂；你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气，同一希望，在光荣的大事业中和我在一起。现在，我们是从何等高的高天上，沉沦到了何等深的深渊呀！“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！Lines92-99Somuchthestrongerprov'dHewithhisthunder--andtillthenwhoknewTheforceofthosedirearms?Yetnotforthose,NorwhatthepotentvictorinhisrageCanelseinflict,doIrepentorchange,Thoughchang'dinoutwardlustre,thatfix'dmind,Andhighdisdainfromsenseofinjur'dmerit,99Thatwiththemightiestrais'dmetocontend,Lines92-99Somuchthestronge他握有雷霆，确是强大，谁知道这凶恶的武器竟有那么大的威力呢？可是，那威力，那强与力的胜利者的狂暴，都不能叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷，虽然外表的光彩改变了，但坚定的心志和安然的骄矜决不转变；由于真价值的受损，激动了我，决心和强权决一胜负，他握有雷霆，Lines100-105AndtothefiercecontentionbroughtalongInnumerableforceofSpiritsarm'd,Thatdurstdislikehisreignand,mepreferring,Hisutmostpowerwithadversepoweroppos'dIndubiousbattleontheplainsofHeav'n,Andshookhisthrone.Lines100-105Andtothefier率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗，他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我，拿出全部力量跟至高的权力对抗，在天界疆场上做因此冒险的战斗，动摇了他的宝座。率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗，LastLinesofParadiseLostTheylookingback,allth’EasternsidebeheldOfParadise,solatetheirhappieseat,Wav’doverbythatflamingBrand,theGateWithdreadfulFacesthrongdandfierieArmes;Somenaturaltearstheydropd,butwip’dthemsoon;Theworldwasallbeforethem,wheretochooseThirplaceofrest,andProvidencethirguide:Theyhandinhandwithwandringstepsandslow,ThroughEdentookthirsolitarieway.LastLinesofParadiseLostInvolvedstylewithfrequentinversionsandverycomplicatedsentencestructureFirstlines:Hurledheadlongflamingfromth’EtherealSkieWithhideousruinandcombustiondownTobottomlessperdition,theretodwellInAdamantineChainsandpenalFire,Whodurstdefieth’OmnipotenttoArms.

Heretheinvertedstructurevividlydepictshisbeinghurledtothehellheadoverheels.6).LiteraryStyle6).LiteraryStyleLongandinvolvedsentenceThecontinuousflowbuildsupacontinuousonwardpressure.Nevermonotonous,andthepatternofsoundissoweddedtothepatternofsensethateachisessentialtotheother.

LongandinvolvedsentenceLatinatesyntaxanddictionMilton'smeansofachievingtheelevationrequiredbyaloftythemeisintermixedwithpuresimplicity.enlargeandenrichhisrangeofemphasisandhisuseofeconomy,contrast,suspension;toexpresshissublimityofthought,hewroteinastylethatisunsurpassedinitssonority,eloquence,majestyandgrandeur.ThisstyleiscalledtheMiltonicstyle.LatinatesyntaxanddictionGrewsteadilyafter1667andwaswellestablishedbeforeJosephAddison'spapersonParadiseLostappearedinTheSpectator(1712);Hisinfluenceon18th-centuryversewasimmense.SamuelJohnson:Itsperusalisadutyratherthanapleasure.WereadMiltonforinstruction,retireharassedandoverburdened,andlookelsewhereforrecreation;wedesertoutmaster,andseekforcompanions.

6.Milton’sReputation6.Milton’sReputation19thcenturytwokindsofcriticalopinion:TherevolutionaryRomanticpoetslaunchedthe"Satanist"misinterpretationofParadiseLostandmadeitsauthorarebel;OthercriticsconsideredMilton'sbeliefsandideaslong-deadfundamentalismandattendedtothepoem'spurelyliteraryqualities.19thcenturytwokindsofcritThepoet'sinfluencewanedduringtheVictorianage,andinthe20thcenturythenewpoetryandcriticismlaunchedbyEzraPoundandT.S.Eliotwerestronglyanti-Miltonandpro-JohnDonne.T.S.Eliot:弥尔顿“使英国语言受到了败坏”“弥尔顿任何一阶段的诗都没有突出地表现过视觉想象力。……弥尔顿从来就没有看到过任何东西……读《失乐园》时，我发觉我感到最愉快的地方恰好是那些最不需要用眼睛看的地方。”Thepoet'sinfluencewaneddurButduringthe1940sand'50sashiftincriticalattitudestookplace,anddozensofbooksandhundredsofarticlesweregiventotheideasandbeliefsBythesecondhalfofthe20thcenturyhisworkshadregainedtheirplaceinthecanonofWesternliterature.Butduringthe1940sand'50sMacauley弥尔顿的诗篇最显著的特征在于让读者产生的联想之极度邈远。它所制造的效果，不在于表达了什么，而在其暗示性；不在其直接表达的意思，而在与其相关联的其他含义。他通过导体，间接击中人的心灵。最没有想象力的人，也必然会理解《伊利亚特》。荷马让他没得选择，而且不要求他费任何力气，全由作者一手操办，意象场景描画得明明白白，想看不清楚都不成。相反，弥尔顿的读者，如果不用心主动与作者配合，将无法理解或欣赏他的诗作。他不会画出一幅‘完满’的图画，也不会为消极被动的听众演奏。他仅是简笔白描，空白处都留待读者去填充。……Macauley我们经常听人说起诗歌的神奇影响力，这话一般而言浮泛而无意义，但用到弥尔顿身上却再贴切不过。他的诗歌效力有如经咒，优点不在表层的意思，而在一种神秘的魔力。也许第一眼看上去，那些文词平平常常，与其他任何词句并无不同。但它们都是有魔力的咒语，一旦从口唇呼出，过去便回到现在，远方则来至目前。从没有过的美在瞬息间诞生，记忆的坟场中的所有逝者都将还魂重生。改动一下句子的结构，或替换一个同义词，马上，所有神奇的效果烟消云散。咒语不灵了；无论是谁，想要一试魔法，都会发现自己与阿拉伯故事里的卡辛一样失败，站在那里徒劳地喊叫：‘小麦开门’，‘大麦开门’。正确的魔咒只有一个：‘芝麻开门’。…我们经常听人说起诗歌的神奇影响力，这话一般而言浮泛而无意义，杨周翰弥尔顿的天才表现在善于描写宏伟寥廓，不善于描写细节，这和他目力不佳有关。弥尔顿的描写不具体，形象不鲜明……正是弥尔顿的长处，也是他意趣所在杨周翰弥尔顿的天才表现在善于描写宏伟寥廓，不善于描写细节，这

7.Milton’shandfulofsonnets1)18Englishand5Italiansonnets．2)Theyarecompact（文体简洁，紧凑）andwellorganized.3)Thelanguageissimpleandunadorned（不加修饰的）,butpowerful.7.Milton’shandfulofso1.Satanisthemostwell-developedcharacterinParadiseLost.Isheasympatheticcharacter?Examineoneofhissoliloquiesandidentifythecharactertraitsandpoetictechniquesthatmakehimseemappealingorforgivable.

2.TracetheappearanceofautobiographicaldetailsinParadiseLost.Howarethesedetailsimportanttothestory?Whatistheidentityandroleofthenarrator?3.TraditionalChristianbeliefholdsthattheSonandtheFatheraretwopartsofthesameGod,butMiltonpresentstheSonasafundamentallyseparateentityfromGodtheFather.HowdoesthisdistinctionaffecttheplotofParadiseLost?

8.StudyQuestions8.StudyQuestions1.Miltonplacesgreatemphasisonman’sautonomousreasonandfreewill.DoAdamandEveshowevidenceofbeingruledbyreasonbeforethefall?2.ExaminethepassagesinwhichMiltondiscussesthenatureofwomenascomparedtomen.DoyouthinkitiscorrecttolabelMiltonamisogynist?3.ParadiseLostincludesmanycharacterswhocanbeeasilycomparedandcontrastedwitheachother.Forinstance,GodandSatanstandascompleteopposites;Satan,Sin,andDeathformanevilversionoftheHolyTrinity;AdamandEveseemtobefarfromequallymadeanddisposedforlifeinParadise;evenGodtheFatherandGodtheSonhavedifferences.Pickoneofthesepairsanddescribetheirdifferencesaswellastheirsimilarities.4.BasedonthetextofParadiseLost,howdoyouthinkMiltonwouldjustifyhisalterationsofandadditionstotheBible,giventhefactthathewasadevoutChristian?

8.SuggestedEssayTopics8.SuggestedEssayTopics失乐园第一章大约九天九夜，那是根据人间的计算，他和他那一伙可怕的徒众，虽属不死之身，却与死者无异，沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中；这个刑罚却反激起他更深的愤怒，既失去了幸福，又饱受无尽痛苦的折磨。当他抬起忧虑的双眼，环顾四周，伴随他的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，交织着顽固的傲气和难消的仇恨。霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，失乐园第一章大约九天九夜，那是根据人间的计算，失乐园第一章望断天涯，但见悲风弥漫，缥纱无垠，可怕的地牢从四面八方围着他像一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰只是朦朦胧胧的一片，并不发光，但能辨认出那儿的苦难情景，悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。和平和安息从不在此驻扎，希望无所不到，这里却是个例外。只有无穷无尽的苦难步步相跟永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的火焰有如洪水向他们滚滚逼来。失乐园第一章望断天涯，但见悲风弥漫，缥纱无垠，失乐园第一章正义之神为那些叛逆者准备的，正是这个地方。这个在天外的冥荒中为他们设置的牢狱。那个地方远离天神和天界的亮光，相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方简直有天壤之别呀！和他一起坠落的伙伴们淹没在烈火的洪流和旋风之中，他依稀可辨，在他近旁挣扎的，论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔，失乐园第一章正义之神为那些叛逆者准备的，正是这个地方。失乐园第一章后来在巴勒斯坦得知他名叫别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的首要神敌，以豪壮的言语打破可怕的沉寂，这样向他的伙伴说道：“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！何等的变化呀！你原来住在光明的乐土，浑身披盖着无比的光辉，胜过群星的璀璨你曾和我结盟，同仇敌忾，搏击于光荣的大事业之中。现在，我们是从高高在上的天界上，失乐园第一章后来在巴勒斯坦得知他名叫别西卜。失乐园第一章沉沦到了不可测的深渊呀！他握有雷霆，确实强大，谁知道这凶恶的武器竟威力无比呢？可是，那强有力的威力，那胜利者的狂暴，都不能叫我沮丧，或者叫我改变初衷，虽然外表的光环消失了，但不移的信念和岸然的骄矜决不转变；失乐园第一章沉沦到了不可测的深渊呀！失乐园第一章武力的受损，激动了我，决心率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗，和强权一决高低，他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我，拼尽全力同至高的权力抗衡在天界疆场上做一次冒险的战斗，震撼了他的宝座。失乐园第一章武力的受损，激动了我，撒旦的誓言（第一章105－124行）我们损失了什么？并不是一无所剩：坚定的意志、热切的复仇心、不灭的憎恨，以及永不屈服、永不退让的勇气，难道还有比这些更难战胜的吗？我这份光荣绝不能被夺走，不管是他的暴怒，还是威力。经过这一次惨烈的战争，好容易才使他的政权动摇；若是这时还要卑躬屈膝，向他乞求哀怜，拜倒在他的权力之下，那才真正是卑鄙、可耻，比这次的沉沦还要卑贱。撒旦的誓言（第一章105－124行）我们损失了什么？撒旦的誓言（第一章105－124行）因为我们具有与生俱来的神力，赋有轻清的灵质，不能朽坏，还因这次事件的教训，我们要准备更优良的武器，更高明的远见，更有成功的希望，以暴力或智力向我们的大敌挑起不可调解的持久战争。他现在正沉湎于成功，得意忘形，独揽大权，在天上掌握虐政呢。”－－朱维之译撒旦的誓言（第一章105－124行）因为我们具有与生俱来的ThisfirstBookproposes,firstinbrief,thewholeSubject,Mansdisobedience,andthelossthereuponofParadisewhereinhewasplac’t:Thentouchestheprimecauseofhisfall,theSerpent,orratherSatanintheSerpent;whorevoltingfromGod,anddrawingtohissidemanyLegionsofAngels,wasbythecommandofGoddrivenoutofHeavenwithallhisCrewintothegreatDeep.Whichactionpastover,thePoemhastsintothemidstofthings,presentingSatanwithhisAngelsnowfallenintoHell,describ'dhere,notintheCenter(forHeavenandEarthmaybesuppos'dasyetnotmade,certainlynotyetaccurst)butinaplaceofutterdarkness,fitliestcall'dChaos:HereSatanwithhisAngelslyingontheburningLake,thunder-struckandastonisht,ThisfirstBookproposes,firsafteracertainspacerecovers,asfromconfusion,callsuphimwhonextinOrderandDignitylaybyhim;theyconferofthirmiserablefall.SatanawakensallhisLegions,wholaytilltheninthesamemannerconfounded;Theyrise,thirNumbers,arrayofBattel,thirchiefLeadersnam'd,accordingtotheIdolsknownafterwardsinCanaanandtheCountriesadjoyning.TotheseSatandirectshisSpeech,comfortsthemwithhopeyetofregainingHeaven,buttellsthemlastlyofanewWorldandnewkindofCreaturetobecreated,accordingtoanancientProphesieorreportinHeaven;forthatAngelswerelongbeforethisvisibleCreation,wastheopinionofmanyancientFathers.TofindoutthetruthofthisProphesie,andwhattodeterminthereonhereferstoafullCouncel.WhathisAssociatesthenceattempt.PandemoniumthePalaceofSatanrises,suddenlybuiltoutoftheDeep:TheinfernalPeerstheresitinCouncel.afteracertainspacerecoversV1：在第一卷我先扼要点明本书的主题：人失去曾经拥有的乐园，是由于违背了天神命令。然后叙述他失足的主要原因在于撒旦所寄附的蛇。撒旦曾纠集了许多天使军在他手下反叛天神，结果全被天神下令逐出天界，落入无垠的深渊。本诗简略地交代这事之后，便直叙事件的中心，描述撒旦和他所率领的天军落入地狱之中。这儿所描写的地狱不在地的“中心”，而在天外的冥荒，最恰当的莫过于称它为混沌。撒旦和他的天军在这儿被雷电轰击而惊倒在炎炎的火湖里，过了一段时间之后，他从眩晕中清醒过来，并叫起倒在他身边的一个品位仅次于他的天使，共同商量这次惨败的事。V1：在第一卷我先扼要点明本书的主题：人失去曾经拥有的乐园，撒旦唤醒了一个个处于同样的眩晕中的天军，于是他们起身，清点人数，整理阵容，宣布将领名单。这些将领的名字和后来在迦南及其邻近诸国所信奉的偶像相符合。撒旦以演说安慰他们，鼓舞他们，他说天界有望光复；最后告诉他们，根据一个古老的预言或天上的传闻，有一个新的世界和一种新的生物将被创造出来；根据古代教父们的看法，天使军在这个世界未创造出来之前就存在了。于是他们决定召开全体会议，探讨这个预言并商量对策。因此他的党徒们都跃跃欲试，倾刻之间，就在地狱中筑起巍峨的撒旦的万魔殿，巨头们就坐在那里召开会议。撒旦唤醒了一个个处于同样的眩晕中的天军，于是他们起身，清点人73可编辑73可编辑JohnMilton(1608—1674)HeremainedoutsidebothDonne’sandJonson’sinfluenceJohnMilton(1608—1674)HeremParadiseLosttakesitsplaceinwesternliteraturealongwithHomer’sIlliadandOdyssey,Virgil’sAneid《伊尼伊德》,andDante’sDivineComedyandinEnglishliteraturewithBeowulfandSpenser’sFairieQueene.经典分析弥尔顿--失乐园分析课件1.JohnMilton'sTimes1642-1649:EnglishCivilWarKing/AnglicanClergyvs.Parliament(dominatedbyPuritans)ProtestantRevolution(DeathofKingCharlesI)1649-1660:NoBritishKing1649-1653:Commonwealth1653-1658:ProtectorateofOliverCromwell1660:Restoration(ofKingCharlesII)1.JohnMilton'sTimes1642-164

2.Milton’sReligion1).MiltonbelievedthateachindividualChristianshouldbehisownchurch,withoutanyestablishmenttoencumberhim.2).Inhislateryears,MiltoncametoviewallorganizedChristianchurches,whetherAnglican,CatholicorPresbyterian,asanobstacletotruefaith.

3.Hisrevolutionarycareer

1).Pamphleteeringinthecauseofreligiousandcivillibertyin1641-60.2).AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwell’sCouncilofStatein1649.3).CensorandeditoroftheCommonwealthpaper,MercuriusPoliticuin1651.LatinDefenseofthePeopleofEngland.4).Totallyblindin1652andimprisonedforashorttimeaftertherestorationandthenretiredtoprivatelife.

3.Hisrevolutionarycareer1)4.Milton’sliterarycareer

1625-1640:shortpoems:L’AllegroandIl

Penseroso(1632),Comus(1634,宴会欢乐之神),andLycidas(1638)1640-1660:pamphl