母猪的饲养课件

FeedingStrategiesforProlificSows

高产母猪的饲养策略P.A.ThackerDepartmentofAnimalScienceUniversityofSaskatchewanSaskatoon,Saskatchewan中文翻译：美国ADM1FeedingStrategiesforProlifi标题添加点击此处输入相关文本内容点击此处输入相关文本内容总体概述点击此处输入相关文本内容标题添加点击此处输入相关文本内容2标题添加点击此处输入相点击此处输入总体概述点击此处输入标题添ChangesintheSwineIndustry(1980-2005)

养猪工业的变化

(1980-2005)IncreasedReproductiveEfficiency

提高繁殖率ReducedBackFatLevels

降低背膘厚度EarlierWeaning早期断奶Muti-SiteProduction多点生产LargerOperations规模变大LowerProfitMargins利润空间变小3ChangesintheSwineIndustryFeedModernGenotypesDifferently

现代基因型猪饲养与过去的不同4FeedModernGenotypesDifferenConserveBodyTissue体组织储备5Conserve5ConsequencesofPoorSowNutrition

母猪营养缺乏的后果SmallerLitterSize窝重小IncreasedPigletMortality仔猪死亡率增加LighterPigsatWeaning断奶体重轻LowerConceptionRates受精率低

LongerWeaningtoRebreedingInterval

断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长PrematureCulling过早淘汰6ConsequencesofPoorSowNutri

FormulateDietsforSpecificStagesofProduction按生产阶段配制日粮7FormulateDietsfor7

Developerdietstypicallycontainhigherlevelsofvitaminsandmineralsthanthosefedtomarketanimalssincethenutritionalrequirementsforgrowthandreproductionaredifferent.

由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素。Thehigherlevelsofvitaminsandmineralsaredesignedtoenhancebodyreservesofnutrientssincebreedinganimalswillremainintheherdforasignificantlylongerperiodthanmarketanimals.由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备。GiltDeveloperDiets

后备母猪日粮8 DeveloperdietstypicallyconLocomotorproblemsareacommonreasonforcullinganditisimportanttoensureadequateintakesofcalciumandphosphorus.

运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因,但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要。

Severalresearchtrialshaveindicatedthatthecalciumandphosphorusrequirementsformaximalbonemineralizationarehigherthantherequirementsformaximalgrowthrate.

很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高。Dietsfedtoreplacementgiltsshouldbeatleast0.1%higherincalciumandtotalphosphorusthandietsfedtomarketanimalsbeginningatapproximately50kgbodyweight.从50kg体重开始，后备母猪日粮的钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0.1%。9LocomotorproblemsareacommoInadditiontohigherlevelsofcalciumandphosphorus,thereisantidotalevidencethatsupplementingthegiltdeveloperdietwithhigherlevelsofcopper,zinc,iron,iodineandmanganesewillincreasebodyreservesofthesemineralsandmayenhancefuturereproductiveperformance.后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖表现。10Inadditiontohigherlevelso

Typical Gilt

Finisher

Developer

育肥猪后备母猪常量元素Macrominerals(Total)钙Calcium % 0.60 0.75磷

Phosphorus % 0.50 0.65有效磷

Avail

phosphorus % 0.20 0.40食盐

Salt % 0.33 0.40微量元素Microminerals(Supplemented)铁

Iron

mg/kg 50 150铜Copper

mg/kg 10 15锌

Zinc

mg/kg 90 150碘

Iodine

mg/kg 0.14 0.28硒

Selenium

mg/kg 0.30 0.30锰Manganese

mg/kg ---- 20RecommendationsforMineralFortificationof

aGiltDeveloperDietComparedwithaTypicalFinisherDiet

与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量11 Typical GiltRecommendationThevitaminneedsofthereproducingfemalearealsogreaterthanthoseoftheterminalanimal.

繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。Thetypicalvitaminpremixusedinthefinishingbarnshouldbereplacedwitha“breeder”vitaminpremix.

要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料。

ThebreederpremixshouldcontainelevatedlevelsofthefatsolublevitaminsA,D,andEandthewater-solublevitaminswithspecialattentiontocholine,biotin,pyridoxineandfolicacidwhichareusuallynotsupplementedintypicalfinishingrations.

种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A、D、E和水溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、B6、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。VitaminLevelsforDeveloperDiets

后备母猪日粮的维生素水平12Thevitaminneedsoftherepro

Typical Finisher

GiltDeveloper

育肥猪

后备母猪VitaminA IU 5500 8200VitaminD IU 550 825VitaminE IU 25 66VitaminK mg 2 2VitaminB12 ug 15 25Niacin烟酸

mg 20 20PantothAcid泛酸

mg 15 20RiboflavinB2 mg 4 20Choline胆碱

mg 0 1250Biotin生物素

ug 0 200FolicAcid叶酸

mg 0 1.5PyridoxineB6 mg 0 1.0RecommendationsforVitaminFortificationof

aGiltDeveloperComparedwithaFinisherDiet

与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量13 Typical Finisher Theobjectiveofanyfeedingstrategyforgiltsshouldbetointroducereplacementsintothebreedingherdinsuchawaythattheirbreedinglifetimeandreproductiveperformancearemaximized.后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能FeedingGilts

后备母猪的饲养14TheobjectiveofanyfeedingsItisimportantthatreplacementgiltsbeofsufficientage,sizeandphysiologicalmaturitybeforebreeding.有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、生理成熟状态。Itisalsonecessarythattheyhaveadequatereservesoffatandleanintheirbodyatfirstmating.

也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备。15ItisimportantthatreplacemeAtleast135kgliveweight至少135公斤活体重Atleast16-20mmP2backfat至少P2背膘厚度16-22毫米Atsecondestrusorlater至少处于第二个发情期或更晚TargetsforGiltsatFirstMating

后备母猪第一次配种时的目标指数16Atleast135kgliveweightTarBodyWeight P2Backfatat NumberofPigletsBornatMating(kg)

Mating(mm)

Parity1

Parity1to5配种时体重

P2背脂厚度初胎产仔数1-5胎产仔总数117 14.6 7.1 51.0126 15.8 9.8 57.3136 17.7 10.3 56.9146 20.0 10.5 59.8157 22.4 10.5 51.7166 25.3 9.9 51.3Challinoretal.,1996ReproductivePerformanceofSowsAccordingtoBodyWeightandBackFatatFirstMating

母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关17BodyWeight P2Backfatat NuFeedingReplacementGiltsFromHerdEntryUntilMating后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养18FeedingReplacementGiltsFromFormostgenotypesofgiltsthereisnoneedtodoanythingspecialtomanipulatebodycomposition.

对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想改变其身体组分。Allthatwillberequiredwillbetofeedagiltdeveloperdietadlibitumfromarrivalinthebreedingherduntilmating.

从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需的是用后备母猪专用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。Thisdietshouldcontainabout3000-3200kcalofDE/kgand0.70-0.80%lysine.

该日粮应含3000-3200大卡/kg消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸。19Formostgenotypesofgiltsth

BodyWeightofGilt

后备母猪体重

10-20

20-50

50-100

DEIntake(Mcal/day)

3.4 6.40 9.0消化能（兆卡/天）

CrudeProtein(%)

粗蛋白 20.9 18.0 16.3 TotalLysine(%)总赖氨酸 1.15 0.95 0.75 TotalLysine(g/day天) 11.5 19.0 22.5 gLysine/McalDE 3.38 2.96 2.50 克赖氨酸/兆卡消化能AdaptedfromNRC(1998).Assumesadlibintakeandaleangrowthpotentialof325g/day假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为325克/天。NutrientLevelstoMaximizeLeanTissue

GrowthRatesinDevelopingGilts

后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平20 BodyWeightofGilt后备母猪体重NForgenotypeswhosegrowthrateissorapidthattheyarelikelytobesignificantlyoverthetargetweightbeforereachingpuberty,itmaybenecessarytorestrictenergyintake.

在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目标体重的后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们的能量摄入。Theobjectiveofrestrictingenergyintakeduringrearingistolimitmaturebodysizeandreducefeetandlegproblemsassociatedwithfemalesthatbecometooheavyortoofat.Therearetwopossibilitiestoaccomplishthis:

饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重、减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法: 1.RestrictFeedIntake(2.4-2.6kg)限制日采食量 2.ReduceEnergyDensity降低能量浓度21ForgenotypeswhosegrowthratEffectofHighFibreGestationDietsonReproductivePerformance

高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响

Standard 50%Sugar 50%Mixed

GestationDiet

BeetPulp

FibreSources

标准怀孕日粮

50%甜菜粕

50%纤维混合物NetEnergyContent(MJ/kg)净能含量9.038.49 6.72GestationFeedIntake(kg)怀孕猪采食量281 290 368GestationEnergyIntake(MJNE) 2296 2216 2287怀孕猪摄入净能LactationEnergyIntake(MJNE) 1450 1528 1438泌乳猪摄入净能GestationWeightGain(kg)怀孕猪体增重58.7 61.6 67.9LactationWeightLoss(kg)泌乳猪体失重8.0 6.3 9.6PigsBornAlive出生活仔数 10.8 10.9 10.7BirthWeight(kg)出生重 1.6 1.5 1.7PigsWeaned断奶仔猪数 9.5 9.3 9.328DayWeaningWeight(kg) 8.4 8.1 8.428天断奶重_________________________________________________________________VestergaardandDanielsen,1998.AnimalScience68:355-362.MixedFibre=Grassmeal,wheatbranandoathulls.混合纤维=干草+麦麸+燕麦壳22EffectofHighFibreGestationFeedingReplacementGiltsPriorToMating后备母猪配种前的饲养23FeedingReplacement23FeedingGiltsPriortoMating

后备母猪配种前的饲养Theobjectiveofthefeedingprogramimmediatelybeforematingistomaximizethenumberofeggsovulated. 在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。Ovulationrateistheprinciplefactorlimitinglittersizeingiltsandincreasingtheleveloffeedintakepriortomatingwillsignificantlyincreaseovulationrate.

排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量能显著性地增加排卵效率。Ovulationrateincreasesby1-2ovainresponsetoincreasedfeedintakeduringthe14-dayperiodimmediatelypriortoovulation.Thisisthewellknowflushingeffect. 在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加1-2个，这是著名的“冲刷”效果。（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲）24FeedingGiltsPriortoMating

FlushinghasbeenshowntoincreaseplasmalevelsofFSHandincreasethepulsefrequencyofLHsuggestingthatflushingenhancesovulationratebystimulatingthesecretionofgondotrophins.

催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。Theincreaseingonadotrophinsecretionisthoughttobemediatedthroughplasmalevelsofinsulinandinsulin-likegrowthfactor-1(IGF-1).

促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子-1

(IGF-1)的水平调节所致。Theincreaseinovulationratelikelyoccurseitherasresultofincreasedfolliclerecruitmentorareductioninatresia.

排卵速率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降所致。25FlushinghasbeenshowntoincTheEffectsofFeedLevelDuringtheFirstEstrousCycleonLitterSize

在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果Shouldfeedintakeberestrictedforanyreasonduringtherearingperiod,specialprecautionsshouldbetakentoensurethatgiltsarefedadlib(atleast3kg/day)forthetwoweekperiodpriortomating.

如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前2周采取特别措施来确保后备母猪自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。26TheEffectsofFeedLevelDuriSummaryofFeedingReplacementGilts

后备母猪饲养小结Feedreplacementgiltsaspecializeddeveloperdietratherthanafinisherdiettoenhancebodystoresofvitaminsandminerals.饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。Feeddietcontaining3000-3200kcalDEand0.7-0.8%lysineadlibitumtoensureadequatereservesoffatandleanatmating.日粮应含3000-3200大卡/千克消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸并自由采食,确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备。Forsomegenotypes,itmaybenecessarytorestrictfeedintaketoreducefeetandlegproblemsassociatedwithfemalesgettingtooheavyorfat.对某些品种有必要限制采食量，减少由于母猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病。Ifforanyreasonfeedintakeisrestricted,feedgiltsadlibitum(>3.0kg)fortwoweekperiodpriortomating.如果由于某种原因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。27SummaryofFeedingReplacementFeedingSowsinGestation怀孕母猪的饲养28FeedingSowsinGestation28ObjectivesofFeedingPrograminGestation怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标29ObjectivesofFeedingProgram

Minimizeembryomortality

减少胚胎死亡率Providenutrientsforfetalgrowth

提供胎体生长营养Providenutrientsforthegrowthoftheuterusandmammaryglands提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养Allowformaternalgrowth维持母猪的生长Replenishbodyreservesdepletedduringthepreviouslactation补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失Setthesowupmetabolicallyfortheensuinglactation调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备30 30Goalistohavethesowproducealarge,healthylitterwithahighprobabilityofsurvivalandwiththepotentialforrapidandefficientgrowth.目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。31GoalistohavethesowproducApproachestoGestationFeeding

怀孕母猪的饲养方法NorthAmericanSystem北美系DanishSystem丹麦系32ApproachestoGestationFeedinFeedingPatternDuringGestation

(NorthAmericanSystem)

怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）33FeedingPatternDuringGestatiNorthAmericanSystem

北美模式Inthissystem,therearethreemajorphaseswherefeedintakeisadjusted.Theyare:

其中有三个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是：Earlygestationwherethefocusisonembryosurvival(firsttwoweeks)怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（0-2周）Mid-gestationwherethefocusisonsowbodycondition(days14to100)怀孕中期关注母猪体况（14-100天）Lategestationwherethefocusisonfetalgrowthandsettingthesowupfortheensuinglactation(last2weeks)怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌乳做准备（最后两周）。34NorthAmericanSystem

北美模式IntFeedingDuringEarlyPregnancy(NorthAmericanSystem)怀孕早期的饲养（北美系）35FeedingDuringEarlyPregnancyApproximately20-30%ofallembryosdieduringthefirst30daysofgestation.

怀孕早期的前30天约有20-30%的胚胎死亡。Researchhasshownthathighlevelsoffeedintakefollowingmatingareassociatedwithanincreaseinembryomortality.

研究表明配种后的高采食量与高胚胎死亡率密切相关。36Approximately20-30%ofallemTheprinciplemechanismcontrollingthedevelopmentofembryosandtheirsubsequentsurvivalisthesecretionofuterinespecificproteins.

控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌Theseproteinsarestimulatedbyovariansteroidhormonesparticularlyprogesterone.Ariseinprogesteroneearlyinpregnancyenhancestheuterineenvironmentandmakesitmoresupportiveoftheembryo.

这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜的营养。Increasedfeedintakeshavebeenshowntobeassociatedwithadecreaseinplasmaprogesteroneasaresultofincreasedmetabolicclearanceofprogesteroneleadingtoasubsequentreductioninembryosurvival.采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，结果导致胚胎存活率降低37Theprinciplemechanismcontro

FeedingLevel Ovulation Total Embryo ProgesteroneDay1-3 Day3-15 Rate Embryos Survival(%) (ng/ml)1-3天饲喂量3-15天饲喂量排卵数胚胎数胚胎成活率黄体酮浓度1.9kg 1.9kg 14.5 12.4 85.9 10.52.5kg 1.9kg 14.9 11.5 77.3 3.72.6kg 2.6kg 14.9 10.2 66.9 4.5________________________________________________________Jindaletal.,1996EffectofFeedLevelinEarlyGestationonPlasmaProgesteroneLevelsandEmbryoSurvival

怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响38EffectofFeedLevelinEaHigh-planeFeeding高水平饲喂量Increasedhepaticbloodflow增加肝中血浆流动IncreasedmetabolicclearancerateofProgesterone黄体酮分解代谢速度增加DecreasedplasmaprogesteroneConcentration血浆黄体酮浓度降低Suboptimalsecretionof“uterinespecificproteins”子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适Decreasedembryosurvivalrate胚胎成活率降低39High-planeIncreasedhepaticIncAsaresultofthisresearch,itisgenerallyrecommendedthatlow(1.8-2.0kg)levelfeedingbeconductedforthefirsttwoweeksofgestation.

研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采用低饲喂量（1.8-2.0公斤)。40Asaresultofthisresearch,FeedingDuringMid-Pregnancy(NorthAmericanSystem)怀孕中期的饲养(北美模式)41FeedingDuring41Theunderlyingobjectiveoffeedingsowsduringmid-gestationistoallowforamoderateweightgainandtoachieveatargetlevelofbodyfatatfarrowing(18-22mm).怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重、产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（18-22mm)42TheunderlyingobjectiveoffeBreeding

BackFatatBreeding(mm)繁殖时背膘厚度Wt(kg)

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20115-119 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7120-124 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1..9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7125-129 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7130-134 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7135-139 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7140-144 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7145-149 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7150-154 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8155-159 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8160-164 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8165-169 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9170-174 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9175-179 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9180-184 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0185-189 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0190-194 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1195-199 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1200-204 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1205-209 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2TargetFeedIntakesforGestatingGilts(Days14to100)

14--100天怀孕母猪的目标采食量43Breeding BackFatatBreedFeedingSowsinLateGestation怀孕后期母猪的饲养44FeedingSowsin44Thenutrientrequirementsofgestatingsowsaregreatestinlategestationwhenfetalgrowthisatitspeak.

怀孕后期母猪体内胎儿生长处高峰期、对营养需要量最大。Iffeedintakeisnotincreasedduringthisperiod,thesowwilllosebackfatduringthelasttwoweeksofgestation.

如果这个时候不增加采食量，在怀孕最后两周母猪的背脂厚度将降低。Inaddition,thereisevidencethatthiscatabolicstatewillcontributetosowsgorgingandthengoingofffeedinearlylactation.

此外，有证据表明分解代谢状态将导致母猪暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。

Sowsshouldreceiveanadditional1.5kgoffeedperdayontopoftheirnormaldailyallowancefromday100to112ofgestation.怀孕母猪100-112天应当每天比正常采食额外增加1.5公斤饲料。45ThenutrientrequirementsofgPerformanceofSowsFedatNormalorHighLevelsinLateGestation(day100-114)

怀孕后期母猪采食量正常或高水平时的生产表现

FeedIntake(kg/day)

2.3

3.9LactationIntake(kg/day)泌乳猪采食量 6.61 6.67PigletGrowth(g/day)仔猪日增重 237 240WeantoEstrusInterval(days) 6.2 5.4断奶到再发情间隔时间SubsequentLitterSize窝重 12.0 12.4_________________________________________________Milleretal.,(1996)46PerformanceofSowsFedatNorOnsomefarms,continuingtofeedtheadditional1.5kgoffeedallofthewaytofarrowingcancauseudderproblemssuchasagalactiaandmastitis.

在某些猪场，怀孕全程中都多饲喂1.5公斤饲料会导致乳房问题，如无乳症和乳房炎。Inaddition,feedintakemaybereducedinearlylactation.

另外，泌乳早期采食量可能降低Ifthisprovestobethecase,thentheadditionalfeedshouldbediscontinuedapproximately2daysbeforetheexpectedduedateofthesow.

如果事实是这样的话，在母猪预产期前大约2天应当停止加料。

47Onsomefarms,continuingtofFeedingPatterninGestation

(DanishSystem)

怀孕母猪的饲喂模式(丹麦系)Earlygestation(days0to28)providesowswithhighlevelsoffeed(>3.0kg/day).怀孕早期0-28天提供母猪高采食量(>3.0kg/day)。Midgestation(days28to90),feed1.8to2.4kgoffeed,dependingonsowcondition怀孕中期28-90天根据母猪体况，每天供食1.8-2.4kg。Lategestation(days90to110),feed3.0-3.5kgoffeed/day

怀孕后期90-110天,每天喂食3.0-3.5kg。48FeedingPatterninGestation

(ComparisonofSystems

两种饲喂模式的比较Thetotalfeedprovidedtosowsingestationisapproximatelythesameinthetwosystems.

两种模式中母猪怀孕阶段的总饲喂量是相同的。However,thepatternofintakesdiffersdramatically,withthetwosystemsbeingcompletelycontradictoryinrecommendationsduringearlyandmidgestation.

但是，二者之间喂食模式显著不同，在怀孕早期和中期的建议喂食量完全相反。UnderNorthAmericanconditionsandusingtraditionalgenotypes,highfeedintakesinearlygestationhavebeenshowntobedetrimentaltoreproductiveperformance.

在北美养殖条件下的传统品种，怀孕早期的高采食量已经证明会对繁殖性能产生有害的影响。49ComparisonofSystems

两种饲喂模式的比EffectofFeedIntakeinEarlyGestation(day0-25)onSowReproductivePerformance

怀孕早期的采食量对母猪繁殖性能的影响

High高

Low低

(3.5kg)

(1.5kg)Weightchangeearlygestation(kg)怀孕早期的体重变化 11.60 0.57Backfatchangeearlygestation(mm)怀孕早期的背脂变化 1.87 0.76Littersize窝重大小 10.95 12.05_________________________________________________Primeetal.,1988.AnimalProduction46:49950EffectofFeedIntakeinEarlyComparisonofSystems

两种饲喂模式的比较DanishproducersusingtheDanishsystemareachievingveryhighlevelsofproductivity(>30pigs/sow/year).

丹麦模式生产者获得非常高水平的生产成绩(>30头小猪/母猪/年)。However,itisnotknownwhetherornotthesystemcanbeappliedtoNorthAmericangenotypes.但是，这个模式能否适用于在北美品种还不知道。ResearchshouldbeconductedtodeterminetheproductivityofthesystemunderNorthAmericanconditionsusingdifferentgenotypes.研究应当在北美条件下、用不同品种进行测试，以决定这个养殖模式的生产成绩。51ComparisonofSystems

两种饲喂模式的比FeedinginGestation

怀孕母猪的饲养Regardlessofthesystemused,theprinciplegoalofthefeedingprogramduringgestationistotrytokeepthesowsinthebreedingherd“fitnotfat”.

不管用哪个模式，怀孕阶段饲喂程序的基本目标是保持母猪体况适中而不过肥。

Clearlybothunderconditioningandoverconditioningaredetrimentaltothefuturereproductiveperformance.

很明显，母猪体况偏瘦和过肥对将来的繁殖性能都是有害的。52FeedinginGestation

怀孕母猪的饲养ReConsequencesofThinSows

母猪体况偏瘦的后果Failuretorecycleafterweaning

断奶后很难再发情Lowersubsequentconceptionratesandlittersize

随后怀孕率低、并且窝仔少Increasedsusceptibilitytobonefractures

增加骨折的可能性Prematureculling

过早淘汰53ConsequencesofThinSows

母猪体况increasedfarrowingdifficulty

增加产仔困难increasedincidenceofcrushedpiglets

增加踩压小猪的发生机率decreasedlactationfeedintake减少泌乳期采食量lowermilkproduction

降低泌乳量increasedsusceptibilitytoheatstress

提高了对热应激的敏感性ConsequencesofFatSows

母猪体况过肥的后果54increasedfarrowingdifficultyMethodstoAssessAdequacyofGestationFeedingProgram

评价怀孕母猪饲喂程序恰当如否的方法WeighSows(target45-60kggain)

母猪增重（目标45-60公斤）ConditionScore(targetforscoreof3)

体况评分（目标3分）MeasureBackfat(target18-22mm)

背脂检测（目标18-22mm）55MethodstoAssessAdequacyofEffectofSowBodyConditiononReproductivePerformance

母猪体况对繁殖性能的影响Farm农场编号%SowsinCorrectBodyCondition母猪体况达标率

%SowMortality死亡率PigsWeaned/Sow/Year断奶猪数/年/母猪

159.313.420.6261.717.719.7375.25.721.1478.88.722.8579.18.423.5679.36.522.2784.37.824.61Sowswithmoresowsincorrectbodyconditionhadlowermortality(r2=-0.83)andweanedmorepigs(r2=-0.88)2Scharlach,2005母猪体况达标率越高，母猪死亡率越低，断奶小猪头数越多。56EffectofSowBodyConditionoFeedingSowsDuringLactation哺乳母猪的饲养57Feeding57ObjectivesofFeedingtheSowDuringLactation

哺乳母猪的饲喂目标StimulateMilkFlow

刺激泌乳量MaintainBodyConditionoftheSow维持母猪体况PrepareSowforRebreeding为下次繁殖做准备58ObjectivesofFeedingtheSowTheEffectofFeedIntakeDuringLactationonReproductivePerformance

哺乳母猪采食量对繁殖性能的影响 _________DailyLactationFeedIntake(kg)_日采食量_______

1.5 2.2 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.0LactationWeightLoss(kg) 44.5 30.8 27.4 19.6 15.8 9.0泌乳失重BackfatLossDuringLactation(mm) 8.9 7.1 6.4 5.7 4.2 4.0泌乳阶段背膘损失WeaningtoConceptionInterval(day) 29.8 32.4 23.6 16.4 15.5 11.4断奶到怀孕的间隔时间NumberofEggsOvulated 12.2 13.3 10.9 13.3 11.7 12.0排卵数%SowsinEstrus8DaysAfterWeaning 8.3 33.3 50.0 58.3 58.3 83.3断奶后8天发情的母猪比例_____________________________________________________________________________KingandDunkin,1986,Anim.Prod.17:65-7559TheEffectofFeedIntakeDuriWithpropermanagement,modernsowshavethecapacitytoconsistentlyproducelitterswith12-13pigletsandsubsequentlygeneratesufficientmilktosupportlitterweightgainsinexcessof3kgaday.

如果管理恰当，现代母猪有能力连续每窝稳定产仔12-13头，随后泌乳量足够，从而可使每天窝增重超过3公斤。However,thismustbeaccomplishedwithoutcompromisingthesow’sabilitytobere-bredshortlyafterweaningoraffectingthesizeofthesubsequentlitter

但是，这种效益只能是在母猪断奶后即再配种的能力并随后窝重不受影响的情况之下。FeedingSowsinLactation

哺乳母猪的饲喂60Withpropermanagement,modernEveryeffortshouldbemadetostimulatethefeedintakeofthesowduringlactation应设法提高泌乳母猪的采食量

61EveryeffortshouldbemadetoMethodsofIncreasingLactationFeedIntake

增加哺乳母猪采食量的方法62MethodsofIncreasingLactatioAlthoughitisgenerallybelievedthathighfeedintakesingestationareassociatedwithlowerfeedintakesinlactationandsubsequentlossofcondition,recentevidencesuggeststhatitisnotnecessarilythehighfeedinglevelingestationthatproducesthenegativeeffectsbutratherthefatnessofthesowatfarrowing.

虽然通常认为怀孕阶段的高采食量与哺乳阶段的低采食量和随后的体况损失有关，但是最近证据表明真正原因不是高采食量，而是产仔时母猪体况过肥。Dependingongenotypeandparity,lactationintakebeginstodeclinewhenbackfatlevelsexceed22mm.Theeffectisparticularlyseverewhenbackfatlevelsreach24-25mm.

视品种和胎次，背脂厚度超过22mm时哺乳母猪的采食量会逐步下降；当厚度超过24-25mm时，影响尤其严重。EnsureProperBodyConditionofSows

确保母猪合适的体况63AlthoughitisgenerallybelieThemechanismthroughwhichahighfeedintakeingestationreducesfeedintakeinlactationappearstobemediatedbyfactorsthatcontrolhunger.

怀孕阶段的高采食量会降低哺乳阶段的采食量，其机制似乎由控制饥饿的因子调节。Duringlactation,insulinlevelsofsowsfedloweramountsoffeedingestationaremuchhigherthanthoseofsowsfedadlibitum.在哺乳阶段，如怀孕阶段低采食量母猪的胰岛素水平要比自由采食母猪的更高。Thesehighinsulinlevelsmaystimulateappetiteduringlactationbyreducinglipidmobilizationandincreasingperipheralglucoseuse.哺乳阶段高胰岛素水平可能通过减少脂肪分解代谢和增加动用外围葡萄糖来刺激食欲。64ThemechanismthroughwhichaThelevelofdietaryproteinhasbeenshowntoaffecttheamountoffeedconsumedduringlactation.

日粮蛋白水平业已证明能够影响哺乳阶段的采食量。Pigletweaningweightswerealsohigherwhenthesowreceivedhigherlevelsofdietaryprotein.

摄食高蛋白水平日粮的母猪产生的小猪断奶体重也高。Theconsumptionoflowproteindietsduringlactationcanalsocauseexcessivedelaysinestrusandpoorconceptionratesafterweaning,particularlyiffedtofirstlittersows.

尤其在饲喂初产母猪时，如哺乳阶段日粮蛋白水平低会导致发情期的过分延迟和断奶后的怀孕率低。Lactationdietsshouldcontainaminimumof16%crudeprotein(0.95lysine).

哺乳日粮应含至少16%粗蛋白（0.95赖氨酸）EnsureAdequateDietaryProtein

确保足够的日粮蛋白65ThelevelofdietaryproteinhEffectofProteinLevelDuringLactationonSowFeedIntakeandBodyCondition

哺乳期日粮蛋白水平对母猪采食量和体况的影响

DietaryProteinLevel(%)

12

14

16

18_______________________日粮粗蛋白水平_____SowFeedIntake(kg/day) 3.5 4.6 5.5 5.8采食量SowWeightatFarrowing(kg) 152.2 140.9 143.6 145.9产仔时体重SowWeightatWeaning(kg) 126.8 130.0 147.3 152.3断奶体重SowWeightChange(kg) -25.4 -10.9 +3.7 +6.4母猪体重变化PigletWeaningWeight(kg) 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.8小猪断奶重MahanandGrifo,1975,J.Anim.Sci.41:1362-1367.66EffectofProteinLevelDuringSowswillconsumemorefeediffedtwiceratherthanoncedaily.Consumptionislikelytoincreasefurtheriftheyarefedevenmorefrequently.

母猪日喂两次比一次采食量高。如果饲喂次数更多，可能采食量更大。InastudyconductedbytheNRC-89CommitteeonConfinementManagementofSwine,sowsfedthreetimesadayconsumedatotalof108.4kgoffeedduringlactationwhilethosefedonlyonceadayconsumed101.6kgoffeed.

在89年NRC委员会对猪分娩管理的研究中，哺乳阶段日喂三次总采食量108.4