生物技术的发展史(双语课)课件

genebacteriafungusanimalplants农杆菌介导法Agrobacterium-mediated直接DNA法DirectDNAlaw原生质体融合Protoplastfusion目标植物Targetplants改善植物降解/代谢有机污染物Improveplantdegradation/metabolismoforganicpollutants

转基因大豆Transgenicsoybeans

美国进行的试验表明，转基因大豆可以预防心血管疾病和糖尿病，而且有助于青少年脑细胞发育。Thedevelopmentofthebiotechnology生物技术的发展史Pre-PasteurEra:before1865DanDi

Overtheconturies,microorganismshavebeenusedforfoodsandbeverage（饮料）,Thisisprobablyfirstexampleofbiotechnology.。Tounderstandthisdevelopment,theevolution(发展)canbedividedintoaseriesoferas(时代).

Atthesametime,brewing(酿造)wasevolving,fermented(发酵)milkproductssuchascheese(乳酪)andyogurt(酸奶)wereusedasamethodofpreserving(保存)milk.

Asanyoneknow,itiseasyforsomemicroorganismstoconver(转变)ethanol（乙醇）toaceticacid（乙酸）,sothatinegar（醋）productionalsodevelopedbefore3000BC.

Brewingbeer

:barley(大麦)asmaterial,hops(啤酒花)forthespics(香料)，itisokaftermaltose(麦芽糖）andbrewer'syeastalcohol（啤酒酵母酒精).

Fermentedyogurt

:whichisbasedonfreshmilkasrawmaterial,usedMarkovbacteria(马氏菌),addedFerment(发酵剂)tothemilk,atlast，fillingamilkcoolingproducts.

Atlast,vinegar（醋）materialsandproductionmethods，ifyouareinterested,youcanfinditbyyourself.PasteurEra:1865-1940YangBichengLacticacid乳酸anaerobicbacterium厌氧细polypropylene聚丙烯calciumacetate乙酸钙Clostridiumacetobutylicum丙酮-丁醇梭菌

Themicrobialprodutionoflactieacidin1881.Pasteurfirstdiscoveredtheproductionofbutanolbybacteria.WeizmanninvestigatedtheuseoftheanaerobicbacteriumClostridiumacetobutylicumfortheproductionofbutanoltobeusedinrubbermanufacturein1914.

Theproductionofacetonefrompolypropyleneproducedbythepetrochemicalindustryinthe1950s.

FlemingdiscoveredpenicillinaftertheWorldWarI.Thestartofthebiologicaltreatmentofsewagein1914.Antibiotic抗生素Tetracycline四环素Sufficient

充足的Streptomycin

链霉素Steroids类固醇Isolation隔离Vaccine

疫苗Molasses糖蜜Renewable

可延长有效期的，可延续的Petrochemicals石油化工Finite有限的Sewage污染Cephalosporins头孢菌素Poliovaccine骨髓灰质炎疫苗Extensive广泛submergeddeepfermentation水下深层发酵一、Thelarge-scaleproductionofpenicillin

Penicillin：Penicillin(sometimesabbreviatedPCN)referstoagroupofbeta-lactamantibioticsusedinthetreatmentofbacterialinfectionscausedbysusceptible,usuallyGram-positive,organisms.Thename“penicillin”canalsobeusedinreferencetoaspecificmemberofthepenicillingroupPenamSkeleton,whichhasthemolecularformulaR-C9H11N2O4S,whereRisavariablesidechain.

Researchanddevelopmentsince1928byFloreyandchinahadmadetheextractionofpenicillinpossible,anditsabilitytotreatinfectionwasdemonstrated,butitslarge-scaleproductionwasstillnotpossibleatthestartofWorldWarⅡ.3、Thelarge-scaleproductionofpenicillin

Thepenicillinproducingorganismpenicillinnotatumwas

notnormallygrownasamatonthesurfaceofthemedium

,whichmadescale-upverydifficultandlabourintensive.in1941Florey’steammovedtotheUSAwhere

submergeddeep

fermentation

wasdevelopedforthecultivationofarelatedbuthigher-producingpenicillium

strain,P.chrysogenum

.Thesubmergeddeepfermentationallowedthelarge-sclalegrowthof

P.chrysogenumand

requiredthecombinedeffortsofmicrobiologisits,biochemistsandprocessengineers.二、largevarietyofantibiotics’productionbegantheantibioticera’.

Tetracycline四环素Cephalosporins头孢菌素Streptomycin链霉素Etc.2.Microbialsteroidtransformation

Inthe1950sitwasfoundthatmicroorganismswereabletotransformawiderangeofcompound,andinmostcasethesetransformationwereveryspecific.thusmicroorganismswereabletocayyrouttransformationswhichwouldbediffculttocarrychemically.Microbiatransformationhasbeenextensiveusedintheproductionofsteroids.

Post-antibioticEra:

1960-1975

ShangguanYiniIndividualaminoacidsandvitamins:

e.g.lysine（赖氨酸）

glutamicacid（谷氨酸）Enzymes:Beusedindetergents（洗涤剂）

Fortheproductionofglucose（葡萄糖）fromstarch（淀粉）Immobilised（固定）enzymes:alimitedactivelifecannoteasilyberecoveredEXPENSIVE

ductionofhigh-fructose（高果糖）

syrups（糖浆）

IMMOBILISATIONcells

biosensorenzymes（生物传感器）AlternativesourcesA.产品：usemicroorganismstoproduceahigh-proteinanimalfeed(动物饲料)

SCP–singlecellprotein(单细胞蛋白)

原因：

increaseinpopulationintheworld

people’sworryaboutfoodandprotein原先：

petrochemicalindustryhadasurplus（剩余）ofcheapmethane,methanolandalkanesthenthemassproduction（大规模生产）ofpetrochemicalindustrywasinvolved

现在：ICI’SPRUTEEN（甲醇蛋白）

ICIhadbacterium,M.methylotrophilus,whichwascapableofgrowthonmethanol.MethanolwasproducdcheaplyfrommethanecomingfromtheNorthSeagasfields（北海气田）.结果：ABANDONEDOil/gas,methanolpricesincreasedThemaincompetitor,theproductionoffishandsoya,expandedFoodshortagedidnotdevelopasexpectedTheGREENREVOLUTIONWidelyutilizedinanimalfeed

Asthecarbonsource,athonalissuperiortootheralkanes:water-solubility（水溶性）lessoxygenconsuming（耗氧量少）lowheatvalue（发热量低）single-component（成分单一）nontoxicityecotoxicologicaltests（8年毒理学实验）nocarbonremainsinproduction（无碳源残留物）noneedforpurification（不需纯化）Proteinreserveismuchhigherthanitscompetitor---fishandsoyabean.Besides,richinaminoacids,mineral,andvitamins.QUORN(植物素肉），ahumanfoodbasedonfungus（真菌）Fungus生长于molasses（糖浆）orhydrolysedstarch（水解淀粉）Saleswereinitiallyslow

Increasedbecauseofthechangingofeatinghabbit(favoroflow-fat,high-fibervegetarian)GENETICENGINEERINGB.fuel原因：crisesinoilproductionduetohostilitiesintheMiddleEast产品：Ethanol(酒精）方法：Fermentation（发酵）ofsugarsinthesameprocessofbrewing（酿造）andwining、结果：Thepercentageusingethanoldeclinedduetothecontinuedlowpriceofcrudeoil（原油）.实现工业、农业、环保的三赢。解决了糖厂利用糖蜜生产酒精所产生酒精废液对外排放所造成的环境污染问题。

酒精废液生物发酵剂

还可除臭制糖业废液、废渣零排放，废物综合利用生产oranism&injurant（有害物）ofalcoholicliquidwastehumicacid（腐殖酸）,aminoacid,etcMixwithotherwastesSuperiormaterialsofOrganicfertilizer（有机肥）制糖业废液、废渣零排放，废物综合利用生产Anotherproduct—methane（甲烷）方法：anerobicdigestionofsewage（下水道里的污物）orwastes作用：afuelforheatingandcooking,particularlyindevelopingcountries

人畜粪便、农作物秸秆经沼气池常时间厌氧发酵，不仅为农户提供了大量的优质能源——沼气，同时在改善农村环境卫生条件和减少病原体的孳生及传播方面，具有显著作用。特别是农村能源技术推广部门利用沼气的生物发酵技术研究推广的农村户用沼气池和小城镇生活污水净化沼气隔水层，为农村的畜禽粪便及小城镇生活污水处理问题找到了一条行之有效的解决途径。C.microbialpolysaccharidexanthan（微生物多糖黄原胶）Typicalproperty:viscoelasticity（粘弹性质）,fluidity（流动触变性）,steadyPhysical&ChemicalProperties,nontoxicityFoods:beverage,pudding,can(罐头）,seafoods,meatprocessingPetrochemical:drillingmuds（钻探泥浆）Printingindustry（印染业）MedicalandPharmaceuticalProducts：latex（乳液）,balm（药膏）微生物多糖是微生物在代谢过程中产生的对微生物具有保护作用的生物高聚物。Ad：abundantandcheaprawmaterialNotinfluencedbyrigionalandclimaticconditionsControlledBrightfuture.e.g.自20世纪50年代以来,采用发酵工程技术生产多种微生物多糖是国际上的热门课题,并已有数种微生物多糖已具备相当的工业化规模。黄原胶就是其中最具代表性、商品化程度最高的一种。BiotechnologypresentZhangYanyu

thelasterarecognisedbyHouwinkwasnamedafterthe‘newbiotechnologies’whichareprincipally(主要地)involvedwiththeapplicationengineering(应用工程)toallareasofbiotechnology.

Geneticengineering(基因工程)developedinthe1970sandthetechniqueshaverevolutionised(彻底改变)ourabilitytoisolate,manipulate(操纵)andexpressgenes.recombinanttechonology（基因重组）

Toinsertthegeneintoanotherorganism，traditionalspeciesbarrierscanbecrossed.Theabilitytomanipulate(操纵)andtransfergeneshashadadramatic(显著的)impactonallareasofbiotechnology.Thetransformedorganismcanbeanimalplantormicroorganism(微生物).Threetypesofgeneticengineering

Theinsertionofasinglegenewhichgivestherecipientanewcharacteristic.

(改变性状)

Thealterationoftheoperationofexistinggeneswhichmaychangethecharacteristicoftherecipient.

(改变存在基因，改变受体特征)

Theinsertionofagenesothattherecipientproducesaspecificproduct.(插入基因得到特定产品)

e.g.

suchasherbicideresistanceincottonplants(抗药棉)backe.g.Changesingenetomakeflowersbloom.Changetheoilqualityinrapeseed(油菜籽)

ChangesingenetomakeMousenotafraidofcats.Changesingenetomakefruitpipe(成熟).日本科学家最近通过改变老鼠的基因，培育出了一只不怕猫的老鼠。backChangesingenetomakeflowersbloom

东京国际花卉博览会转基因蓝玫瑰backTherecipientcanbebacterial(细菌),yeast(酵母菌),insect,plantormammalian.e.g.

TheproductionofhumaninsulininthebacteriumE.coli.

ApplicationaofgeneticsengineeringXuZhi1.Medical,suchashumaninsulin,humangrowthhormone.(制药)2.Agriculture,manykindsofplantshavebeengivencharacteristicssuchasherbicideandinsectresistance.(农业)3.Food,moreandmoretransgenicfoodhavebeenproduced.(食品）HumaninsulinTheinsulinproducedbythebacterialE.coliisidenticaltohumaninsulin.Thepiginsulinwhichhadpreviouslybeenusedhasanaminoacidindifferentwithhumaninsulin,andthuseasytoproduceantibodies(抗体).Anotherkindofinsulinwhichhadbeenusedwascowinsulin,ithasthreeaminosdifferentwithhumaninsulin.1978年,美国哈佛大学的科学家利用DNA重组技术生产出胰岛素。将人胰岛素基因插入细菌(大肠杆菌K12)DNA，在特殊的催化剂如色氨酸合成酶控制下，由细菌合成人胰岛素，再经纯化处理即生物合成人胰岛素。大肠杆菌生产人胰岛素步骤1.提取目的基因2.提取质粒3.基因重组

4.将质粒送回大肠杆菌5.胰岛素的产生

Transgenictomato

Tomatoisakindoffruitwhichhashighnutrientandeconomicalvalue,butitishardtokeep.ThescientistsofUSAandChinahavefoundthewaytoinhibittheexpressionofthegenewhichmakethetomatofade.(控制植物衰老激素乙烯合成的酶基因，是导致植物衰老的重要基因，如果能够利用基因工程的方法抑制这个基因的表达，那么衰老激素乙烯的生物合成就会得到控制，番茄也就不会容易变软和腐烂了。)EnzymeChymosin(凝乳酶）

Theenzymechymosinwhichusedtoproducethecheesepreviouslyonlycanbeenextractedfromtherennet(小牛胃黏膜）.Manymaverickshadbeenkilledbecauseofthis.NowwecanproducetheenzymechymosinbytheGeneticallymodifiedmicro-organisms(转基因微生物）。

ThepublicviewofthegeneticallyengineeredproductsWangLaifangTheadvantages：

solvetheproblemofthefoodshortage(短缺).decreasetheuseoftheinsecticide(农药),avoidthepollutionoftheenvironment.savethecost(成本)oftheproduct(生产),reducetheprice(售价)ofthefood.

increasethenutri