英汉翻译之遣词造句课件

Diction

遣词用字一、教学重点：

1.语境在翻译中的重要性

2.英汉词字层次对等关系

3.词义的选择和引申二、教学内容：1.英汉词字层次对等关系2.英语词义辨析法3.词义的选择4.词义的引申Warming-upactivities1.DoyouknowthetwelveanimalsignsinChineseculture?2.WhataretheirEnglishversions?Maptoshow

十二生肖Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals猫哭老鼠---假慈悲

牛头不对马嘴骑虎难下

兔子不吃窝边草shedcrocodiletears

totallyirrelevant

Haveawolfbytheears;inadilemma

Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome

Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals车水马龙杯弓蛇影马到成功[endless]streamofhorsesandcarriages--heavytraffic(onthestreet);aflowoftraffic;becrowdedwithpeopleandvehicles

anillusorysnakeinagoblet

towinsuccessimmediatelyuponarrival;togainanimmediatevictory;towininstantsuccess...wishyoueverysuccess...

Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals

替罪羊猴精猴精的挂羊头卖狗肉猪狗不如鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿披着羊皮的狼猴年马月偷鸡摸狗人怕出名猪怕壮落汤鸡痛打落水狗替罪羊scapegoat披着羊皮的狼:猴精猴精的awolfinsheep'sskin;awolfinthedisguiseof…猴年马月canny,shrewddonkey’syears鸡毛蒜皮petty(ortrifling)things;trifles

落汤鸡(looklike)adrownedrat挂羊头卖狗肉tooffertogiveorsellsomethingthatisinferiortowhatyouclaimittobe偷鸡摸狗onthesly猪狗不如actlikeabruteIdiomsrelatedtotheseanimals

Question:Afteryoudiscussedtheabovephrasesandidiominbothlanguages,whatdifferencesdidyoufindinthetwoculturesmentioned?Whatproperwordsshouldbeusedinthetargetlanguage?Ⅰ.CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系1、Word-for-WordCorrespondenceMarxism=马克思主义Aspirin=阿斯匹林激光=laser白血病=leukemia2、OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsof

theSame

Meaningwife:

妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人…人:humanbeing,man,people,person...Ⅰ.CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系4、EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnotherⅠ.CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系5、WordswithoutEquivalentsteenager:13至19岁的青少年clock-watcher:

老是看钟等下班的人阴:

yin(inChinesethought)

thesoft,

inactive,

femaleprincipleor

forceintheworldDink=doubleincomenokids丁克家族文房四宝：thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,ink-stick,ink-stoneandpaper)乌纱帽：anofficialpost糖葫芦：Tanghulu,asugar-coatedfruitonthestickwhichisakindofchildren’sfavoritefoodinwinterⅡ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法1、JudgingfromtheWordFormationparabiosphericpara-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(havingtheformofasphere)外生物层的pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosispneumono(oflung)+ultra(beyond)+micro(verysmall)+scopic(ofviewingorobserving)+silico(ofsilicon)+volcano(ofvolcano)+coni(koni,ofdust)+osis(formingthenameofadisease)硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法2、JudgingfromtheReferencesthirdpersonpronouns;indefinitepronouns：some,any,each,both;definitepronouns：much,many,few,little,etc.He(father)sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.

他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔莽。Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法2、JudgingfromtheReferences2)demonstrativepronouns:this,that,these,those;demonstrativeadverbs:here,there,now,then,etc.Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.

健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法3、JudgingfromtheContextandCollocationHisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(发生故障)Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(产生升力)Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(研制避雷针)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出论断)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品种)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(开采矿床)

Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法4、JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties“base“:“词根”inlexicology“本金”inbusiness“底涂”inpainting“基线”insurvey“根据地”inmilitaryscienceThelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)ABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。(数学)Heisonthesecondbase.他在二垒。（体育）Ⅲ.Diction词义的选择2.根据上下文以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandlastmantoleave.

他总是最先来，最后走。Heisthelastmantodoit.

他绝对不会干那件事。Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.

他最不配干这个工作。Heshouldbethelast(man)toblame.

怎么也不该怪他。ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.

我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。softmusicsoftwoodsofthatsoftanswersoftheartsoftfiresoftwordssoftdrinksoftlightsoftgoodssoftcushionsoftbreeze轻柔的音乐软木呢帽委婉的回答易感动的心文火和蔼的话不含酒精的饮料柔和的灯光毛织品靠垫和风Ⅲ.Diction词义的选择将词义作抽象化的引伸1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.

帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

每个人的生活都有苦和甜。这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。Ⅳ.词义的引申2、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词See-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.

在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。

see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。将词义作具体化的引伸

英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。AsthePolitburogavethego-aheadtoBrezhnev,NixonandKissingerweremeetinginthePresident'sKremlinapartment,preparedtoacceptasetbackonSALT.

在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。VietnamwashisentreetothenewAdministration,histhirdincarnationasforeignpolicyconsultant.

越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。Ⅳ.词义的引申

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

这是一位举止得体的姑娘。Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

她是一个虔诚的基督徒，一个慈爱的母亲，一个贤良的妻子，一个孝顺的女儿，一个合格的教师。TimetoPractice老战士老领导老师傅老闰女老黄牛(比喻勤勤恳恳做事而又不计名利的人)老芹菜老皇历老生常谈老捣乱aveteranaseniorleaderamastercraftsmantheyoungestdaughterawillingox(diligentandconscientiousperson)overgrownceleryobsoletepracticecommonplacealwaysmaketrouble申请书报告书协议书

成绩通知书

(使用)说明书成交确认书

电视机使用说明书白皮书家书

LetterofApplicationReportAgreementGradeReport

DirectionsSalesConfirmationTelevisionOperationGuideWhiteBook

aLetter

fromHome

密码口水救火洗牌大片早恋青春痘方便面隐形眼镜流动资金买一赠一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentonepasswordsaliva[sə'laɪvə]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree酸奶绿豆食言戴绿帽黄色书籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承认自己说错话)*have/wearagreenbonnet*yellowbookyoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook炉子着得很旺。Thefireisburningbrisklyinthestove.她着凉了。Shehascaughtcold.上不着天，下不着地。Besuspendedinmidair.你猜着了。You’veguessedright.老李躺下就着了。LaoLi

fellasleepassoonashelaydown.他走错了一着。Hehasmadeafalsemove.(or:takenawrongstep)这些孩子穿着整齐。Thesechildrenareallneatlydressed.

学习知识

学习技术

学习外语

学习成绩

学习别人的长处互相学习以雷锋为学习的榜样他的英语水平比我高

把军政素质搞到一个新水平各级领导干部必须高领导水平

acquireknowledge

masteraskill

studyaforeignlanguage

academicrecords

emulateother’sstrongpoints

learnfromeachother

followtheexampleofLeiFengHeknowsmoreEnglishthanIdo.

RaisethemilitaryandpoliticalqualitytoanewheightLeadersofvariousranksmustimprovetheirartofleadership.V.TechniquesofTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord1.Deduction:todeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.Eg:boomer---apersonborninthemarkedriseinbirthrate生育高峰期出生的人win-win---beneficialtoallinsomeway双赢2.Transplant:totranslatetheingredientsofagivenEnglishwordliterallyandthencombineeachpartofthem.Eg:bandwidth带宽bluetooth蓝牙microwave微波supermarket超市splashdown溅落white-collar白领3.Extension：theextensionofmeaningmaybeeitherfromthespecifictothegeneralorfromtheconcretetotheabstract,andviceversa.Eg:bottleneck瓶颈交通峡口阻塞(fromtheconcretetotheabstract)ecstasy(anillegaldrug)入迷摇头丸(fromtheabstracttotheconcrete)4.Substitution:toreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithChinesesynonymsoridiomsaccordingtodifferentsituations.Eg:tokillsb.asanexample杀一儆百或杀鸡给猴看Pleasewithholdthehandout.请不要发这些材料。Thesameisnottruewithamortalillness.

如果是得了绝症，情况就不一样了。5.Explanation:thistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorresp