英语语法(04动词A)课件

UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases（I） Issuesofthisunit: 1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs动词形变 2)Classificationofverbs动词的分类 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood时体态式

1)Inflexionsofverbs

Thegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:

动词词根 {-词尾变化Z1} {-词尾变化D1}

{-词尾变化D2} {-词尾变化-iŋ}Examples:

ride work –––{-Z1} rides works –––{-D1} rode worked –––{-D2} ridden worked –––{-iŋ} riding working

Conversions: {-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”: -dafterb,g,v,ð,z,dg,m,n,l... -tafterp,f,k,θ,ts -idaftert,d

不规则动词的过去式和过去分词，一般词典后都有一个表专门列出。但我们似乎可以重新整理，使不规则动词变为一定意义的“规则动词”。一些不规则动词本身已可做规则变化，如：learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)workedkneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped

ABB类：(过去式与过去分词变化相同) teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音变) speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaught holdheldheld/standstoodstood ABC类：(过去式与过去分词变化不相同) bearboreborn/choosechosechosen taketooktaken/forgetforgotforgotten shakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten 以上5类可以涵盖全部不规则动词。2)Classificationofverbs动词的分类 transitiveverb:take,put… mainverb intransitiveverb:go,sleep… linkverb:be,look,sound…V

3primaryaux.:be,do,have

auxiliary 13modalaux.:can,may,shall..

semi-aux.:haveto,seemto…

dynamicverb:work,talk,think…V

staticverb:want,differ,belong…

(一般不用进行时)

Whenaverbdescribesastateandnotanactionwedonotusethecontinuoustense.Forexample,‘play’isanactionsowecansay‘playing’whereas‘be’isafixedstatewhichdoesnotchange:

‘Tobe,ornottobe’.Grammaticallyitisnotcorrecttosay‘I’mlovingit’eventhoughMcDonaldshavemadethisexpressionfamous.‘Love’isa

stateverb

andsoweshouldsay‘Iloveit.’

Emotion:

love,hate,want,needPossession:

have,own,want,belongSenses:

see,hear,smell,seemThought:

know,believe,remember

注意：这些分类不是绝对的，由于一词多义现象，动词的不同使用可以跨类别。例如：

Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot. Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Nevermind,someonewillseeaboutit.

I

have

acar.—

stateverb

showingpossessionIam

having

abath.–

actionverb

which,inthiscase,means‘taking’.I

think

youarecool.–

stateverb

meaning‘inmyopinion’.Iam

thinking

aboutbuyingamotorbike.–

actionverb

meaning‘considering’

Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese: 1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels. 2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance. 3.Ourmonitoristhemantofallbackonincaseofdifficulties. 4.Youaregoingouting?Countmein! 5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion.

Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?

1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework. 2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward? 3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump! 4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear.Andthese,inpasttense: 1.Pasteventandpasthabit1945年8月15日，日本侵略者投降，二战结束。

OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.古人相信，心者，思之舍也。

Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking.

Nelliewasacookfor40yearsNelliehasbeenacookfor40years.

2.Attitudinalandhypotheticalpast(implyapoliteortentativeattitude)

IwonderedifIcoulduseyourtypewriterforawhile.I’dratherMikedidn’tshowuptomorrow.

但是，具体使用时还需要参考内容。1.真理的表达总可以用现在时；2.现在时也可表示短暂的过去：YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者将来：

IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!

Ibetyoulose!3.为了生动，讲故事可以用“历史现在时”；4.特定语境情况下，过去时可以表示现在：例如：Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand；或将来：IfonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth?

虽然语法书上没有将来时，但将来时的表达却是存在的。英语将来表达法可以是： 1.助动词＋主动词，shalldo,willdo…… 2.begoingtodo/betodo：I’mgoingtotakeashower. Youaretobebackby12o’clock.Thecatisabouttoattack.(isatthepointofattacking) 3.用进行体表达：Theairplaneisarrivingin10minutes. 4.用现在时表达，特别是在条件和时间从句中：Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad. Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing.

将来时句型有几点值得注意： 1.shall、will分别用于第一和第二、三人称，若是相反，则助动词意义不表示将来。例如：Wewillliberateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom. 2.同样，tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如：Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain! 3.tobeto,begoingto表示未来时，可侧重于预见、计划安排等。例如：Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninterview.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV.AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideasshouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect: 1.昨天下午三点钟，你在干什么？

Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon? 2.风在吼，马在叫，黄河在咆哮！

Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring! 3.你为何总是挑我的刺儿？

Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme?

4.我希望你能给我们提点建议。

I’mhopingyouwillgiveussomeadvice.比较：

Ihope/hoped/amhoping/washopingyoucan(could)getmeoutofthetrouble

有些问题需要注意。1.比较：Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere；

Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.进行体可表示不远的将来：

Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?

或者刚刚过去的过去：

Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout!3.完成体与完成进行体：比较：

Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.

Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.

Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get与完成体：havegot(ten):

IhavegotanAintheexam. 但是在口语中：

havegot=have,havegotto=haveto：

IthinkI’vegottoleavenow.VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive（下面这类汉语主动句译成英语却得用被动态：）1.经过八年抗战，终于把日本鬼子赶出了中国。

JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.门关不上，窗户打不开，这房子看来已经废弃很久了。（注：含有例外项）

Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen；itseemsthatthishousehasbeendesertedforquitealongtime.

有个问题我们可以想想为什么： 1.Thedooropens.

2.Thekeyopensthedoor.

3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).

当动词描述的是主语位置上的词的功能时，我们似乎可以用主动式，更多的例子：

Mypenwritesfine. Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite.

而强调动作时，我们则只能用被动式：

Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten.SVC结构的被动意义SVC结构通常不涉及主动，被动问题，因为SVC句型的谓语动词一般只表示状态，不表示动作。不过，当SVC结构中的补语是某些介词词组或某些表示被动意义的形容词时，这种SVC结构也能表示被动意义。常见的表示被动含义的介词词组通常是以带有动词意义的名词作介词的“宾语”。如：underarrestonsaleunderdiscussionunderconsiderationinstockontrialondisplayindisputeunderdetentioninsight常见的表示被动意义的形容词主要是以able或ible结尾的形容词。eatableuseableacceptabledrinkablevisibleavailablebreakablepracticableSVoO结构的被动句型：

TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.

Theapplicantwasgivenaninterview

bytheGM.

Aninterviewwasgiventotheapplicant

bytheGM.多词动词短语也是如此：Wemustmakefulluseofthechance：Thechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.动词短语须被整体视为一个动词：

Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudice. Traditionalprejudicemustbedoneawaywith.

Welookuponhimasagreathero. Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero.

be-Passiveandget-Passive: 两者均可用，但前者侧重结果，后者侧重动作：

Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt. Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定动词(non-finite)的被动态；注意几个问题：a)有的动词后只能跟-ing，有的只能跟todo，如：

Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)

Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.)e)报导、相信、估计、认为等句型的两种被动式：

Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital. Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartoftheterritoryofChina. TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartoftheterritoryofChina.英语被动态受限制的几种状况：1.动词的限制（verbconstraints）。不及物动词，联系动词及某些及物动词不能用被动语态。

Theyhaveanicehouse.//I'vewalkedtenmilestoday.2.宾语的限制（objectconstraints）。某些宾语如反身代词、相互代词、含有物主代词的宾语等，其动宾结构不能用被动态。非限定动词（短语）作宾语，其动宾结构一般也不能用被动式。

Shecouldseeherselfinthemirror.//Wecouldhardlyseeeachotherinthefog.3.施事的限制（agentconstraints）。被动句的施事往往省略或难以言明，因而转换为主动句便受到限制。

Orderhasbeenrestoredwithoutbloodshed.4.意义的限制（meaningconstraints）。句中有助动词时，主动句转换成被动句，意思有时也跟着改变。

Hecan’tteachJohn.//Johncan’tbetaught.5.频率的限制（frequencyconstraints）。被动句出现的频率与文体有关。所有被动句的多少表示由话题决定，也不是书面语或口语的区别，而是文体的区别。想象性的、文学性的文体，被动句较少；信息性的、理论性的文体，尤其是科学论述或新闻报导，被动句教多。英汉被动意义表示法比较汉语是分析性语言，没有词形变化，从而汉语的动词也没有被动态。但是汉语表示被动意义的标记还是有的，其中最重要的就是“被”字。除此之外，还有“受”，“挨”，“遭”，“给”，“叫”，“让”，“为…所”，“被…所”等等。代表团受到广大群众的欢迎。Thedelegationwaswelcomedbythemasses.屋里的东西都叫人拿走了。Allthethingsinthehouseweretakenawaybyotherpeople.但有时，汉语里带有被动标记的句子，在英语里倒不一定非用被动句表示不可。代表团受到热烈欢迎。Thedelegationreceivedawarmwelcome.在汉语里，还有一种不带被动标记的被动句(使用主动态更自然)，但在英语里却往往要用被动结构。门锁好了。Thedoorhasbeenlockedup.历史是劳动人民创造的。Historyiscreatedbytheworkingpeople.诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。

Poetsareborn,butoratorsaremade.我们都认为,有了警惕和实力,用你们的话说,就可以推迟战争;用我们的话说,就可以避免战争。Webothbelievethatthroughvigilanceandstrength,inyourwords,awarcanbepostponed,andinourwords,awarcanbeavoided.MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Classisover,andwecangohomenow.Imperative:Standup!Let’sgohome,too.Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldgohomerightnow.命令语气比较简单，一般也没有动词形变，甚至可以不要动词。

Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand. Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft! Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)虚拟语气可分为：be型虚拟，were型虚拟。 be型虚拟（动词原形）表示命令、决定、建议、祝愿(诅咒)、推测、让步等等。如：

ThecommanderorderedthattheNazimurderersbeshot. Thedoctorsuggestedthathestayinbedforafewdays. Itisimportant(necessary)thateveryonebethereontime.

Sheturnedawayfromthewindowlestanyoneseethem. Thougheveryonerejectyou,Iwouldnot. I’dratherthatheleaveatonce. Godbewithyou! Goddamnit!Godblessyou! Einstein:“Iamsatisfiedwiththemysteryoftheeternityoflifeand……withthedevotedstrivingtocomprehendaportion,beiteversotiny,ofthereasonthatmanifestsitselfinnature.”一般条件句中的were型虚拟语气时间If条件句主句过去haddonewouldshould+havedonesthcouldmight现在助动词be用were实义动词do用did

wouldshould+dosthcouldmight将来did/were

weretodowouldshould+dosthcouldMight

were型虚拟（动词原形）表示与现实相反的情况或不大可能实现的愿望、设想等。如： Careforoldandyoungpeopleliketheywereyourfamily. Iftherewereintheworldtodayanylargenumberofpeoplewhodesiredtheirownhappinessmorethantheydesiredtheunhappinessofothers,wecouldhaveparadiseinafewyears. IfIknewtheanswertoallyourquestionsI'dbeagenius

Ifyouwereateardropinmyeye,forfearoflosingyou,Iwouldnevercry.

Ifshehadn‘tbeensopersistent,shemightnothavegottenthejob. Ifmencouldonlyknoweachother,theywouldneitheridolizenorhate.

Hadtherenotbeenhishelp,wecouldn’thavecopedwithourdifficultiessosuccessfully.（should,were,had放句首时，if可以被省略，多用于书面语。）

WereOweninmyposition,hewoulddothesame.

英语中有些特殊句型也用虚拟式，这需要注意；例如：

Itistimethatthechildwenttobed/shouldgotobed.

IfonlyIcouldbeabird.Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.(现在)Don’tcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.(未来)Irememberthewholethingasifithadhappenedyesterday.

Butforthemicroblog,itwouldbeimpossibleforthepublictoknowthetruthsoquicklyIfonlyIknewwhatdoesthesongimply! 另外，如果事件有一定可能性，were也可以由was替代；如：

IwishIwere/wasthere. Helooksasifhewere/was/issick. IfonlyIwere/wasnotsonervous.

英语动词的时、体、态、式介绍完了，现在我们来做几个句子翻译，复习一下。

1）四年后的今天，我就毕业了，或者在工作，或者读研，或者出国了。

Fouryearslatertoday,Ishallhavegraduated,andshallbedoingajob,orworkingforapostgraduatedegree,orstudyingabroad.

2）要不是因为第三者插足，他们的婚姻本来是不会破裂的。Butfor(Iftherehadnotbee