考研考博-英语-山东交通学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东交通学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Nowresearchersaredirectingmoreattentiontothesocialandculturalimpetusthatpropelleduniversitygraduatesintocareersinmanagement.

问题1选项

A.implication

B.propaganda

C.impulse

D.benefit

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如今研究人员正将更多的注意力转向推动大学毕业生进入管理行业的社会和文化……。implication“含义，暗示”；propaganda“宣传”；impulse“推动力，刺激”；benefit“好处，利益”。根据“propel”（推进；推动）可推测划线单词的意思是“推动力”，选项C符合题意。

2.单选题

Shewalkedroundtothe（

）ofthecarandstoodsilentlywhileheundidthebootandpickedupherbag.

问题1选项

A.ream

B.ranch

C.rear

D.realm

【答案】C

【解析】考察形近词辨析。ream“令（纸张的计数单位），大量”；ranch“大农场，大牧场”；rear“后面，屁股，后方部队”；realm“领域，范围，王国”。句意：她围绕着车后方走…。选项C符合句意。

3.单选题

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical（）.

问题1选项

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项facility（其复数形式为facilities）“设施；设备；容易”；B选项appliances“器械，装置；家用电器”；C选项instrument“仪器；工具”；D选项equipment“设备，装备；器材”。句意：如今，家务已因家用电气而变得更容易。根据句中“housework家务”可知“家用电器”符合语境，因此B选项正确。

4.单选题

Inthepasttenyearsskyscrapershavedeveloped（）inChicagoandNewYorkCity.

问题1选项

A.homogeneously

B.simultaneously

C.spontaneously

D.harmoniously

【答案】B

【解析】homogeneously均匀地;simultaneously同时地,同步地;spontaneously自发地;harmoniously和谐地。句意为,在过去的十年里,摩天大楼在纽约和芝加哥同步发展起来了。

5.单选题

Whenhewasinjuniorhighatfourteen,hisintelligencewassuchthathe（）amongundergraduatesthanamongschoolboys.

问题1选项

A.wouldfitbetterin

B.wouldhavefittedinbetter

C.fittedbetterin

D.wouldhavefittedbetter

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法知识。根据句意：当他14岁上初中时，他的智力如此之高……。后文的比较说明“amongundergraduates”是说话人的主观看法，而不是真实情况，因此句子为虚拟语气。表示与过去事实相反时用“wouldhave”。befitin表示“适合”。因此B选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Thesurvival______ofsomewildanimalsisnotveryhighastheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins.

问题1选项

A.ratio

B.degree

C.rate

D.scale

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ratio“比率，比例”，B项degree“程度，等级”，C项rate“比率，等级”，D项scale“规模，天平”。根据关键词survival“生存”和astheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins“因为它们被残忍地猎杀以获取兽皮”猜测，空格部分表示“生存率”，所以B、D选项排除；A项指的是两个量的比值，强调相比、相除的关系，C项指的是比率，速度，率等，如“taxrate税率”、“crimerate犯罪率”；这个句子中的生存率指的是“野生动物的存活数量和死亡的野生动物数量之比”，是两个数量之比，所以A项更符合。句意：一些野生动物的存活率不是很高，因为它们被残酷地猎杀以获取皮毛。因此，该题选择A项正确。

7.单选题

Ofthegreatvarietyofopinionsconcerning“marriageformoney”，thefollowingthreeareimportantwithreferencetothedevelopmentoftheimportanceofmoney.Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.Thedisparagementofpersonaldignitythatnowadaysarisesineverymarriagethatisnotbasedonpersonalaffection―sothatasenseofdecencyrequirestheconcealmentofeconomicmotives—doesnotexistinsimplercultures.Thereasonforthisdevelopmentisthatincreasingindividualizationmakesitincreasinglycontradictoryanddiscreditabletoenterintopurelyindividualrelationshipsforotherthanpurelyindividualreasons.

Fornowadaysthechoiceofapartnerinmarriageisnolongerdeterminedbysocialmotives(thoughregardfortheoffspringmaybeconsideredtobesuchamotive),insofarassocietydoesnotinsistuponthecouple’sequalsocialstatus―acondition,however,thatprovidesagreatdealoflatitudeandonlyrarelyleadstoconflictsbetweenindividualandsocialinterests.Inaquiteundifferentiatedsocietyitmayberelativelyirrelevantwhomarrieswhom,irrelevantnotonlyforthemutualrelationshipofthecouplebutalsofortheoffspring.Thisisbecausewheretheconstitutions,stateofhealth,temperament,internalandexternalformsoflifeandorientationsarelargelythesamewithinthegroup,thechancethatthechildrenwillturnoutwelldependslessuponwhethertheparentsagreeandcomplementeachotherthanitdoesinhighlydifferentiatedsociety.Itthereforeseemsquitenaturalandexpedientthatthechoiceofthepartnershouldbedeterminedbyreasonsotherthanpurelyindividualaffection.Yetpersonalattractionshouldbedecisiveinahighlyindividualizedsocietywhereaharmoniousrelationshipbetweentwoindividualsbecomesincreasinglyrare.

Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.Yetwedonotpossessanyothercriterionandindicationfortheadvisabilityofmarriageexceptmutualinstinctiveattraction.But,happinessisapurelypersonalmatter,decideduponentirelybythecouplethemselves,andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts—nomatterhowmuchotherconditionsmayaffectthefinalresults,itremainstruethat,withreferencetoprocreation,loveisdecidedlysuperiortomoneyasafactorselection.Infact,inthisrespect,itistheonlyrightandproperthing.

Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether—anditshouldbeconsideredasafactorindegenerationtothesameextenttowhichtheundoubteddifferentiationofindividualsmakesselectionbypersonalattractionmoreandmoreimportant.Thiscasetooillustratesoncemorethattheincreasingindividualizationwithinsocietyrendersmoneyincreasinglyunsuitableasamediatorofpurelyindividualrelationships.

1.Accordingtothetext,whatissaidtoinfluencematrimonialcompatibilityandstabilityinsimplercultures?

2.Marriagesmotivatedbymonetaryaspirationsaremorelikelynottobecamouflagedinwhatstrataofsociety?

3.Themarriagerateissaidtobedecreasingbecause（

）.

4.Howisthequestionofraceinrelationtomarriagesimilartothequestionofmoney?

5.Panmixiaissaidto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Personaldignity

B.Economicdecline

C.Monetaryconsiderations

D.Financialgrowth

问题2选项

A.Upper

B.Middle

C.Lower

D.Lowest

问题3选项

A.wedemandtoomuchofourpartners

B.partnersdon’tgivecompliments

C.peoplearetoodifferentiatedsocially

D.theeconomicdisparityinmanyregionsisgrowing

问题4选项

A.Theyfuelmutualinstinctualattraction.

B.Theyinspireindividualresponsibilities.

C.Theydeflectsuperficialrelationships.

D.Theyprohibitsuitablemarriages.

问题5选项

A.aidtheselectionprocess

B.complementindividualization

C.inspirepositiveresults

D.setupbiologicaldecline

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.（完全基于经济动机的婚姻不仅存在于所有时期和发展的所有阶段，而且在原始群体和根本不构成犯罪的条件下尤其普遍）可知经济因素影响婚姻的兼容性和稳定性，因此C选项“货币因素”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts（官方坚持至少假装爱可能会误导人，这是没有说服力的理由的——尤其是在高层，他们复杂的环境常常阻碍最纯粹本能的发展）可推测以金钱愿望为动机的婚姻在社会的高层，更可能伪装，相反，在社会的最低层，最不可能伪装，因此选D。

3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.（在高度文明的文化环境中随处可见的结婚率下降的部分原因是，高度分化的人很难找到一个完全与符合自己的互补）可知结婚率下降的部分原因是很难找到与自己互补的人，说明人们之间的差异大，因此C选项“人们在社会上的差异太大”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether（在为钱而结婚的情况下，一对夫妇的结合是由一个与种族适当性完全无关的因素决定的，就像对金钱的重视常常会使真正属于一对夫妇的人分开一样）可知D选项“他们阻止合适的婚姻”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.（为钱而结婚直接造成了一种无差别的情况——不分个人素质的不分青红皂白的配对——生物学已经证明，这种情况是导致人类物种最直接和最有害的退化的原因）可知D选项“引发生物衰退”符合题意。

8.单选题

Sheismostfrugalinmattersofbusiness,butinherprivatelifesherevealsastreakof（prodigality）.

问题1选项

A.antipathy

B.wastefulness

C.virtuosity

D.equanimity

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：她在生意上极其节俭，但在私生活上却挥霍无度。A选项antipathy“反感，厌恶”；B选项wastefulness“浪费，挥霍无度”；C选项virtuosity“精湛技巧”；D选项equanimity“平静，镇定”。根据句意可知，prodigality和frugal意思相反，prodigality意为“浪费，慷慨”，选项B与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

9.单选题

Becausethemonkeysunderstudyarehabituatedtothepresenceofhumanbeings,theytypicallydisregardhumanobserversandgoabouttheirbusiness.

问题1选项

A.welcome

B.ignore

C.disrespect

D.avoid

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：因为被研究的猴子已经习惯了人类的存在，它们通常不理会人类的观察，只顾自己的事。A选项welcome“欢迎”；B选项ignore“忽视，不理睬”；C选项disrespect“失礼，不敬”；D选项avoid“避免”。disregard意为“忽视，无视”，选项B与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

10.填空题

Ahealthydietwithpropernutritionisessentialformaintaininggoodoverallhealth.（1）itwasdiscoveredearlierinthiscentury,peoplehaveroutinely

（2）takingsupplementsforthispurpose.TheRecommendedDietaryAllowance(RDA)isausednutritional

（3）

formaintainingoptimalhealth.TheRDAspecifiestherecommended

（4）ofanumberofnutrientsforpeople

（5）manydifferentageandsexgroups.TheNationalResearchCouncil’sCommitteeonDietandHealth（6）proposedadefinitionoftheRDAtobethatamountofanutrient

（7）meetstheneedsof98percentofthepopulation.TheRDAapproachhasanumberofshortcomings.First,itis

（8）

ontheassumptionthat

（9）ispossibletoaccuratelydefinenutritionalrequirementsforagivengroup.

（10），individualnutritional（11）canvarywidelywithineachgroup.Theefficiencywithwhichapersonconvertsfoodintake

（12）nutrientscanalsovarywidely.Certainfoodswheneatenincombinationactually

（13）theabsorptionofnutrients.Forexample,spinachcombinedwithmilkreducestheamountofcalciumavailabletothebody（14）

themilk.Also,theRDAapproachspecifiesadifferentdietaryrequirementforeachageand

（15）.

【答案】（1）since

（2）been

（3）guideline或reference

（4）intake

（5）of

（6）has

（7）which

（8）based

（9）it

（10）second

（11）needs

（12）into

（13）affect

（14）in

（15）sex

【解析】（1）语法题。空格所在句的主句部分是现在完成进行吋（表示从过去某个时间开始的某动作一直延续到现在），所以空格这是应填写一个连词since表示时间的开始，引导时间状语从句。

（2）语法题。根据上一题解析知道这里是完成进行时，taking用的是现在分词形式，根据固定搭配（主语）+助动词（have/has）+been+动词的现在分词+其他成分）知这里填写been。

（3）句意分析题。根据该句句意“RecommendedDietaryAllowance（推荐膳食许可量）是保持最佳身体健康的”可知这里要填一个跟RDA对等的名词，guideline或reference都可以。

（4）句意分析题。根据该句句意“针对不同年龄及性别的人们，RDA（推荐膳食许可量）列举了一些营养物的推荐摄入量。”‘摄入量’填写intake。

（5）介词用法。根据第4题的句意分析知这里句意是“针对不同年龄及性别的人们”，应该填介词of来构成介词短语作定语修饰前面的people。

（6）时态用法题。由上文可知本句也是现在完成时态，所以这里填写has。

（7）语法题。根据句意和空格后动词确定这是一个从句，这里应填一个关系代词（指代前面的“amount”）来构成一个后置定语从句修饰amount，修饰物可以填which或者that，但是前面的amount前有形容词that，所以这里填写which较为合适。

（8）固定搭配。bebasedon为固定用法，‘建立在…基础上’。

（9）固定句式：it+be动词+形容词+that从句。it作形式主语。

（10）推断题。由前一句中的“first（首先）”及前后句的句意，推断这里应该填跟其词性一样的词（其次），所以填写“second”。

（11）推断题。根据前一句句意‘首先，它是基于这样一种假设，即有可能准确定义特定人群的营养需求。’推断这里应该是“个人的营养需求”，所以可以填写needs或者requirements，但是上一句已经出现过requirements，为避免重复，填写needs。

（12）固定短语。该句句意是‘一个人转换食物摄取营养素的效率也会有很大差异。’‘营养转化’用固定短语convert…into…，所以填介词into。

（13）句意分析。由后一句的例子可知此处表达“食物混合在一起，可能影响营养成分的吸收。”主语foods是复数形式，动词affect‘影响’用原形。

（14）句子结构分析。这里的theamountofcalcium应该是milk中的，故填写介词in‘在...之内’。

（15）对应前文。对应前面第五题空格后的“differentageandsexgroups”，故这里填写sex。

11.单选题

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefactssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangeforatleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral.

Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamiliesheadedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothersseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.

NotallchildrenfromdisruptedfamilieslivewithwhattheEnglishcallalonemother,butotherlivingarrangementsarelesslikelytoleavechildreninpoverty.Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown,althoughitisnotclearhowmuchofthetypicalboyfriend’sincomeisavailabletosupportthemother’schildren.Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelatives,theytoofacefewereconomicproblemsthanwhentheylivealone.Ifwearemainlyconcernedwithreducingchildpoverty,allthesealternativesreduceitsincidence.

DavidT.EllwoodandChristopherJencks:TheSpreadof

Single-ParentFamiliesintheUnitedStatessince1960

75.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothe1stparagraph?

76.Fromthe2ndparagraph,weknowthattheeconomicproblemofsingle-parentfamilyis___.

77.Whichofthefollowingsituationisnotmentionedincomparingwithalonemother?

78.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe2ndparagraphdoesNOTmeanthat___.

问题1选项

A.Out-of-wedlockbirthisnottheonlycauseforsingle-parentfamilies.

B.Nearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbornebabiesarenowlivingwiththeirparents.

C.Lessthanhalfofallmotherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separationordeath.

D.Out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamiliesaretwoseparateissues.

问题2选项

A.poverty

B.thelow-incomemother

C.lackofgovernmentassistance

D.lackofsupportfromthechild’sfather

问题3选项

A.Motherswhodivorceandremarry.

B.Motherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.

C.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriend.

D.Unmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparents.

问题4选项

A.morekidsofpoorfamiliesarelivinginsingle-parentfamiliesnow

B.morethanhalfofthepoorfamilieswithchildrenaresingle-parentfamilies

C.therateofpoorsingle-parentfamilieshasdoubledsincethelate1970s

D.thedivorceratehasdoubledsince1964

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】75.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.（然而，半数以上的无父家庭是由离婚、分居、死亡或监禁造成的，近一半的非婚生孩子现在是由同居的父亲和母亲产生的）可知C选项“在所有无母亲家庭中，只有不到一半是由离婚、分居或死亡造成的”和原文不符以及B选项“近一半的非婚生婴儿现在和父母住在一起”和原文相符；第一段Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.（当立法者、政策分析人士和意见领袖讨论家庭变化时，他们通常关注两个问题：非婚生育和无父家庭。在许多情况下，他们讨论这两个问题，仿佛它们是相同的）可知A选项“非婚生育并不是单亲家庭的唯一原因”；结合上文所提到的内容可知D选项“非婚生育和无父家庭是两个独立的问题”符合原文。因此C选项符合题意。

76.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.（她们还发现长时间工作异常困难，因为她们还要照顾孩子。许多人从缺席的父亲那里得到的子女抚养费非常少，即使是慷慨的子女抚养费也比收入相同的常住父亲通常提供的钱要少。虽然单身母亲有资格获得各种形式的公共援助，但立法者和选民都不想让这种援助慷慨，以免慷慨会鼓励更多的女性独自抚养孩子）有涉及到B选项“低收入母亲”，C选项“缺乏政府的帮助”以及D选项“缺乏来自孩子父亲的支持”，但是结合下文Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.（因此，单亲母亲家庭的蔓延对美国贫困的持续存在起到了重要作用）可以推断出贫困才是导致这些问题的回答，A选项“贫困”包括了B，C，D选项在内。因此A选项正确。

77.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第三段Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.（离婚后再婚的母亲在经济上与孩子生父保持婚姻关系的母亲差不多）可知A选项“离婚后再婚的母亲”有提及；第三段Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown…（与男友同居的未婚母亲的家庭收入也明显高于独自生活的母亲……）可知C选项“与男朋友同居的未婚母亲”有提及；第三段Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelative…（而且，当未婚母亲与父母或其他亲戚住在一起时……）可知D选项“和父母住在一起的未婚妈妈”有提及；B选项“与孩子的生父保持婚姻关系的母亲”原文未涉及。因此B选项符合题意。

78.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段划线句子处In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.（1964年，当林登•约翰逊宣布向贫困宣战时，只有30%的有孩子的贫困家庭由单身母亲抚养。自20世纪70年代末以来，这个数字一直在60%左右）可知选C选项“20世纪70年代末以来，贫困单亲家庭的比例翻了一番”；A选项“现在越来越多的贫困家庭的孩子生活在单亲家庭”，B选项“有孩子的贫困家庭一半以上是单亲家庭”以及D选项“离婚率自1964年以来翻了一番”原文都未提及，排除。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

Inthemid-1990s,threeseniorfemaleprofessorsatM.I.T.cametosuspectthattheircareershadbeenhamperedbysimilarpatternsofmarginalization.（1）Afterperformingtheinvestigationandstudyingthedata,thecommitteeconcludedthatthemarginalizationexperiencedbyfemalescientistsatM.I.T.“wasoftenaccompaniedbydifferencesinsalary,space，awards,resourcesandresponsetooutsideoffersbetweenmenandwomenfaculty,withwomenreceivinglessdespiteprofessionalaccomplishmentsequaltothoseoftheircolleagues.”Thedeanconcurredwiththecommittee’sfindings.Andyet,aswasnotedinthecommittee’sreport,hisfellowadministrators“resistedthenotionthattherewasanyproblemthatarosefromgenderbiasinthetreatmentofthewomenfaculty.SomearguedthatitwasthemasculinecultureofM.I.T.thatwastoblame,andlittlecouldbedonetochangethat.”

（2）

Thecommittee’smostevocativefindingwasthatthediscriminationfacingfemalescientistsinthefinalquarterof20thcenturywasqualitativelydifferentfromthemoreobviousformsofsexismaddressedbycivilrightslawsandaffirmativeaction,butnolessreal.NoteveryoneagreesthatwhatwasuncoveredatM.I.T.actuallyqualifiesasdiscrimination.

（3）

Eveniffemaleprofessorshavebeenshortchangedorshuntedaside,theirmarginalizationmightbearesultofthesamesortsofdepartmentalinfighting,personalityconflictsand“mistakenimpressionsthatcausemalefacultymemberstofeelslightedaswell.‘‘Perceptionsofdiscriminationareevidenceofnothingbutsubjectivefeelings,”Kleinfeldscoffs.

（4）

InFebruary2012,theAmericanInstituteofPhysicspublishedasurveyof15,000maleandfemalephysicistsacross130countries.

（5）

“Infact,”theresearchersconcluded，“womenphysicistscouldbethemajorityinsomehypotheticalfutureyetstillfindtheircareersexperienceproblemsthatstemfromoftenunconsciousbias.”

问题1选项

A.Inalmostallcultures,femalescientistsreceivedlessfinancing,labspace,officesupportandgrantsforequipmentandtravel,evenaftertheresearcherscontrolledfordifferencesotherthansex.

B.JudithKleinfeld,aprofessoremeritusinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofAlaska,arguesthattheM.I.T.studyisn’tpersuasivebecausethenumberoffacultymembersinvolvedistoosmallanduniversityofficialsrefusetoreleasethedata.

C.Butbroaderstudiesshowthattheperceptionofdiscriminationisoftenaccompaniedbyaveryrealdifferenceintheallotmentofresources.

D.Yetwomenpursuingtenuretrackmustleaphurdlesthatarehigherthanthosefacingtheirmalecompetitors,oftenwithoutrealizinganysuchdisparityexists.

E.Inotherwords,womendidn’tbecomescientistsbecausescience—andscientists—weremale.

F.Theytookthemattertothedean,whoappointedacommitteeofsixseniorwomenandthreeseniormentoinvestigatetheirconcerns.

问题2选项

A.Inalmostallcultures,femalescientistsreceivedlessfinancing,labspace,officesupportandgrantsforequipmentandtravel,evenaftertheresearcherscontrolledfordifferencesotherthansex.

B.JudithKleinfeld,aprofessoremeritusinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofAlaska,arguesthattheM.I.T.studyisn’tpersuasivebecausethenumberoffacultymembersinvolvedistoosmallanduniversityofficialsrefusetoreleasethedata.

C.Butbroaderstudiesshowthattheperceptionofdiscriminationisoftenaccompaniedbyaveryrealdifferenceintheallotmentofresources.

D.Yetwomenpursuingtenuretrackmustleaphurdlesthatarehigherthanthosefacingtheirmalecompetitors,oftenwithoutrealizinganysuchdisparityexists.

E.Inotherwords,womendidn’tbecomescientistsbecausescience—andscientists—weremale.

F.Theytookthemattertothedean,whoappointedacommitteeofsixseniorwomenandthreeseniormentoinvestigatetheirconcerns.

问题3选项

A.Inalmostallcultures,femalescientistsreceivedlessfinancing,labspace,officesupportandgrantsforequipmentandtravel,evenaftertheresearcherscontrolledfordifferencesotherthansex.

B.JudithKleinfeld,aprofessoremeritusinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofAlaska,arguesthattheM.I.T.studyisn’tpersuasivebecausethenumberoffacultymembersinvolvedistoosmallanduniversityofficialsrefusetoreleasethedata.

C.Butbroaderstudiesshowthattheperceptionofdiscriminationisoftenaccompaniedbyaveryrealdifferenceintheallotmentofresources.

D.Yetwomenpursuingtenuretrackmustleaphurdlesthatarehigherthanthosefacingtheirmalecompetitors,oftenwithoutrealizinganysuchdisparityexists.

E.Inotherwords,womendidn’tbecomescientistsbecausescience—andscientists—weremale.

F.Theytookthemattertothedean,whoappointedacommitteeofsixseniorwomenandthreeseniormentoinvestigatetheirconcerns.

问题4选项

A.Inalmostallcultures,femalescientistsreceivedlessfinancing,labspace,officesupportandgrantsforequipmentandtravel,evenaftertheresearcherscontrolledfordifferencesotherthansex.

B.JudithKleinfeld,aprofessoremeritusinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofAlaska,arguesthattheM.I.T.studyisn’tpersuasivebecausethenumberoffacultymembersinvolvedistoosmallanduniversityofficialsrefusetoreleasethedata.

C.Butbroaderstudiesshowthattheperceptionofdiscriminationisoftenaccompaniedbyaveryrealdifferenceintheallotmentofresources.

D.Yetwomenpursuingtenuretrackmustleaphurdlesthatarehigherthanthosefacingtheirmalecompetitors,oftenwithoutrealizinganysuchdisparityexists.

E.Inotherwords,womendidn’tbecomescientistsbecausescience—andscientists—weremale.

F.Theytookthemattertothedean,whoappointedacommitteeofsixseniorwomenandthreeseniormentoinvestigatetheirconcerns.

问题5选项

A.Inalmostallcultures,femalescientistsreceivedlessfinancing,labspace,officesupportandgrantsforequipmentandtravel,evenaftertheresearcherscontrolledfordifferencesotherthansex.

B.JudithKleinfeld,aprofessoremeritusinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofAlaska,arguesthattheM.I.T.studyisn’tpersuasivebecausethenumberoffacultymembersinvolvedistoosmallanduniversityofficialsrefusetoreleasethedata.

C.Butbroaderstudiesshowthattheperceptionofdiscriminationisoftenaccompaniedbyaveryrealdifferenceintheallotmentofresources.

D.Yetwomenpursuingtenuretrackmustleaphurdlesthatarehigherthanthosefacingtheirmalecompetitors,oftenwithoutrealizinganysuchdisparityexists.

E.Inotherwords,womendidn’tbecomescientistsbecausescience—andscientists—weremale.

F.Theytookthemattertothedean,whoappointedacommitteeofsixseniorwomenandthreeseniormentoinvestigatetheirconcerns.

【答案】第1题:F

第2题:E

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.联系上下文。第二段开头提到committee时，使用了定冠词the修饰committee，说明前文该词就已出现过，选项F中含有committee,也同样提到了investigate,与下文的investigation呼应。

2.联系上下文。空格前一句提及应该指责的是麻省理工学院的男性文化(masculineculture)，而对此却束手无策。选项E中提及女性没有成为科学家是因为科学(或科学家)都是男性，与前文意思最为接近。

3.联系上下文。空格的前一句中提到并不是每一个人都同意在麻省理工暴露的问题就是歧视的这一说法，接下来作者很有可能要举例说明该观点。另外，第二段末提到了一个人名Kleinfeld,说明上文中一定交代了Kleinfeld的相关信息，选项中符合语境的只有选项B，其中提及的“M.I.T.studyisn’tpersuasive”与上文信息呼应。

4.联系上下文。空格前的段中提及Kleinfeld教授认为麻省理工的女性科学家被边缘化不是因为性别歧视，而空格句所在段落的尾句指出大多数女物理学家所经历的事业问题通常来自于无意识的偏见(unconsciousbias),前后两段内容相反，由此可知，空格处句子表示转折承接，C、D入选，而只有选项C中提及了discrimination,与下文遥相呼应。

5.联系上下文。选项A中的inalmostallcultures与上文中的across130countries互相呼应。

13.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

1.故宫雄伟、壮丽，是中国古建筑艺术的巅峰之作，其规模和独具特色的风格享誉世界。故宫内保存着大量珍贵、稀有的古物，它们对研究明、清两代历史和历史艺术具有十分重要的意义。1925年故宫改名为故宫博物馆，成为世界最大的博物馆之一。

2.这一年，我们隆重纪念了中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年，举行了盛大阅兵，昭示了正义必胜、和平必胜、人民必胜的真理。我和马英九先生在新加坡会面，实现了跨越66年时空的握手，表明两岸关系和平发展是两岸同胞的共同心愿。

3.新西兰是发达的高福利社会，并以盛产高质量的水果、肉和乳制品著称于世。服务业，特别是旅游以及与教育相关的产业，也在经济发展中起着重要作用。每年有