考研考博-英语-安徽国际商务职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽国际商务职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ifbusinessmenaretaxedtoomuch,theywillnolongerbe（

）toworkhard,withtheresultthattaxrevenuesmightactuallyshrink

问题1选项

A.cultivated

B.licensed

C.motivated

D.innovated

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。cultivated“有教养的”；licensed“得到许可的”；motivated“有动机的”；innovated“改革的，创新的”。

句意：如果商人被收太重的税，他们将不再努力工作，结果就是税收收入会缩水。选项C符合题意。

2.单选题

Theworkhas________thestatusofaclassicamongthecomposer’sadmirers.

问题1选项

A.required

B.acquired

C.inquired

D.inspired

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项required“要求”；B选项acquired“获得，取得”；C选项inquired“询问，问明”；D选项inspired“激发，鼓舞”。句意：这个作品在作曲者的追随者中（）经典的地位，作品和追随者心目中的地位是需要获得的，所以B选项acquire最合适。

3.单选题

Allthememoriesofhischildhoodhad（）fromhismindbythetimehewas65.

问题1选项

A.faded

B.illustrated

C.confined

D.concerned

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项fade“褪色，凋谢，逐渐消失”；B选项illustrate“阐明，举例说明”；C选项confine“限制，禁闭”；D选项concern“关系到，涉及”。句意：在他65岁时，童年的所有记忆都从他的脑海中消失了。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

4.单选题

Nancywassurprisedthattheyhave（

）.Theyseemedtobeahappycouple.

问题1选项

A.splitup

B.brokendown

C.fallenthrough

D.knockedout

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。splitup“分开；离婚”；brokendown“出故障”；fallenthrough“失败”；knockedout“使筋疲力尽；神志不清”。句意：南希很惊讶他们已离婚，因为他们看上去是那么幸福的一对。由surprised及happy对比可知，A项符合题意。答案A

5.单选题

Hollywoodhasalwaysbeenaninternationalbusiness,butitisbecomingdramaticallymoreso.Inthepastdecadetotalbox-officespendinghasrisenbyaboutone-thirdinNorthAmericawhilemorethandoublingelsewhere.ThankstoHarryPoller,SherlockHolmesand“Inception”,WarnerBrosmade$2.93billionoutsideNorthAmericalastyear,smashingthestudio’spreviousrecordof$2.24billion.FallingDVDsalesinAmerica,byfartheworld’sbiggesthome-entertainmentmarket,meanHollywoodisevenmoredependentonforeignpunters.

Thegrowthoftheinternationalboxofficeispartlyaresultofthedollar'sweakness.Itwasalsohelpedby“Avatar”,andeco-fantasythatmadeastartling$2billionoutsideNorthAmerica.Butthreethingsareparticularlyimportant:acinemaboomintheemergingworld,aconcertedeffortbythemajorstudiostomakefilmsthatmightplaywelloutsideAmericaandaglobalmarketingpushtomakesuretheydo.

Russia,withitsshrinkingteenagepopulation,isanunlikelyspotforabox-officeboom.Yetcinema-buildingisproceedingapace,andsupplyliascreateddemand.Lastyear160mcinematicketsweresoldinRussia—thefirsttimeinrecentyearsthatsaleshaveexceededthecountry’spopulation.Ticketpriceshaverisen,inpartbecausethenewcinemasaresuperior,withdigitalprojectorsthatcanshow3Dfilms.

Growingfearsofpiracyhaveledstudiostoreleasefilmsalmostsimultaneouslyinmanycountries;increasingly,thepremieretakesplaceoutsideAmerica.Thatchangesthemarketinggame,saysMichaelLynton,headofSonyPictures.StudiosusedtorelyonrumorsofAmericansuccessseepingoutofthecountry,primingaudienceselsewheretoseeafilm.Nowtheymustconductcoordinatedglobalcampaigns.Starsaregatheredfortwo-week-longmarketingblitzes（突袭）thatmaytakethemtotencountries--“likeapoliticalcampaign”,saysMr.Lynton.

ThesuccessofafilmoutsideAmericaisnotpurelyamarketingmatter.Asforeignbox-officesaleshavebecomemoreimportant,thepeoplewhomanageinternationaldistributionhavebecomemoreinfluential,weighinginon“green-light”decisionsaboutwhichfilmsaremade.Thestudiosarecarefultoseedfilmswithactors,locationsand,occasionally,languagesthatarewell-knownintargetcountries.

1.TheauthorofthepassageusesHarryPotterinthefirstparagraphto（）.

2.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,thefollowingaretheelementscontributingtothesuccessof“Avatar”EXCEPT（）.

3.Thesentence“supplyhascreateddemand”inthethirdparagraphcanbestbeexplainedbythefactthat（）.

4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraph?

5.Accordingtothepassage,thesuccessofafilmoutsideAmericacanbedeterminedbyallthefollowingelementsEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.showthatWarnerBiosisthemostsuccessfulstudioinHollywood

B.exemplifyHollywood’srelianceonforeignmarkets

C.indicatethedownturnofAmerica’sdomesticfilmmarket

D.emphasizetheinterdependencebetweenWarnerBrosandotherstudios

问题2选项

A.moreandmorecountriesareintheboomingperiodoffilmmarket

B.thevalueofdollarisdecreasing

C.peoplehavepaidmoreattentiontotheeco-systemoutsideNorthAmerica

D.agoodcollaborationbetweenthemajorstudios

问题3选项

A.theyoungpopulationinRussiaistemptedintogoingtonewcinemasbytheirsuperiority.

B.theteenagepopulationinRussiaisdecreasingwithaspeedfasterthanthatofbuildingnewcinemas.

C.Russiaisbuildingalotofnewcinemaswithdigitalprojectors.

D.ticketpriceshaverisenbecause3Dfilmsareavailableinthenewcinemas.

问题4选项

A.Manycountriesareworriedbythegrowingpiracyofnewlyreleasedfilms.

B.Moviestarsareoftenaskedtoconductglobalmarketingcampaigns.

C.Inordertowinthemarket,rumorsofstarsareoftentakenintofilms.

D.Moviestarsdon’tliketheglobalmarketingcampaigns.

问题5选项

A.themarketrules

B.theunwrittenrules

C.peoplewhomanageinternationaldistribution

D.themajorlanguagesusedintargetcountries

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.作者意图题。文章开头指出:Hollywoodhasalwaysbeenaninternationalbusiness,butitisbecomingdramaticallymoreso(好莱坞影片运作一直是国际性产业，但这个趋势似乎愈演愈烈了),后面以HarryPotter为例:ThankstoHarryPotter,SherlockHolmesand“Inception”,WarnerBrosmade$2.93billionoutsideNorthAmericalastyear,smashingthestudio’spreviousrecordof$2.24billion(正是归功于哈利波特、福尔摩斯和‘盗梦空间’，华纳兄弟影业全年在北美以外的市场进账29.3亿美元，打破了22.4亿美元的记录),由此看出作者是为了举例证明好莱坞对国外市场的依赖。故选B。

2.判断推理题。各选项为:A:越来越多的国家处于电影市场的繁荣吋期,B:美元的贬值,C:人们已更加关注北美外的生态系统,D:主要的电影制片厂之间好的合作。第二段指出:Butthreethingsareparticularlyimportant:acinemaboomintheemergingworld,aconcertedeffortbythemajorstudiostomakefilmsthatmightplaywelloutsideAmericaandaglobalmarketingpushtomakesuretheydo(另外，还有三点重要原因：新兴国家电影院发展迅速，美国的大型电影制片方共同努力出品迎合海外市场口味的电影，以及国际营销的力量),由此可知A项和D项在文中有提及。再由第二段中“Thegrowthoftheinternationalboxofficeispartlyaresultofthedollar’sweakness(国际票房增长的部分原因是美元贬値)”可知B项在文中也有提及。因此C项未被提及。故选C。

3.判断推理题。根据题干定位至句子:Yetcinema-buildingisproceedingapace,andsupplyhascreateddemand.Lastyear160mcinematicketsweresoldinRussia—thefirsttimeinrecentyearsthatsaleshaveexceededthecountry’spopulation(但影院建设急速进行,….去年，俄国卖出1.6亿张电影票——打破了近几年来销量未能超过人口数量的规律)。因此,“supplyhascreateddemand”原意为“供应促进了需求”,即A项“俄罗斯的年轻人因新电影院的优势而被吸引去看电影”。

4.判断推理题。题干问:从第四段可以推断出什么?第四段指出:Starsaregatheredfortwo-week-longmarketingblitzesthatmaytakethemtotencountries——“likeapoliticalcampaign”，saysMr.Lynton(明星们要聚在一起巡回10个国家，参与长达两周的闪电式影片营销宣传计划——‘就像总统竞选’，Lynton先生提到)。由此推测B“电影明星经常被要求去进行全球营销活动”正确。

5.判断推理题。题干问:根据这篇文章，一部电影在美国外的成功取决于以下所有因素，除了…。各选项为:A:市场规则,B:潜规则,C:管理国际发行的人,D:目标国家使用的主要语言。最后一段指出:ThesuccessofafilmoutsideAmericaisnotpurelyamarketingmatter(—部电影在美国以外市场的成功不仅仅取决于营销因素),因此A属于因素之一。由“Asforeignbox-officesaleshavebecomemoreimportant,thepeoplewhomanageinternationaldistributionhavebecomemoreinfluential,weighinginon“green-light”decisionsaboutwhichfilmsaremade(随着海外票房的重要性与日俱增，海外电影发行管理人员影响力也膨胀了，他们有权决定给哪部电影开绿灯)”可知C属于。最后一段指出:Thestudiosarecarefultoseedfilmswithactors,locationsand,occasionally,languagesthatarewell-knownintargetcountries(针对目标国家，制片方要很用心地在影片中植入目标市场所熟悉的演员、拍摄地、甚至语言)。D也属于因素之一。因此只有B项未被提及,故选B。

6.写作题

Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic"TheSocialFunctionofHealth".Youshouldwriteatleast250wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow:

1.健康在个人行使社会功能中的作用。

2.健康对于整个社会的作用。

3.健康不仅是医学问题，更是社会问题。

【答案】略

7.填空题

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet.

Caringforelderlyparentscatchesmanyunprepared[A]LastJuly,JulieBaldocchi’smotherhadamassivestrokeandwasparalyzed.Baldocchisuddenlyhadtobecomeafamilycaregiver,somethingthatshewasn’tpreparedfor.“Iwasflyingbytheseatofmypants,”saysBaldocchi,anemploymentspecialistinSanFrancisco.Bothofherparentsare83,andsheknewherfathercouldn’thandlehermother’scare.Thehospitalrecommendedputtinghermotherinanursinghome.Baldocchiwasn’twillingtodothat.Butmovingherbackintoherparents’homecreatedotherproblems.Baldocchi,48,ismarriedandlivesaboutamileawayfromherparents.Shehasafull-timejobandhasbackproblemsthatmakeitdifficultforhertolifthermother.“Icouldn’tdoitall,”shesays.ButIdidn’tevenknowhowtofindhelp.”

[B]WithhelpfromthefamilyCaregiverAlliance,sheeventuallyhiredalive-incaregiver.“Butevenifyouplanintellectuallyandlegally,you’reneverreadyfortheemotionalimpact,”Baldocchisays.Inthefirsttwomonthsafterhermother’sstroke,shelostabout30poundsasstressmounted.Morethan42millionAmericansprovidefamilycaregivingforanadultwhoneedshelpwithdailyactivities,accordingtoa2009surveybytheAARP.Anadditional61.6millionprovidedatleastsomecareduringtheyear.Andmanyareunprepared.

[C]Whilemanyparentslackanadvancecaredirective,it’sthemostbasicandimportantsteptheycantake.Thedirectiveincludesseveralparts,including:adurablepowerofattorney,whichgivessomeonelegalauthoritytomakefinancialdecisionsonanother’sbehalf;ahealthcareproxy,whichissimilartothepowerofattorney,exceptitallowssomeonetomakedecisionsregardingmedicaltreatment;andalivingwillthatoutlinesinstructionsforend-of-lifecare.(Forexample,parentscansayiftheywanttobekeptalivebyartificialmeasures.)“It’sinvaluableforthekids,becauseit’shardtomakethosedecisionsforaparent,”saysJenniferCona,anelder-lawattorneyatGenserDubowGenser&ConainMelville,N.Y.Anadvancecaredirectiveisthefirstlineofdefenseifasituationarises,saysKathleenKelly,executivedirectoroftheFamilyCaregiverAlliance,whichsupportsandeducatescaregivers.Withoutanadvancedirective,thefamilywillhavetopetitionthecourttobeappointedtheparent’slegalguardian,saysAgingC.

[D]It’simportantforfamiliestotalkaboutlong-termcaresotheadultchildrenknowtheirparents’preferences,wishesangoals,saysLynnFeinberg,acaregivingexpertatAARP.Butit’snotaneasyconversation.Elderlyparentsaresometimessuspiciousoftheirchildren’sfinancialmotives,saysSusanJohn,afinancialplanneratFinancialFocusinWolfeboro,N.H.OneclientaskedJohntoholdafamilymeetingbecausetheyneededanintermediarytotalkaboutfinancialissues,shesays.Andwhentherearemanysiblings,thefamilydecisionscanbecomeathree-ringcircuswithmuchacrimony,saysAnn-MargaretCarrozza,anelder-lawattorneyinGlenCove,N.Y.Familieswhoneedinformationandhelpsortingoutdisagreementscancallonelder-lawattorneys,financialplanners,geriatriccaremanagersandcaregiversupportgroups.InFebruary,AARPsaiditwillofferitsmembersanewcaregivingsupportservicethroughfinancialservicesfirmGenworth.

[E]Manyfamiliesareunpreparedforquickdecisions,especiallywhentheyfindoutthatMedicaredoesn’tpayforlong-termcare,Feinbergsays.Themediancostofayearinaprivateroomatanursinghomein2011was$77,745,accordingtoGenworth.AndonlythosewhohavespentmostoftheirassetscanqualifyforMedicaidtopayforthenursinghome.

[F]Assistedlivingisanotheroption.Residentscanhavetheirownapartmenttomaintainsomeindependence.Butthefacilitiesgenerallyprovidepersonalcareservices,suchasmeals,housekeepingandassistancewithactivities.Still,it’snotcheap:Thenationalmediancostin2011was$39,135,accordingtoGenworth.Assistedlivingisn’tcoveredbyMedicaid.

[G]Iftheyhaveachoice,atleast90%ofelderlyparentsprefertostayathomeaslongastheycan,accordingtoAARPresearch.Butiftheparentscannolongersafelyliveathome,itcanbehardforchildrentomovethemintoanadultcarefacility.Theremaybeanotheroption.Sometimesthehomecanbemodifiedsoaparentcanstaythere.Forexample,Baldocchiputinachairliftforhermother.Shealsoarrangedforahomecaregiver.

[H]Familycaregiverstakeovermanyresponsibilities.Onemightmanageaparent’sfinances,whileanothersiblingwilltaketheparenttodoctors’appointmentsandshopping.Thosewhomoveinwithaparenttakeonasignificantandsustainedburdenofcare.JanWalkermovedintohermother’shomeinLeesburg,Fla.Afterhermother,whois83,hadfallen,shewasn’tabletogetaroundaswell.Walker,55,hasthreebrothers.Butsheistheonlydaughter,isdivorcedandhasnochildren.“IalwaysknewthatthiswastherolethatIwouldhave,andIguessmymindwaspreparedforit,”saysWalker,whonowisafull-timecaregiverandworksfromhomeasatutorialinstructorforadigitalscrapbookingwebsite.“Whenyougetintothetrenches,it’sliterallybaptismbyfire,”shesays.“Newthingscomeup.It’snotjustaboutadvanceplanningforfinancesormedicalcare.It’severything,”shesays.

[I]Caregiversneedtoalsowatchtheirownhealth.“Thereissuchathingascaregiverburnout,”Conasays.Amongfemalecaregivers50andolder,20%reportedsymptomsofdepression,accordingtoa2010studyonworkingcaregiversbyMetLife.“It’sahardjob.”Walkersays.“Butmostworthwhilethingsarehard.ShewasalwaysthereformewhenIneededahelpinghand.It’sonlynaturalthatIbehereforhernow.

11.Whenelderlyparentscannotliveathomesafely,theirchildrencanchangetheirhomeinsteadofsendingthemtoanadultcarefacility.

12.Totalkaboutlong-termcareisnoteasybecausesometimesagedparentsaresuspiciousoftheirchildren’sfinancialmotives.

13.Besidesadvanceplanningforfinancesormedicalcare,familycaregiverstakeovermanyotherresponsibilities.

14.Thedifferencebetweenadurablepowerofattorneyandahealthcareproxyisthatthelatterallowssomeonetomakedecisionsregardingmedicaltreatment.

15.Baldocchididnotwanttosendhermothertoanursinghome,butshehaddifficultytakingcareofher.

16.Over42millioncaregivershelpedanadultwitheverydayactivitiesintheUSAin2009.

17.Ifafamilyneedsinformationorhelptosortoutdisagreements,therearemanypeopletheycancallon.

18.Caregiversshouldpayattentiontotheirownhealth,ortheymaybumoutorbecomedepressed.

19.Onewillhavetopetitionthecourttobetheparent’slegalguardian,ifthereisnoadvancedirective.

20.Thenationalmediancostofassistedlivingin2011was$39,135anditisnotcoveredbyMedicaid.

【答案】11.G

12.D

13.H

14.C

15.A

16.B

17.D

18.I

19.C

20.F

【解析】11.题干：当年迈的父母不能安全地生活在家里时，他们的孩子可以改变他们的家，而不是送他们到成人护理机构。由题干的anadultcarefacility可以定位到G选项第二句Butiftheparentscannolongersafelyliveathome,itcanbehardforchildrentomovethemintoanadultcarefacility.“但如果父母不能再安全地住在家里，孩子们就很难把他们送到成人看护机构”，这里是题干的同义替换，所以答案选G。

12.题干：谈论长期护理并不容易，因为有时年迈的父母会怀疑子女的经济动机。由题干定位到D选项第三句Elderlyparentsaresometimessuspiciousoftheirchildren’sfinancialmotives…“年迈的父母有时会怀疑孩子的经济动机……”从这里可知答案选D。

13.题干：除了提前计划财务或医疗护理，家庭照顾者还承担许多其他责任。由题干的financesormedicalcare“财务或医疗护理”定位到H选项倒数第一二句It’snotjustaboutadvanceplanningforfinancesormedicalcare.It’severything,”shesays.“这不仅仅是关于财政或医疗保健的预先计划。这就是所有。”她说。这句符合题干题意，所以答案选H。

14.题干：持久委托书和医疗代理书的区别在于后者允许某人就医疗治疗作出决定。通过题干的attorney和ahealthcareproxy（医疗代理）定位到C选项的第二句话Thedirectiveincludesseveralparts,including:adurablepowerofattorney,whichgivessomeonelegalauthoritytomakefinancialdecisionsonanother’sbehalf;ahealthcareproxy,whichissimilartothepowerofattorney,exceptitallowssomeonetomakedecisionsregardingmedicaltreatment;andalivingwillthatoutlinesinstructionsforend-of-lifecare.（Forexample,parentscansayiftheywanttobekeptalivebyartificialmeasures.）“该指令包括几个部分，包括：持久委托书，赋予某人代表另一人做出财务决定的法律权力；医疗代理，类似于委托书，但允许某人就医疗作出决定；还有一份生前遗嘱，列出了临终护理的指导。（例如，父母可以说他们是否想通过人工手段维持生命）”，这里说出了委托书和医疗代理的不同，所以答案选C选项。

15.题干：巴尔多奇并不想把母亲送到养老院，但她很难照顾她。文章定位到A选项倒数第二句话Shehasafull-timejobandhasbackproblemsthatmakeitdifficultforhertolifthermother.“她有一份全职工作，而且背部有问题，这使得她很难抱起她的母亲”从这里可以看出Baldocchi有自己的难处，工作，背伤都让她心有余而力不足，所以A选项正确。

16.题干：2009年，美国有超过4200万护理人员帮助成年人进行日常活动。根据文章的数据42million和2009可以定位到B选项倒数第二句话Morethan42millionAmericansprovidefamilycaregivingforanadultwhoneedshelpwithdailyactivities,accordingtoa2009surveybytheAARP.“美国退休人员协会（AARP）2009年的一项调查显示，超过4200万美国人为日常活动需要帮助的成年人提供家庭照顾”，这句符合题干，所以选B选项。

17.题干：如果一个家庭需要信息或帮助解决分歧，他们可以找很多人。根据文章中的sortoutdisagreement“解决分歧”定位到D选项倒数第二句话Andwhentherearemanysiblings,thefamilydecisionscanbecomeathree-ringcircuswithmuchacrimony,saysAnn-MargaretCarrozza,anelder-lawattorneyinGlenCove,N.Y.Familieswhoneedinformationandhelpsortingoutdisagreementscancallonelder-lawattorneys,financialplanners,geriatriccaremanagersandcaregiversupportgroups.“美国退休人员协会（AARP）2009年的一项调查显示，超过4200万美国人为日常活动需要帮助的成年人提供家庭照顾”，从这里可以看出当家庭成员有分歧时他们可以寻求律师，理财师等人的帮助，这个选项符合题意，所以答案选D。

18.题干：照顾者应该注意自己的健康，否则他们可能会精疲力尽或变得抑郁。定位到I选项第一句话Caregiversneedtoalsowatchtheirownhealth.“护理人员也需要关注自己的健康”，这里跟题干属于同义替换，所以答案选I。

19.题干：如果没有事先指示，孩子必须向法院申请成为孩子父母的合法监护人。根据文章关键词petition“请愿”和advancedirective“预先指示”，定位到C选项最后一句话Withoutanadvancedirective,thefamilywillhavetopetitionthecourttobeappointedtheparent’slegalguardian,saysAgingC.“AgingC网站表示，如果没有事先的指示，这个家庭将不得不向法院申请指定父母的法定监护人”，这里表达的意思和题干相同，所以答案选C。

20.题干：2011年，全国辅助生活费用的中位数为39135美元，这不在医疗保险的覆盖范围内。根据文章数据2011和$39,135可以定位到F选项倒数第一、二句Thenationalmediancostin2011was$39,135,accordingtoGenworth.Assistedlivingisn’tcoveredbyMedicaid.“根据Genworth的数据，2011年全国医保成本中值为39135美元。医疗补助计划不包括辅助生活”，这里和题干表达的意思相同，所以答案选F。

8.单选题

Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.

Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.

Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.

AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.

Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scientistsestimatedthattherewerebetween3millionand10millionspeciesonEarth.Then,scientistsbegantoexaminepopulationsofinsectslivinginthehighfoliageoftreesintropicalforest,andtheexperiencecausedthemtoincreasetheirestimateto30millionspecies.Afterscientistsbegantoconsiderthepopulationsofmicroorganismsinthetropics,theupperlimitoftheirestimatesroseto10(Jmillionspecies.Weshallprobablyneverhaveanaccuratecountofthedifferentkindsoforganismsthatshareourplanet.

Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.Thisprocessiscommonlycalledbioticimpoverishment—thelossoftherichbiologicalofEarth.

1.Thereasonwhyitisnoteasytocorrectglobalwarmingisthat（

）.

2.Tostoptheglobalwarming,wehaveto

（

）.

3.Itisimpliedthat,atthe1992EarthSummit,

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutspeciesonearth?

5.Thetextismainlyabout（

）.

问题1选项

A.mostscientistsandpoliticalleadershavenotawakenedtotheseverityoftheproblem

B.deforestationisrampantinmanypartsoftheworld

C.thereisnoeasywaytorestoretheatmospheretoitsnormalstateoncedamaged

D.theUnitedStatesisunwillingtocutdownonitscarbondioxideemissions

问题2选项

A.cutbothdeforestationanduseoffossilfuels

B.removecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere

C.findanewsourceofenergyotherthanfossilfuel

D.cutpresentreleasesto4billiontonsofcarbonayear

问题3选项

A.manyscientistshadhopedspecifictargetsforemissionsmightbereached

B.theU.S.showeditsunwillingnesstoreducethelevelofcarbondioxideemissions

C.severalcountrieshadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent

D.mostcountriespromisedtocuttheircarbondioxideemissionstoearlierlevels

问题4选项

A.Thereareabout100millionofthemonearth.

B.Aboutonethirdofthemarefoundintropicalforest.

C.Thehumanpopulationhaswellexceededthatofotherspecies.

D.Humanandotherspeciesarecloselylinkedforsurvival.

问题5选项

A.thesurvivalofdiversespeciesonearth

B.thepreventionofglobalwarming

C.thebioticimpoverishment

D.thecompositionoftheatmosphere

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern（没有一种简单或快速的方法可以清除这些气体并恢复到早期的气候模式）可知选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.（为了立即稳定大气的成分，我们必须每年减少约40亿吨的碳排放。现在要做到这一点，就必须同时减少森林砍伐和化石燃料的消耗）可知选A。

3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions（大多数工业化国家的领导人原则上同意恢复到早先的二氧化碳排放水平）可知D选项“大多数国家承诺将其二氧化碳排放量削减到早先的水平”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.（然而，我们知道，植物和动物这些物种一起使地球作为一个适合所有人的栖息地发挥作用。我们还知道，人类活动正在减少地球上物种的数量，以及可供它们使用的土地和水资源）可知D选项“人类和其他物种的生存息息相关”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了全球变暖的问题以及需要采取的措施，因此B选项“防止全球变暖”符合题意。

9.单选题

Whendiscussingculturalperspectives,weneedtorecognizethattherearetwokinds:emicandetic.Emicperspectivesare（1）articulatedbymembersoftheculturetoexplainthemselvesandtheirculture,whileeticperspectivesarethoseofoutsiderstotheculturewhousetheirowncriteriatoexplain（2）culture.

Eticperspectivesincludethoseofvisitorstotheculture,thecriteriatheyusetodescribeandexplainwhattheyencounter,（3）categoriesforcross-culturaldescriptionandanalysisestablishedbyanthropologistsandotherculturalresearchers（4）manycultures.（5）thecontinuum,eticperspectivesconsistofsimpleexplanationsfromone'sownculturalbackground.Thisisacommonreactiontoculturalphenomena—explainingthem（6）perceivedsimilaritiesordifferencestoone'sownculture,better（7）ethnocentrism.Attheotherendofthespectrum,eticperspectivesconsistofcategoriesthatcanbeusedtodescribe（8）cultures.Someofthesecategoriesaredrawnfromnotionsofculturaluniversalsand（9）thetableofcontentsofintroductoryculturalanthropologytextbooks.Theyreflectculturalpracticesandproducts:institutionslikefamily,kinship,economy,leisure,music,orgovernment.Othereticclassificationscomefromtheoriesofculturalperspectives:valueorientationssuchasindividualism/collectivism,low-context/high-context,polychromic/monochromic,and（10）.Eticperspectives,（11）,provideframeworkstodescribe,analyze,andexplainaculturefromthe（12）.Eacheticcategorycarriesassumptionsaboutthenatureofculture,anditisimportantto（13）theseassumptions.

Emicexplanationsareperspectivesthatmembersofthecultureusetodescribeorexplaintheirownwayoflife.Theseperspectivesdonotnecessarilycorrespondtoeticcategories,（14）thatthemembersusefortheirexplanations.（15）,membersmayeasilyexpressthereasonsforculturalproductsandpractice.Or,giventhatmanyfundamentalculturalperspectivesareoutsideawareness,likethesubmergedbulkoftheculturaliceberg,membersmayhavedifficultyfindingwordstofullyexplainthem;（16）IhadnoexplanationonAmericantoilettrainingpractices.

Itisadauntingtasktoidentifytheperspectivesofaculture.Fortunatelyforlanguageteachers,anthropologists,interculturalists,andothershavedevisedframeworksforexplainingcultures.Theseframeworks,becausetheyapplytoallcultures,areexamplesofthe（17）perspectives.

Anumberofmodelsofeticperspectivesare（18）inthefield.（19）,thesemodelspresumethatthereisafinitesetofrealitiesthatallculturesmustaddress.Theserealitiesarepartofthehumancondition.Differentculturesperceivetheserealitiesindistinctways.Thesedistinctperceptions,（20）,leadtodifferentbeliefs,values,