考研考博-英语-天津电子信息职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津电子信息职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Fuelscarcities（）automobiledesignerstodevelopsmall-displacementvehiclesforpublicuse.

问题1选项

A.prompted

B.encouraged

C.fomented

D.spotlighted

【答案】A

【解析】句意:燃料短缺促使汽车设计师开发供公众使用的小排量汽车。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去式。prompt提示，促使，激起；encourage鼓励，激励；foment煽动，挑起；；spotlight聚光照明，使公众注意。因此A符合句意。

2.单选题

（）isquitenatural,abeginnercan'treadthebookswritteninEnglishveryquickly.

问题1选项

A.Which

B.As

C.What

D.It

【答案】B

【解析】句意:初学者不能很快地阅读英文原版书是很正常的。

语法题。考查非限制性定语从句。as引导非限制性定语从句的时候，表示“正如那样”的含义。as指代的是后面的句子“abeginnercan'treadthebookswritteninEnglishveryquickly’’，而此处不用which,是因为定语从句中的which不能放在句首。

3.单选题

Dohelpyourselftosomefruit,（）you?

问题1选项

A.can’t

B.don’t

C.wouldn’t

D.won’t

【答案】D

【解析】考查反义疑问句。句意：吃点水果，好吗？前半部分是表示邀请、提供对对方有益的行为等的祈使句时，反问一般用will，上文为肯定语气，故反问部分用否定形式won’t。因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthemachineshavebeenintroduced.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry.”Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization’seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen’slives.

Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriterandthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof“dead-end”jobs,thenceforthconsidered“women’swork.”Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.

Women’sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.

46.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

47.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen’swork?

48.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmanyemployersbeforethetwentiethcenturyisNOTimpliedinthepassage?

49.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionoftheconcludingsentenceofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen’sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.

B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety’straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers.

C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen’sworktochangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Themechanizationofwomen’swork,whileextremelyrevolutionaryinitseffects,hasnot,onthewhole,hadthedeleteriouseffectsthatsomecriticshadfeared.

问题2选项

A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityofwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.

B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.

C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.

D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen’swagesandsalariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.

问题3选项

A.Theydidemploywomeninfactories200yearsago.

B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.

C.Theyhiredwomenonlywhenqualifiedmenwerenotavailabletofilltheopenpositions.

D.Theyhiredwomentodomostofthewhite-collarwork.

问题4选项

A.Itsumsupthegeneralpointsconcerningthemechanizationofworkmadeinthepassageasawhole.

B.Itdrawsaconclusionconcerningtheeffectsofthemechanizationofworkwhichgoesbeyondtheevidencepresentedinthepassageasawhole.

C.Itrestatesthepointconcerningtechnologymadeinthesentenceimmediatelyprecedingit.

D.Itqualifiestheauthor’sagreementwithscholarswhoargueforamajorrevisionintheassessmentoftheimpactofmechanizationonsociety.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】46.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章第一句Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeople...（人们常常认为，工作的机械化对操作新机器的人们的生活以及机器被引入的社会有着革命性的影响），提出了人们普遍认同的一种观点，认为mechanization为人们的生活和社会带来了revolutionaryeffect，而该段最后一句提出许多观察者不同意这种见解；之后，文章以妇女所从事工作的转变为例，进一步论证最后得出结论：Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.（机械化甚至可能延缓了女性在劳动力市场和家庭中的传统地位的变化进程）因此，选项A“现代化对妇女工作的影响证明，普遍认同的新技术具有与生俱来的创新性这一说法站不住脚”最能概括文章的大意。B“最近的研究表明，机械化彻底改变了一个社会的传统价值观及其成员的习惯角色”和C“自工业革命以来，机械化使妇女工作的性质发生了变化”两项均与文章所持的观点相左，而D项“妇女工作的机械化虽然在其效果上极为革命性，但总体上并没有产生一些评论家所担心的有害影响”只是文章提到的一个细节，不能概括大意。

47.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意为：根据文章可推断作者把下列哪个看作是妇女工作条件发生根本转变的一个标志。文章第三段前半部分是说：在过去的200年里，妇女的工作发生了很大的变化，从家庭转移到办公室或工厂，后来主要成为白领而不是蓝领。然而，从根本上说，自工业革命前以来，妇女工作的条件几乎没有改变：按性别划分职业、妇女作为一个群体的工资较低、要求相对较低的技能水平和很少为妇女提供晋升机会的工作都持续存在，而妇女的家务劳动仍然要求很高。据此，只有D项“人口普查结果显示，职业妇女的工资和薪金平均与职业男子一样高”，符合作者的意图。A项“统计数据显示，现在大多数女性担任白领职位”，B项“对已婚男性的采访表明他们现在正在做一些家务”，C项“对劳动力市场的调查，记录了最近在电子行业创造了一类新的工作岗位，其中女性工人的数量比男性多4:1”，均是对文意的曲解。

48.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干：以下关于二十世纪以前许多雇主的陈述中，哪一个不是在文章中暗示的？C项“只有当合格的男性无法填补空缺职位时，他们才雇用女性”，文中并未体现，当选。第一段第三句Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories（十九世纪，妇女开始进入工厂），可知A项“在十九世纪，妇女开始进入工厂”是正确的，不符合题意要求，排除；从第二段最后一句previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire（在这之前，在大多数情况下，单身女性是雇主唯一想雇佣的），可知B项“他们倾向于雇用单身妇女而不是已婚妇女”是正确的，排除；从第三段第一句Women’sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years…,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork（在过去的200年里，妇女的工作发生了很大的变化……，后来主要成为白领而不是蓝领），由此可知，D项“他们雇用妇女来做大部分的白领工作”与文章内容相符，排除。

49.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干：以下哪一项最能描述文章结尾句的功能？找到文章结尾句Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.（机械化甚至可能延缓了妇女在劳动力市场和家庭中传统地位变化的进程）。我们从第一段第一句就已经知道关于劳动机械化的一般观点是：工作的机械化对操作新机器的人们的生活以及机器被引入的社会有着革命性的影响，所以结尾句与一般观点不一致，因此A项“从整体上总结了文章中关于劳动机械化的一般观点”，错误。B项“得出了一个结论，即工作机械化的影响超出了本文所提出的整体证据”，符合结尾句所要表达的意思；C项“它重申了它前面一句话中关于技术的观点”，定位到它前一句话Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety（最近的历史调查导致了一个重大的修正，即技术在其对社会的影响上总是具有内在的革命性），此句是对主题句的复述，与末句不一致；D项“这证明了作者同意那些主张在机械化对社会影响的评估中进行重大修订的学者的观点”，并不能从这一句话就知道作者同意那些学者的观点。

5.单选题

What’shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?A$7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh,andincomeinequality.

Sure,someleftistbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestartingtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.

InDecember,MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.S.New&WorldReport,whichheowns,“Ournation’scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating,”lamentedthe117th-richestmaninAmerica.“Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouse-holdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinarow.”Henotedthat“TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.”

WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman’sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-classAmericans.“It’sanoutragethatanyAmerican’slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage,”saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelGroup.

What’shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,thepopularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornian’sgovernortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon’tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocratsareexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.

No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.

Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefranticallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders.AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.Forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundtheworld,that’stherealnightmare.

61.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinAmerica?

62.WhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman’slamentation?

63.Fromthefifthparagraphwecanlearnthat______.

64.Whatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleclass?

65.WhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods?

问题1选项

A.Thefateoftheultra-wealthypeople.

B.Thedisintegrationofthemiddleclass.

C.Theinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.

D.Theconflictbetweentheleftandtherightwing.

问题2选项

A.Manymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterwelfare.

B.TheAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedmanycompaniestogobankrupt.

C.TheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth.

D.ThemajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation’sgrowingwealth.

问题3选项

A.theveryricharefashion-conscious

B.theveryricharepoliticallysensitive

C.universalhealthcareistobeimplementedthroughoutAmerica

D.Congresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumwage

问题4选项

A.Theywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxation.

B.Theyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributemosttosociety.

C.Theywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicintegration.

D.Theyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicinsecurity.

问题5选项

A.Thepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondcontrol.

B.Theinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocatecapital.

C.Thewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossborders.

D.Foreigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】61.细节事实题。题干意思是“当前美国富人共同感兴趣的话题是什么？”。第二段提到Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestartingtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.（但越来越多的中间派和右翼亿万富翁开始担心收入不平等和中产阶级的命运），可知当前美国富人共同感兴趣的话题是收入不平等和中产阶级的命运，所以C项“财富分配的不平等”正确。A项“超级富豪的命运”和D项“左翼和右翼之间的冲突”在文中没有提到；B项“中产阶级的解体”太片面，美国富人担心的是国家与中产阶级的核心交易的瓦解。因此，该题选择C项正确。

62.推理判断题。题干意思是“我们从MortimerZuckerman的悲叹中学到了什么？”。根据题干定位到文章第三段，原文提到Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouse-holdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinarow.（我们的大部分经济收益都流向了收入阶梯最顶端的人；相比之下，工薪阶层家庭的平均收入却连续5年下降），可推断，尽管国家财富增长，但大多流向了收入最顶端的人，大部分的美国人得到的越来越少，故D项“大多数美国人从国家不断增长的财富中获益甚少”正确，由此也可知A项“许多中等收入家庭未能争取到更好的福利”错误；第三段最后一句讲到TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.（数以千万计的美国人生活在恐惧之中，担心一个重大的健康问题就会让他们破产），由此可知B项“美国的经济体制已经导致许多公司破产”表述与原文不符；C项“美国国家变得越来越分裂，尽管它很富有”在该段没有提到。因此，该题选择D项正确。

63.推理判断题。题干意思是“从第五段我们可以了解到……”。第五段第二句提到TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.（富人和你我一样适应潮流，在政治和政策方面也可以如此），可以推断，富人在政治和政策方面也非常敏感，故B项“非常富有的人在政治上很敏感”正确。A项“非常富有的人有时尚意识”是文中的一个比较，用来突出富人在政治方面的敏感性，该项不选；由andeffortsbyCalifornian’sgovernortoofferuniversalhealthcare（以及加州州长提供全民医疗保健的努力）这一句可知，C项“全民医疗保健将在整个美国实施”表述错误；D项“国会通过提高最低工资获得了欢迎”，文中只提到了国会提高最低工资等措施的流行，并没有描述它的欢迎程度。因此，该题选择B项正确。

64.细节事实题。题干意思是“富豪们表达与中产阶级团结一致的真正原因是什么？”。根据第六段No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.（不，他们担心的是，由于收入分配不均和经济不安全，美国面临的持续支持全球经济一体化的政治挑战将更加困难）可知，富豪们表达与中产阶级团结一致的真正原因是想得到全球经济一体化的支持，故C项“他们希望获得对全球经济一体化的支持”正确。由第五段最后一句Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.（但收入不平等将导致对富人增税的前景不会让富豪们夜不能寐，他们承受得了）可知，A项“他们想保护自己不被没收”和D项“他们感到越来越受到经济不安全感的威胁”不符合原文；B项“他们知道中产阶级对社会贡献最大”在文中没有提及。因此，该题选择C项正确。

65.细节事实题。题干意思是“如果美国对外国投资者和外国商品设置障碍，会发生什么？”。由最后一段倒数第二句AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.（当美国为外国投资者和外国商品设置障碍时，很可能会鼓励国外的对等行动）可知，如果美国对外国投资者和外国商品设置障碍，其他国家也会采取相应的措施，故D项“外国将设置同样的经济壁垒作为回报”正确。A项“进口商品的价格将不可避免地飙升到无法控制的程度”、B项“投资者将不得不做出巨大的努力来重新配置资本”和C项“富人将试图跨越国界购买外国公司”在文中都未提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。

6.单选题

TomMacaulay,beingadiligentyoungman,neverrefusesto________moreworkthathisbossassignedtohim.

问题1选项

A.takeup

B.takein

C.takeoff

D.takeon

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项takeup“占据”；B选项takein“吸收，领会”；C选项takeoff“脱下，起飞”；D选项takeon“承担，承受”。句意：TomMacaulay作为一名勤奋的年轻人，从来不拒绝（）他老板派发给他的工作。派发的工作是要承担的，因而答案选D最为合适。

7.单选题

TheNationalParkSystem______areasofnaturalbeautyforpreservationandpublicemployment.

问题1选项

A.setsaside

B.savesup

C.arrangesfor

D.reservesfor

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项setaside“挑出，留出”，B项saveup“储蓄，贮存”，C项arrangefor“安排，为……做准备”，D项reservefor“为……而保留”。由areasofnaturalbeauty（自然风景区）可知，空格处填入“划出、留出”符合，A项正确。句意：国家公园系统为自然保护和公共就业划出了自然风景区。因此，该题选择A项。

8.单选题

Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization.

ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T.Coca-Cola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.

Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescales(障眼物)havedroppedfromtheireyes.“Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,”saysKaleelJamison,aNewYork-basedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.“Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you’llgetahead—thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.”Sheadds,“Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility.”Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Para.1)probablyrefersto“________”.

2.Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto________.

3.Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey________.

4.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.

问题1选项

A.criticismsthatshapeeveryone’sexperience

B.theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefs

C.thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheye

D.theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganization

问题2选项

A.performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiors

B.projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyou

C.workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiors

D.letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouare

问题3选项

A.knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotion

B.wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefs

C.don’twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolor

D.believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolor

问题4选项

A.RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagement

B.TheImportanceofBeingVisible

C.JobPerformanceandAdvancement

D.SexandCareerSuccess

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Para.1)probablyrefersto“________”.根据文章，“以前认为最好不要说的事情”（第一段）可能指的是“________”。

A.criticismsthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceA.形成每个人的经验的批判

B.theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefsB.与既定信念相矛盾的观点

C.thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheyeC.有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向

D.theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganizationD.在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词judgedtobebestleftunsaid定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“她们似乎就越想谈论以前认为最好不要说的事情（thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid）”，结合该段第二句“新人倾向于用全新的眼光（fresheye）来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量进行批判性分析（criticalanalyses）。”，可知这里不能说的是和新观点相反的，并且之前在大环境中普遍赞同的观点，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“形成每个人的经验的批判”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量（forcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperience）进行批判性分析（criticalanalyses）”，这里指的不是批判塑造经验，而是批判形成经验的力量，属于偷换概念；

C选项“有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“新人倾向于用全新的眼光来看待公司的事务（tendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye）”，这里描述的是这件事本身，而不是说要推动这件事，属于偷换概念；

D选项“在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法”：文中没有提到这些会产生新的管理方式，属于无中生有。

第2题:【选项释义】

Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto________.根据这篇文章，想要在你的职业生涯中取得成功，最重要的因素是________。

A.performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiorsA.出色完成上级交代的任务

B.projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyouB.在周围人面前树立良好形象

C.workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiorsC.做你上司的顾问

D.letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouareD.让你上司知道你有多优秀

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词themostimportantfactor定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“长期职业成功的不同要素（differentelements）如下：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%，而曝光率高达60%（exposure,afull60%）。”，结合该段第六句“晋升往往取决于（advancementmoreoftendependson）有多少人了解（howmanypeopleknow）你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低”，可知在事业成功上，让上司知道自己的优秀最重要，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”：对应第二段第一句“业绩仅占10%（performancecountsamere10%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；

B选项“在周围人面前树立良好形象”：对应第二段第一句“形象占30%（image,30%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；

C选项“做你上司的顾问”：对应第三段第三句“帮助企业处理这些问题的管理顾问（managementconsultant）卡列尔•贾米森”，这里只是提到此人及其职业，和取得职业生涯的成功无关，属于偷换概念。

第3题:【选项释义】

Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey________.女性和黑人减少自己曝光率的原因是他们________。

A.knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotionA.知道权威人士会向下视察，给他们升职

B.wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefsB.想给人一种他们抱着错误信念工作的印象

C.don’twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolorC.不希望人们认为他们晋升是由于性别或肤色

D.believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolorD.认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升

【答案】C

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词playdowntheirvisibility定位到第三段第五句，该处讲到“大多数女性和黑人害怕人们认为（sofrightenedthatpeoplewillthink）他们是因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此他们减少了自己的曝光率（thattheyplaydowntheirvisibility）。”，可知其原因是不希望别人认为他们只因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”：对应第三段第四句，该处讲到“他们认为（Theythink）权威人士会向下视察，给你升职（someoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion）。”，这是在解释前一句提到的错误信念，而非减少曝光率的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；

B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“列尔•贾米森说（saysKaleelJamison），女性和黑人抱着错误的信念工作。”，这句话是别人对他们的评价，而非他们自己想要这样做，属于偷换概念；

D选项“认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升”：他们不希望别人认为自己因性别或肤色而晋升，自己也不认为这样的事情会发生，属于反向干扰。

第4题:【选项释义】

Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.这篇文章最好的标题是________。

A.RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementA.女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用

B.TheImportanceofBeingVisibleB.被看见的重要性

C.JobPerformanceandAdvancementC.工作表现与晋升

D.SexandCareerSuccessD.性别与事业成功

【答案】B

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】第一段提出女性、少数族裔（womenandminorities）和新人对于公司原有观点的冲击（talkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid）；第二段点出自己和自己工作被上级看到（exposure,afull60%）是在职场中成功最重要的因素；第三段建议女性和黑人让自己成为焦点（findtheirwayintothespotlight）。综上所述，这篇文章层层递进，最终要表达的是在职场中，成为焦点、被看到很重要，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：文中没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用，属于无中生有；

C选项“工作表现与晋升”和D选项“性别与事业成功”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。

9.单选题

Inhisclassicnovel,“ThePioneers”,JamesFenimoreCooperhashishero,alanddeveloper,takehiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.Hedescribesthebroadstreets,rowsofhouses,ateemingmetropolis.Buthiscousinlooksaroundbewildered.Allsheseesisaforest.“Wherearethebeautiesandimprovementswhichyouweretoshowme?”sheasks.He’sastonishedshecan’tseethem.“Where!Everywhere,”hereplies.Forthoughtheyarenotyetbuiltonearth,hehasbuilttheminhismind,andtheyasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.

CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait,future-mindedness:theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture;thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.“Americaisthereforethelandofthefuture,”theGermanphilosopherHegelwrote.“TheAmericanlivesevenmoreforhisgoals,forthefuture,thantheEuropean.”AlbertEinsteinconcurred.“Lifeforhimisalwaysbecoming,neverbeing.”

In2012,Americawillstillbetheplacewherethefuturehappensfirst,forthatisthenation’soldesttradition.TheearlyPuritanslivedinalmostStoneAgeconditions,buttheywereinspiredbyvisionsoffutureglories,God’skingdomonearth.Theearlypioneerswouldsometimestravelpastperfectlygoodfarmland,becausetheywereconvincedthatevenmoreamazinglandcouldbefoundoverthenextridge.TheFoundingFatherstook13scragglyColoniesandbelievedtheywerecreatinganewnationonearth.Therailroadspeculatorsenvisionedmagnificentfortunesbuiltonbandsofiron.It’snowfashionabletoridiculethevisionsofdot-comentrepreneursofthe1990s,buttheyhadinheritedtheurgetoleapforthehorizon.“TheFutureisendowedwithsuchalife,thatitlivestouseveninanticipation,”HermanMelvillewrote.“TheFutureistheBibleoftheFree.”

Thisfuture-mindednessexplainsmanymodernfeaturesofAmericanlife.Itexplainsworkaholism:theaverageAmericanworks350hoursayearmorethantheaverageEuropean.Americansmovemore,insearchofthatbrightertomorrow,thanpeopleinotherland.Theyalso,sadly,divorcemore,forthesamereason.AmericansadoptnewtechnologiessuchasonlineshoppingandcreditcardsmuchmorequicklythanpeopleinothercountriesForty-fivepercentofworldInternetusetakesplaceintheUnitedStates.Eventoday,aftertheburstingofthestock-marketbubble,Americanventure-capitalfirms—whichareinthebusinessofbettingonthefuture—dwarfthefirmsfromallothernations.

Future-mindednesscontributestothedisorderinAmericanlife,theobliviousnesstohistory,thehighratesoffamilybreakdown,thefrenziedwasteofnaturalresources.Italsoleadstoincredibleinnovations.AccordingtotheYalehistorianPaulKennedy,75percentoftheNobellaureatesineconomiesandthesciencesoverrecentdecadeshavelivedorworkedintheUnitedStates.Thecountryremainsamagnetforthefuture-mindedfromothernations.Onein12Americanshasenjoyedthethrillandchallengeofstartinghisownbusiness.AstudypublishedintheJournalofInternationalBusinessStudiesin2000showedthatinnovativepeoplearespreadprettyevenlythroughouttheglobe,butAmericansaremostcomfortablewithrisk.EntrepreneursintheU.S.aremorelikelytobelievethattheypossesstheabilitytoshapetheirownfuturethanpeoplein,say,Britain,AustraliaorSingapore.

Ifthe1990swereagreatdecadeoffuture-mindedness,wearenowinthemidstofaseasonofexperience.Iseemscoolertobeskeptical,topooh-poohallthoseIPOsuckerswholosttheirmoneybettingonthetelecomfuture.ButtheworldisnotbecomingmoreFrench.By2012,thisperiodofchastisementwilllikelyhaverunitscourse,andfuture-mindedn