考研考博-英语-天水师范学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天水师范学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Allthepartsofthewashingmachineare（）,sothatitisveryconvenienttoreplacethem.

问题1选项

A.normalized

B.standardized

C.mechanized

D.modernized

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项normalize“正常化，常规化，规格化”；B选项standardize“标准化，使标准化”；C选项mechanize“使机械化，机械化”；D选项modernize“使现代化”，句意：这台洗衣机的所有零件都标准化了，所以要更换它们很方便。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。

2.单选题

Therearetwomethodsoffighting,theonebylaw,theotherbyforce;thefirstmethodisthatofmen,thesecondofbeasts;butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond.Itis,therefore,necessaryforaprincetoknowwellhowtouseboththebeastandtheman.Thiswascovertlytaughttorulersbyancientwriters,whorelatedhowAchillesandmanyothersofthoseancientprincesweregiventoChironthecentaurtobebroughtupandeducatedunderhisdiscipline.Theparableofthissemi-animal,semi-humanteacherismeanttoindicatethataprincemustknowhowtousebothnatures,andthattheonewithouttheotherisnotdurable.Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps;andthefoxcannotdefendhimselffromwolves.Thosethatwishtobeonlylionsdonotunderstandthis.Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest,andwhenthereasonswhichmadehimbindhimselfnolongerexist,ifmenwereallgood,thispreceptwouldnotbegood;butastheyarebad;andwouldnotobservetheirfaithwithyou,soyouarenotboundtokeepfaithwiththem.Norhavelegitimategroundseverfailedaprincewhowishedtoshowcolorableexcuseforthenonfulfillmentofhispromise.Ofthisonecouldfurnishaninfinitenumberofexamples,andshowhowmanytimespeacehasbeenbroken,andhowmanypromisesrenderedworthless,bythefaithlessnessofprinces,andthosethathavebestbeenabletoimitatethefoxhavesucceededbest.Butitisnecessarytobeabletodisguisethischaracterwell,andtobeagreatfeigneranddissembler,andmenaresosimpleandsoreadytoobeypresentnecessities,thattheonewhodeceiveswillalwaysfindthosewhoallowthemselvestobedeceived.

1.Theauthorofthepassagedoesnotbelievethat（

）.

2.Thelionrepresentsthosewhoare

（

）.

3.Thefox,inthispassage,is

（

）.

4.Thewritersuggeststhatasuccessfulleadermust

（

）.

5.Thewriterwouldapproveanunsuccessfulpoliticalcandidate（

）.

问题1选项

A.peoplecanprotectthemselves

B.thetruthmakesmenfree

C.leadershavetobeconsistent

D.princesatehuman

问题2选项

A.toiltrusting

B.strongandcareful

C.reliantonforce

D.lackinginintelligence

问题3选项

A.admiredforhistrickery

B.nomatchforthelion

C.pitiedforhistrick

D.consideredworthless

问题4选项

A.beprudentandfaithful

B.cheatandlie

C.haveprincipletoguidehisactions

D.tellthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent

问题5选项

A.gaveupallhisopportunities

B.promisedtotryagainnexttime

C.overthrewthegovernmentbyforce

D.toldthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者不认为……”。文章提到有两种方式来战斗，一是法律，即文斗，一是暴力，即武斗。并且用狐狸来比喻文斗，狮子比喻武斗，而一个成功的王子必须在这两种方法中自由切换，但是并没有提及到“吃人”，因此选项D“王子吃人”的说法是错误的，符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“狮子代表的是哪类人”。文章提到“王子应该学会像野兽一样管理国家，要模仿狐狸和狮子，因为狮子无法避免陷阱，而狐狸无法从狼群中脱身”（Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps;andthefoxcannotdefendhimselffromwolves），狮子代表的是力量，即武斗，因此选项C“依赖武力”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“文章中狐狸是……”。文章提到管理者必须要学会文斗与武斗，狐狸代表的是文斗，可知作者对狐狸是赞赏的，因此选项A“因它的计谋而受到赞赏”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者暗示一个成功的统治者应该……”。文章提到“当守诚信会让自己的利益受损时，精明的统治者可以不讲诚信”（Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest），因此选项B“欺骗与撒谎”符合题意。

5.判断推理题。题目问的是“作者会赞成一个失败的政治候选人……”。文章提到“当文斗行不通的时候，人们会选择第二种方式，即武斗”（butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond），选项C“用武力推翻政府”符合题意。

3.单选题

U.S.PresidentRonaldReaganhasaconvincingandheart-warmingsmile.

问题1选项

A.abewildering

B.apersuasive

C.afactitious

D.anempathetic

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.abewildering一个让人困惑的（微笑）B.apersuasive一个让人信服的（微笑）

C.afactitious一个虚假的（微笑）D.anempathetic一个共情的（微笑）

【答案】B

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】划线部分修饰的是smile“微笑”，并且与heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”并列，原词convincing“令人信服的”，因此，B选项apersuasive“一个让人信服的（微笑）”最符合原句句意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项abewildering“一个让人困惑的（微笑）”，与heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”语义不搭，且不符合原句句意；

C选项afactitious“一个（虚假的）微笑”，与heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”语义不搭，且不符合原句句意；

D选项anempathetic“一个共情的（微笑）”，不符合原句句意。

【句意】美国总统罗纳德•里根（RonaldReagan）的笑容令人信服，令人感动。

4.单选题

Priortothepurchaseoftheflat,thecouplewantedtomakesurethattheywouldhavecompatibleneighbors.

问题1选项

A.harmonious

B.energetic

C.capable

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项harmonious“和谐的”；B选项energetic“精力充沛的”；C选项capable“有能力的”；D选项harsh“严厉的”。句意：在购买这套公寓之前，这对夫妇想要确保他们有能和谐相处的邻居。划线部分compatible是和谐相处的意思。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Wemustlearntomeetmisfortunegracefully.

问题1选项

A.adversity

B.famine

C.enormity

D.nuance

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.adversity逆境；不幸B.famine饥荒

C.enormity巨大；暴行D.nuance细微差别

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意：我们必须学会优雅地面对不幸。划线词misfortune意为“厄运；不幸”。因此A选项与之意思相近，选A。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合句意。

【句意】我们必须学会优雅地面对不幸。

6.单选题

“MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Jensonat2o’clockthisafternoon?”

“I’msorry.Mr.Jenson（

）toaconferencelongbeforethen.”

问题1选项

A.willhavegone

B.hadgone

C.wouldhavegone

D.hasgone

【答案】A

【解析】考查时态。“这个下午两点”表示将来时间，根据“beforethen”可知要用将来完成时，选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Thelawondrinkinganddrivingis（

）stated.

问题1选项

A.extravagantly

B.empirically

C.explicitly

D.exceptionally

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查副词辨析。A选项extravagantly“挥霍无度地”；B选项empirically“以经验为主地”；C选项explicitly“明确地，明白地”；D选项exceptionally“例外地，特殊地”。根据关键词“law法律”和“stated被表明，被解释”，可知“明确地”符合题意，句意为：有关醉酒驾驶的法律规定得很清楚。故正确答案选C。

8.单选题

Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing",hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwell-regardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyform,thatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle:WhyWeShould,Like,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish（

）.

2.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes

（

）.

3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?

4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s

（

）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as（

）.

问题1选项

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s

问题2选项

A.modesty

B.personality

C.liveliness

D.informality

问题3选项

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.

问题4选项

A.interestintheirlanguage

B.appreciationoftheirefforts

C.admirationfortheirmemory

D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness

问题5选项

A.‘"temporary’’isto“permanent”

B.“radical”isto“conservative”

C.“functional”isto“artistic”

D.“humble”isto“noble”

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”，forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.（Mr.McWhorter的学术专长是语言的历史和变化，例如，他认为“谁”这一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比失去古英语中的词格尾缀的消失更令人遗憾）可知Mr.McWhorter认为正式英语的衰变是一种自然的现象，因此选B。

2.词义题。根据题干关键词talking定位到文章第三段中的InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.（在英语口语和书面语中，交谈战胜了演讲，自然表达胜过了精雕细琢），分析句子可知talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft是对应关系，talking对应的spontaneity，specking对应craft，可推测演讲是需要精心准备的，而谈话则是自然随意的，因此D选项“非正式的”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas（他承认，人类语言的所有种类，包括非标准语言，包括黑人英语这样非标准语言，都具有很强的表达力。世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的思想）可知A选项“逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.（Mr.McWhorter承认，正式的语言并不是绝对必要的，他并没有提出任何激进的教育改革——他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾）可知Mr.McWhorter认同俄罗斯记住诗歌的做法，认为是somethingbeautiful，对其做法是赞同的，因此B选项“赞赏他们的努力”。

5.推理判断题。由heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful（他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾）可推测paperplates（纸盘）指的是实用性，而china（瓷盘）指美，具有艺术性，因此选C。

9.单选题

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“law”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

问题1选项

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

问题2选项

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

问题3选项

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

问题4选项

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“law”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】71.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.（美国法律现实主义运动是20世纪美国最重要的本土法学运动，不仅对美国的法学教育和学术产生了深远的影响，而且对美国的法律改革和律师业也产生了深远的影响）可知A选项“美国法律教育”，B选项“美国法律学术”，C选项“美国法律改革”符合原文；D选项“美国律师”原文未提及。因此D选项符合题意。

72.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.（与它的斯堪的那维亚表亲不同，美国法律现实主义主要不是从语义学和认识论的实质哲学学说的法律的延伸。现实主义者是律师（加上一些社会科学家），而不是哲学家，因此，他们的动机是不同的）可以推测出斯堪的那维亚的法律现实主义者们是哲学家，选A选项“是哲学家”，同时可知B选项“主要是实质性哲学理论对法律的延伸”错误，原文只是说美国法律现实主义主要不是从语义学和认识论的实质哲学学说的法律的延伸，没有说斯堪的那维亚的法律现实主义是否是实质性哲学理论对法律的延伸，B选项偷换概念；第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).（作为律师，他们（指的是美国的现实主义者）与当时占主导地位的“机械法学”或“形式主义”相抗衡。这里所指的“形式主义”认为，法官根据不同的法律规则和理由来判决案件，这些规则和理由在大多数案件（也许是每一个案件）中证明一个独特的结果是正当的）可知C选项“与‘机械法学’相抵触”和D选项“认为法官根据不同的法律规则和理由判决案件”也属于偷换概念。因此A选项正确。

73.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.（由于现实主义者从未对法律的性质或法律理论的概念作出明确的哲学预设，因此，现实主义者今天的重要法理学任务之一就是对这些观点进行哲学重构和辩护，尤其是反对法律哲学家的批评，尤其是H.L.A.Hart）可知C选项“这些观点的哲学重建和辩护是必要的”符合原文；第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.（相反，现实主义者认为，对法院如何真正判决案件进行仔细的实证研究表明，法院的判决主要不是因为法律，而是基于（粗略地说）他们对案件事实的判断）可知A选项“法院判决案件主要不是基于法律，而是基于他们的‘公平感’”以及D选项“仔细的实证研究表明，法院决定案件主要是因为法律”错误；第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.（法律规则和理由仅仅是根据非法律考虑做出的决定的事后合理化）可知B选项“法律规则和理由仅仅是根据非法律考虑做出的决定的临时合理化”错误。因此C选项正确。

74.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段开头ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…（但现实主义也带有知识文化的印记，它确实与它的斯堪的纳维亚表亲有共同之处。这种文化……是非常“实证主义”的，因为它把自然科学视为所有真知的范式……）可知选C选项“以自然科学为所有真知的范式”；A选项“‘法律’的现有条文并没有通过对法院实际行动的实际观察而得到‘确认’”，B选项“实证检验方法”以及D选项“所有学科都应该仿效自然科学的方法”并不符合题意，排除。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto（

）farming.

问题1选项

A.goinfor

B.gothroughwith

C.gobackon

D.goalongwith

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。goinfor意为“从事，喜欢”；gothroughwith意为“完成，把……进行到底”；gobackon意为“违背，背弃”；goalongwith意为“赞同，接受，服从”。

句意：大卫喜欢乡村生活，并决定从事耕作。

11.单选题

The（）ofthespringwaterattractsalotofvisitorsfromotherpartsofthecountry.

问题1选项

A.clash

B.clarify

C.clarity

D.clatter

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项clash“冲突，不协调”；B选项clarify“澄清，阐明”；C选项clarity“清楚，明晰”；D选项clatter“哗啦声，嘈杂的谈笑声”。句意：泉水的（）吸引了这个国家其他地方的许多游客。本句表达的意思是“泉水的哗啦啦声吸引了人们的注意”，因此D选项符合题意。

12.单选题

StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon,gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface,avisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyon,farfrombeingsuddenandcataclysmic,simplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion.

ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained10,000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14-layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears.

Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure;geologistsrefertothisbulgingactionasupwarping;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateau,aprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyrose,shallowriversthatmeanderedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai,flowingwestoftheupwarp,extendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarp;iteventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-miIe-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago.

Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcold,rainandsnow,alongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocks,increasetheopportunitiesforerosion.Thecanyonwallscrumble;theriveracquiresacuttingtool,tonsofdebris,rainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarvesidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateau,thesidecanyonsexposenewrocks,andthepatternoferosioncontinues.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorreferstotheGrandCanyonasa“wound”toindicatethat（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstphenomenontocontributetotheformationoftheGrandCanyonwas（）.

4.Whatwasthegeographicpositionoftheupwarpapproximately65millionyearsago?

5.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttheGrandCanyoncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Patternsoferosionindifferentmountainranges.

B.ForcesthatmadetheGrandCanyon.

C.TheincreasingpollutionoftheColoradoRiver.

D.ThesuddenappearanceoftheGrandCanyon.

问题2选项

A.itwascausedbysomeancientconvulsion

B.itspresenceisanembarrassmenttothestateofColorado

C.itlookslikeaninjuryontheEarth'ssurface

D.ithascausedmanyvisitorstoinjurethemselves.

问题3选项

A.aseriesofvolcaniceruptions

B.thecollapseofrockformationsintheColoradoPlateau

C.asuccessionoffloodsfromtheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

D.theEarth’sinternalpressureliftingtheColoradoPlateauregion

问题4选项

A.TotheeastofwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver’

B.TothewestoftheHualapaiRiver

C.AtthesourceoftheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

D.BetweentheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

问题5选项

A.Itscontoursareconstantlychanging

B.Thecuttingactionscarvenewstreamsalongitssides

C.Itseruptionshaveincreasedinrecentyears

D.Itisbeingerodedbytoxicwasteandpollutants

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。首段提出大峡谷的形成是一个缓慢而有序的侵蚀过程，中间两段则是对大峡谷的形成原因和过程进行了详细分析，最后一段指出大峡谷的形成原因还包括其他一些外力因素。因此B项“导致大峡谷产生的各种力量”符合文章主旨。

第2题:判断推理题。对于“wound”的理解可参考:thisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface(地球表面上的这道巨大的伤痕)。因此这里使用了比喻的修辞手法。C项“它（即大峡谷）看起来像地球表面上的一个伤口”正确。

第3题:细节事实题。第三段指出:Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure(大约6500万年前，大峡谷地区的高原平面由于内部压力而向上隆起)。因此D项“地球的内部压力抬起了科罗拉多高原地区”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai.flowingwestoftheupwarp(位于该上翘东边的这些河中的一条是科罗拉多河的前身。另一条被称为华拉派河的河流在该上翘的西边……)。由此可知，大约6500万年前，上翘的地理位置在华拉派河和如今的科罗拉多河之间。

第5题:判断推理题。最后一段指出:Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative(从那以后，大峡谷的形成一直是累积的)，因此，A项“它的轮廓是不断变化的”正确。

13.单选题

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthepHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sblood-stream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

36.Thepassageprovidesformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

37.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives,thepHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodisnotadverselyaffectedbytheproductionoflacticacidbecause______.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

39.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

40.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

D.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobelowestduringthoseperiodsinwhichitexperiencesoxygendeprivation.

问题2选项

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunderwaterreverttoananaerobicmechanism

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive