考研考博-英语-宁夏大学新华学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁夏大学新华学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Remembertoaskfora（

）ofqualityforthesegoods;otherwisetheywillnotofferanymaintenance.

问题1选项

A.warranty

B.promise

C.certificate

D.receipt

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项warranty“保证，担保”；B选项promise“许诺，允诺”；C选项certificate“证书”；D选项receipt“收据”。

句意：记住要对这些货物要求质量保证；否则他们将不提供任何维修。选项A符合语境。

2.单选题

Theworldeconomicrecessionputan（）endtothesteelmarketupturnthatbeganin2002.

问题1选项

A.irregular

B.illegal

C.absurd

D.abrupt

【答案】D

【解析】形容词词义辨析。irregular"不规则的,无规律的";illegal"非法的";absurd"不合理的,荒谬的";abrupt"突然的,意外的"。根据句中upturn判定,worldeconomicrecession是"突然停止的"。句意：世界经济衰退突然结束了2002年开始的钢铁市场好转的情况。选项D符合句意。

3.单选题

Wemustensurearationalproportionbetween（）andconsumption.

问题1选项

A.conformation

B.acceleration

C.coordination

D.accumulation

【答案】D

【解析】conformation构造,一致；acceleration加速,促进；coordination协调,对等；accumulation积聚,累积。根据句意可知,这里应填入consumption的反义词,只有选项D符合语境。

4.单选题

OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone'sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.

ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat"Gift"meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm'slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.

Ourlinguisticandculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,aremakinguslosefriends,businessandrespectintheworld.

EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingualguidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.

Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Thenattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation'sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.

Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.AfterallAmericaisthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorneedingfundsandgoods.

Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.

1.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably（）.

2.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir（）.

3.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans,culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill（）.

5.Theauthor'sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat（）.

问题1选项

A.standstill

B.jumpaside

C.stepforward

D.drawback

问题2选项

A.culturalself-centeredness

B.casualmanners

C.indifferencetowardsforeignvisitors

D.arrogancetowardsothercountries

问题3选项

A.areisolatedbythelocalpeople

B.arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrier

C.tendtogetalongwellwiththenatives

D.needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants

问题4选项

A.affecttheirimageinthenewera

B.cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworld

C.limittheirroleinworldaffairs

D.weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar

问题5选项

A.itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriends

B.itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairs

C.itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplaces

D.itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据第二段的最后一句“LatinosandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.”拉丁美洲人和中东人喜欢亲近和接触，这让美国人感到不舒服。由此推断，如果中东人和美国人靠太近的话，美国人可能会选择和他们保持距离。选项D符合原文。

第2题:主旨思想题。根据第三段的内容可推断，作者举了很多例子是为了批判美国人太以自我文化为中心，选项A符合原文，选项B，C，和D都只是片面，选项A是对其他三个选项内容的概括。

第3题:信息推断题。根据第五段的内容“Whenwegoabroad,...Thenattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation'sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.”在国外的时候，美国人常常会受到那些母语是英语的富人的制约，商务往来和国家外交都是通过口译人员进行的。说明由于语言不通导致信息传递不明确。选项B符合原文。选项D太片面，需要口译员的主要原因也是因为语言不通。

第4题:信息推断题。根据第六段的内容，多年来，美国人可以在文化盲目性和语言无知的情况下生存。毕竟美国是自由世界中最强大的国家，分销商需要资金和商品。但是第七段的首句说道，所有的这些都已经是过去。说明现在的美国在世界中所扮演的角色已经发生了变化。并提及55%的美国人希望他们的国家能在国际事务中发挥更大的作用。由此推断无视和漠视他国的语言和文化会限制美国在国际事务中所起到的作用，所以选项C符合原文。

第5题:信息推断题。本文作者主要是批判美国人在语言和文化上的盲目，太以自我文化为中心，所以作者希望通过这篇文章呼吁美国人多了解其他国家的文化，选项D正确。

5.单选题

However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasableto________someofthedeclineintheironandsteelindustry.

问题1选项

A.overturn

B.overtake

C.offset

D.oppress

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“推翻”；B选项“超过”；C选项“抵消，弥补”；D选项“压迫”。句意：然而金属制品工业能够（）钢铁工业的衰退。由于金属制成品产业和钢铁工业不存在竞争关系，甚至会存在某种互补关系，所以A，B，D排除，答案选C。

6.单选题

Ifmyapplicationforthescholarship（

）,（

）ImyeducationintheStatesnow.

问题1选项

A.wasaccepted/cancontinue

B.hasbeenaccepted/havebeencontinuing

C.hadbeenaccepted/couldhavecontinued

D.accepts/willhavecontinued

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知这里是对过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时，主句用would/should/could+havedone，所以选项C正确。

7.单选题

Thereisastrong（）thatthematterwillsoonbesettled.

问题1选项

A.livelihood

B.likelihood

C.singlehood

D.manhood

【答案】B

【解析】句意:那个事情很有可能将会很快被解决。

考查名词辨析。livelihood生计,生活;likelihood可能性,可能;singlehood单身,未婚;manhood成年,男子,男子气概。故B符合句意。

8.单选题

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopment,ofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

问题1选项

A.junction

B.paradox

C.premise

D.dilemma

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项junction“连接，接合，枢纽”；B选项paradox“自相矛盾的说法”；C选项premise“前提”；D选项dilemma“进退两难的局面”。句意：父母总是_____的选择：到底是该做他们自己认为对孩子发展有益的事，还是该容忍孩子任性的吵闹和破坏。这里表达的意思是父母面临两难的抉择，因此D选项符合题意。

9.翻译题

"Time”saystheproverb“ismoney”.Thismeansthateverymomentwell-spentmayputsomemoneyintoourpockets.(1)Ifourtimeisusefullyemployed,itwilleitherturnoutsomeusefulandimportantpieceofworkwhichwillfetchitspriceinthemarket,oritwilladdtoourexperienceandincreaseourcapacitiessoastoenableustoearnmoneywhentheproperopportunitycomes.Therecanthusbenodoubtthattimeisconvertibleintomoney.Letthose,whothinknothingofwastingtime,rememberthis;letthemrememberthatanhourmisspentisequivalenttothelossofabank-note;andthatanhourutilizedistantamounttosomuchsilverorgold;andthentheywillprobablythinktwicebeforetheygivetheirconsenttothelossofanypartoftheirtime.

Moreover,ourlifeisnothingmorethanourtime.Tokilltimeisthereforeaformofsuicide.(2)Weareshockedwhenwethinkofdeath,andwesparenopains,notrouble,andnoexpensetopreservelife.Butwearetoooftenindifferenttothelossofanhouroraday,forgettingthatourlifeisthesumtotalofthedaysandofthehourswelive.Adayoranhourwastedisthereforesomuchlifeforfeited.Letusbearthisinmind,andwasteoftimewillappeartousinthelightofacrimeasculpableassuicideitself.

Thereisathirdconsiderationwhichalsotendstowarnusagainstlossoftime.Ourlifeisabriefspanmeasuringsomesixtyorseventyyearsinall,butnearlyonehalfofthishastobespentinsleep;someyearshavetobespentoverourmeals;someoverdressingandundressing;someinmakingjourneysonlandandvoyagesbysea;someinmerry-marking,eitheronourownaccountorforthesakeofothers;someincelebratingreligiousandsocialfestivities;someinwatchingoverthesick-bedsofournearestanddearestrelatives.(3)Nowifalltheseyearsweretobedeductedfromthetermoverwhichourlifeextendsweshallfindaboutfifteenortwentyyearsatourdisposalforactivework.Whoeverremembersthiscanneverwillinglywasteasinglemomentofhislife.“Itisastonishing"saysLordChesterfield,“thatanyonecansquanderawayinabsoluteidlenessonesinglemomentofthatportionoftimewhichisallottedtousinthisworld.Knowthetruevalueoftime;snatch,seize,andenjoyeverymomentofit!”

Alltimeisprecious;butthetimeofourchildhoodandofouryouthismorepreciousthananyotherportionofourexistence.Forthosearetheperiodswhenalonewecanacquireknowledgeanddevelopourfacultiesandcapacities.(4)Ifweallowthesemorninghoursoflifetoslipawayunutilized,weshallneverbeabletorecouptheloss.Aswegrowolder,ourpowerofacquisitiongetsblunted,sothattheartorsciencewhichisnotacquiredinchildhoodoryouthwillneverbeacquiredatall.Justasmoneylaidoutatinterestdoublesandtremblesitselfintime,sotheprecioushoursofchildhoodandyouth,ifproperlyused,willyieldusincalculableadvantages.“Everymomentyoulose,”saysLordChesterfield,“issomuchcharacterandadvantagelost;asontheotherhand,everymomentyounowemployusefullyissomuchtimewiselylaidoutatprodigiousinterest.”

Aproperemploymentoftimeisofgreatbenefittousfromamoralpointofview.IdlenessisjustlysaidtobetherustofthemindandanidlebrainissaidtobeSatan'sworkshop.Itismostlywhenyoudonotknowwhattodowithyourselfthatyoudosomethingillorwrong.Themindoftheidlerpreysuponitself.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.

【答案】（1）如果我们的时间使用得当，我们就能生产出有用的、重要的产品，而这些产品会在市场上赢得其价值。或者我们能利用这些时间充实经验，增长才干，而时机来临时又能转化为钱。

（2）我们想到死，便惊恐不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用来保全我们的生命。可是，我们对于损失一个小时或者一天的时间却往往漠不关心，忘记了我们的生命原本就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。

（3）现在如果从我们的寿命中扣除所有这些岁月，我们将会发现，能受我们支配的有效的工作时间大约仅十五或二十年而已。谁能记住这一点，谁就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每一刻时间。

（4）如果我们让这些生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走，未得到利用，这损失将永远也无法弥补。等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期未能获得的知识和技能将永远不能获得了。

10.单选题

TheInternet,E-commerceandglobalizationaremakinganeweconomicerapossible.Inthefuture,capitalistmarketswilllargelybereplacedbyanewkindofeconomicsystembasedonnetworkedrelationships,contractualarrangementsandaccessrights.

Hasthequalityofourlivesatwork,athomeandinourcommunitiesincreasedindirectproportiontoallthenewInternetandbusiness-to-businessInternetservicesbeingintroducedintoourlives?IhaveaskedthisquestionofhundredsofCEOSandcorporateexecutivesinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Surprisingly,virtuallyeveryonehassaid,“No,quitecontrary.”Theverypeopleresponsibleforusheringinwhatsomehavecalleda“technologicalrenaissance”saytheyareworkinglongerhours,feelmorestressed,aremoreimpatient,andareevenlesscivilintheirdealingswithcolleaguesandfriends—nottomentionstrangers.Andwhat'smorerevealing,theyplacemuchoftheblameontheverysametechnologiestheyaresoaggressivelychampioning.

Thetechnoguruspromisedusthataccesswouldmakelifemoreconvenientandgiveusmoretime.Instead,theverytechnologicalwondersthatweresupposedtoliberateushavebeguntoenslaveusinawebofconnectionsfromwhichthereseemstobenoeasyescape.

Ifanearliergenerationwaspreoccupiedwiththequesttoencloseavastgeographicfrontier,generation,itseems,ismorecaughtupinthecolonizationoftime.Everysparemomentofourtimeisbeingfilledwithsomeformofcommercialconnection,makingtimeitselfthemostscarceofallresources.Oure-mail,voicemailandcellphones,our24-hourInteractnewsandentertainmentallseizeforourattention.

Andwhilewehavecreatedeverykindoflabor-andtime-savingdevicetoserviceourneeds,wearebeginningtofeellikewehavelesstimeavailabletousthananyotherhumansinhistory.Thatisbecausethegreatproliferationoflabor-and-time-savingservicesonlyincreasesthediversity,paceandflowofcommodifiedactivityaroundus.Forexample,e-mailisagreatconvenience.However,wenowfindourselvesspendingmuchofourdayfranticallyrespondingtoeachother’selectronicmessages.Thecellphoneisagreattime-saver.Exceptnowwearealwayspotentiallyinreachofsomeoneelsewhowantsourattention.

Socialconservativestalkaboutthedeclineincivilityandblameitonthelossofamoralcompassandreligiousvalues.Hasanyonebotheredtoaskwhetherthehyperspeedcultureismakingallofuslesspatientandlesswillingtolistenanddefer,considerandreflect?

Maybeweneedtoaskwhatkindsofconnectionsreallycountandwhattypesofaccessreallymatterinthee-economyera.Ifthisnewtechnologyrevolutionisonlyabouthyperefficiency,thenwerisklosingsomethingevenpreciousthantime—oursenseofwhatitmeanstobeacaringhumanbeing.

1.Accordingtothepassage,corporateexecutivesthinkthat（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Wgeneration?

4.Inthesixthparagraph,theauthorimpliedthat（）.

5.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagemightbe（）.

问题1选项

A.technologyrenaissanceshouldbepushedforward.

B.technologyhasaprofoundimpactontheirlives.

C.technologyactuallyresultsinadeclineintheirlifequality.

D.technologyshouldbeaggressivelychampioned.

问题2选项

A.Technologywassupposedtofreepeople.

B.Tgenerationbecameslavesoftechnology.

C.Newtechnologiesoccupymuchofourtime.

D.Itisdifficulttoavoidtheinfluenceoftechnologywonders.

问题3选项

A.Technologicalwonders.

B.Accesstoinformation.

C.Time.

D.Timesavingdevices.

问题4选项

A.socialconservativesblamedthelossofmoralityontechnology.

B.generationwaslesscivilthantheearliergenerations.

C.thehyperspeedcultureledtothedeclineincivility.

D.technologymightmakepeoplelessimpatient.

问题5选项

A.TheNewInternetLife.

B.TheDrawbacksoftooMuchAccess.

C.TheFailureofTechnologicalRenaissance.

D.TheDecliningQualityofLife.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Hasthequalityofourlivesatwork,athomeandinourcommunitiesincreasedindirectproportiontoallthenewInternetandbusiness-to-businessInternetservicesbeingintroducedintoourlives?...“No,quitecontrary.”（我们在工作、家庭和社区的生活质量是否与我们生活中引入的所有新互联网和企业对企业的互联网服务成正比？……“不，完全相反。”）可知C选项“技术实际上导致了他们生活质量的下降”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Instead,theverytechnologicalwondersthatweresupposedtoliberateushavebeguntoenslaveusinawebofconnectionsfromwhichthereseemstobenoeasyescape.（相反，本应解放我们的科技奇迹，却开始把我们束缚在一个似乎无法轻易摆脱的联系网中）但并不是说网络一代变成了技术的奴隶，因此选B。

3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的Everysparemomentofourtimeisbeingfilledwithsomeformofcommercialconnection,makingtimeitselfthemostscarceofallresources.（我们的每一个空闲时间都充满了某种形式的商业联系，使时间本身成为所有资源中最稀缺的）可知选C。

4.推理判断题。文章第六段中的Hasanyonebotheredtoaskwhetherthehyperspeedcultureismakingallofuslesspatientandlesswillingtolistenanddefer,considerandreflect?（有没有人问过，高速发展的文化是否让我们所有人都变得不那么有耐心，不太愿意倾听、推迟、考虑和反思？）可知D选项“科技可能会使人失去耐心”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了科技给人们生活带来的负面影响，因此B选项“使用过多的缺点”符合题意。

11.单选题

Tidalactionisaverycomplicatedphenomenoninvolvingmanyfactorsallofwhichmustbeconsideredtopredicttideinanyoneplaceandatanyonetime.Thealternateriseandfallofthesurfaceoftheseasandtheoceanismainlycausedbytheattractiveforceofthemoonalone.Whentheattractionisgreat,thetideishigh;andconverselywhentheattractionisminimal,thetideislow.Betweenthehightideandthelowtideisaperiodofalittleoversixhours,beingcalledduringitsriseafloodtide,andduringitsfallanebbtide.

Thesunalsoexertsitseffectonthetide,beingalittlelessthanhalfasmuchasthemoon,althoughit’smassissomuchgreater.Whenthemoonandthesunarehorizontal,thehighesthightideoccursandwhentheyareverticalthelowestlowtidetakesplace.

Thewindalsoplaysanimportantpartinthemodificationofthenormalriseandfallofthetide.Thusthesefactorsaffecteachother,eitherdistractingoraddingtotheattractiveforcestoaddorsubtractfromtheheightofthetide.Butthetidesstillmoveinexorablyon,risingtwiceaday,gettinglittlelatereachdayandposingaproblemofcorrectlypredictingtheirheightsandlows.

46.Theprincipalideasofthearticleconcerns（）.

47.WhichofthefollowingfactorsisNOTmentionedasaffectingthetide?

48.Itcanbeconcludedfromthearticlethattheattractionofthesunis（）.

49.Ifthefirsthightidetakesplaceat1:00a.m.thenexthightidewillprobablytakeplaceat（）.

50.Accordingtothearticle,itisclearthattheroleofthemoon（）.

问题1选项

A.theattractionofthesunandthemoon

B.tidalwaves

C.thesun,themoonandthewind

D.featureswhichaffectthetide

问题2选项

A.Thesun

B.Themoon

C.Thewinds

D.Thedepthoftheocean

问题3选项

A.lessthanhalfthatofthemoon

B.morethanhalfthatofthemoon

C.morethanthatofthemoon

D.lessthantwicethatofthemoon

问题4选项

A.7:20a.m.

B.8:00a.m.

C.1:45p.m.

D.highnoon

问题5选项

A.isnotasimportantasthatofthewind

B.islessthanthatofthesun

C.causesthealternateriseandfallofthesurfaceoftheseas

D.haslittleinfluenceonthetide

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】46.主旨大意题。根据本文的第一句Tidalactionisaverycomplicatedphenomenoninvolvingmanyfactorsallofwhichmustbeconsideredtopredicttideinanyoneplaceandatanyonetime.（潮汐运动是一个非常复杂的现象，涉及了很多必须考虑的因素，来预测在任何地方和任何时间发生的潮汐运动。）接着详细介绍了产生潮汐的主要因素。A选项“太阳和月亮的引力”；B选项“潮汐波”；C选项“太阳、月亮、风”，ABC选项只是文中讲到的一些片面信息，不能作为整体概述。D选项“引起潮汐的特征”正确，本文主要列举了引起潮汐的一些因素。故选D。

47.客观细节题。影响潮汐的因素可以看到第一段的第二句Thealternateriseandfallofthesurfaceoftheseasandtheoceanismainlycausedbytheattractiveforceofthemoonalone.（海洋表面的交替上升和下降主要是由月球的吸引力引起的。）第二段第一句Thesunalsoexertsitseffectonthetide.（太阳也会对潮汐有影响。）第三段第一句Thewindalsoplaysanimportantpartinthemodificationofthenormalriseandfallofthetide.（风也在影响潮汐正常上升和下降的过程中起着重要的作用。）唯独D选项“海洋的深度”并未有提及，故选D。

48.推理判断题。定位在第二段第一句Thesunalsoexertsitseffectonthetide,beingalittlelessthanhalfasmuchasthemoon,althoughitsmassissomuchgreater.（太阳对潮汐也发挥了作用，虽然它的体积狠大，但是，它的作用还不及月亮作用的一半。）由此可知，太阳对潮汐的影响比月亮的少了一半。由此可知A选项“不及月球的一半”正确。即可排除B选项“超过月亮的一半”和C选项“比月球还要多”，D选项“比月球的影响少两倍”错误。故选A。

49.推理判断题。定位在第一段的最后一句Betweenthehightideandthelowtideisaperiodofalittleoversixhours,beingcalledduringitsriseafloodtide,andduringitsfallanebbtide.（高潮和低潮之间的时间差超过六小时，上升时被称之为涨潮，下降时被称之为退潮。）题目中第一次的高潮发生在上午1点，那么接下来会有超过6个小时的低潮期，下次高潮的时间就还需要再加上6个小时。由此推理，时间要超过12个小时。同理可排除ABD选项。故选C。

50.客观细节题。定位在第一段的第二句Thealternateriseandfallofthesurfaceoftheseasandtheoceanismainlycausedbytheattractiveforceofthemoonalone.（海洋表面的交替上升和下降主要是由月球的吸引力引起的。）A选项“不像风那么重要”，B选项“比太阳的影响小”，D选项“对潮汐的影响很小”均表述有误。选项C“导致海平面交替上升和下降”正确。故选C。

12.单选题

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,believethatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparkscreativityingrade-schoolchildren,suggestingthatproperly—presentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity.”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark,“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward______.

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbestraisestudents’creativityaccordingtoRobertEisenberger?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve______.

4.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Para.5)probablyrefersto______.

问题1选项

A.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance

B.theamountofmonetaryrewardsforstudents’creativity

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences

D.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards

问题2选项

A.Givingthemrewardstheyanticipate.

B.Givingthemrewardstheyreallydeserve.

C.Assigningthemtaskswhichrequireinventiveness.

D.Assigningthemtaskstheyhavenotdealtwithbefore.

问题3选项

A.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

B.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsisamatterofurgency24.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Para.5)probablyrefersto______.

问题4选项

A.waystodevelopeconomy

B.approachestosolvingproblems

C.systemsofrewardingstudents

D.methodsofimprovingperformance

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“心理学家对……的态度有分歧”。第一段第一句提到Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.（心理学家对于从热烈的表扬到冷冰冰的现金的外部奖励如何影响动机和创造力持相反的观点），接着后面就阐述了Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.（研究行为和结果之间关系的行为主义者认为，奖励能提高工作和学习表现。研究精神生活各个方面的认知研究者认为，奖励鼓励了人们依赖他人的认可和礼物，从而常常会破坏创造力。）可知，心理学家对于外部奖励对他人的动机、创造力和表现方面的影响上有分歧，A项“外部奖励对学生表现的影响”正确；B项“对学生创造力的金钱奖励的数量”和D项“精神鼓励和金钱奖励之间的选择”并没有提到；C项“行为与结果之间的关系的研究”太广泛，并不够具体。因此，该题选择A项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据罗伯特艾森伯格的观点，下列哪项能最好地提高学生的创造力？”。根据第三段罗伯特艾森伯格说的两句话Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity.（如果孩子们知道他们是为了奖励而学习，并且能够专注于相对具有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造力）和Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.（但是如果对表现不佳的孩子也给予奖励，或者让孩子对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易扼杀创造力的）可推断，给与孩子对奖励太多的预期容易扼杀创造力，而给与他们应得的奖励会鼓励他们表现出他们最大的创造力，那么B项“给他们应得的奖励”正确，A项“给予他们预期的奖励”错误；C项“分配给他们需要创造性的任务”和D项“分配给他们以前没有处理过的任务”并不是提高创造力的方法。因此，该题选择B项正确。

3.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，主要的大学正在努力提高他们的评分标准，因为他们相信……”。根据题干定位到第四段Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.（艾森伯格认为，如果一个老师不断地把注意力放在奖励上，或者对普通的成绩给予高分，那么他最终得到的是毫无灵感的学生。作为后一种观点的一个例子，他指出，主要的大学越来越努力地使评分标准严格，并且恢复不及格分数。），由此可推知，主要的大学正在努力提高他们的评分标准，是因为给表现不好的学生奖励将使他变得没有创造力，故B项“奖励表现不佳的学生可能会扼杀学生的创造力”符合题意；A项“惩罚比奖励更有效”和C项“不受启发的学生有助于提高他们的整体学术水平”没有提到，也不能从文中推断出来；D项“打击学生对轻易获得奖励的期望是当务之急”中的discouraging（使人沮丧、打击）用词不当，根据文章可知主要的大学提高评分标准是鼓励学生表现出他们的创造力来处理具有挑战性的问题，并不是打击他们对奖励的预期，而是让他们通过自己的努力来获得应得的奖励。因此，该题选择B项正确。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第五段中的‘tokeneconomies’最有可能指……”。根据题干定位到文章第五段Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.（这位特拉华州的心理学家声称，在较早的年级，使用所谓的“tokeneconomies”，即让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，并根据成绩获得有价值的奖励，有望提高学生的努力和创造力。）可知，tokeneconomies的含义是让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，根据他们的成绩获得相应奖励，目的是为了提高学生的创造力，所以该段中的“tokeneconomies”指的就是一种奖励学生的制度或者方法，C项“奖励学生的制度”符合题意；A项“发展经济的途径”、B项“解决问题的方法”和D项“提高业绩的方法”都不符合文意。因此，该题选择C项正确。

13.单选题

Suddenlythedailyfearanduncertainty（）intofull-scaleterror,andtheshipechoedwithscreams.

问题1选项

A.evaporated

B.escalated

C.evacuated

D.exaggerated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。evaporate“蒸发，使脱水”；escalate“升级”；evacuate”疏散，撤出”；exaggerate“夸张，夸大”。句意：突然，平时的恐惧和不确定性升级为彻底的恐惧，船上回响着尖叫声。选项B符合题意。

14.问答题

Theseyoungadultsestablishedatrendofearlymarriageandrelativelylargefamiliesthatwent

A

formorethantwodecadesandcausedamajorbuttemporaryreversaloflong-termdemographic

B

patterns.Fromthe1940sthroughtheearly1960s,Americansmarriedatahigherrateandata

C

youngeragethantheirEuropeancounterparts.

D

【答案】试题答案：A;wenton

【解析】考查固定搭配。goon意为“持续”，此处为过去式。

15.单选题

____asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.

问题1选项

A.Beingpublished

B.Published

C.Publishing

D.Tobepublished

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.Beingpublished被发表（被动语态的现在分词形式）B.Publishe