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高中英语-第2讲-非谓语动词(要点透析)课件1非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(todo)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。所以,要正确使用非谓语形式,一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义,要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”,所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”,以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。非谓语动词2形式对比项目动词不定式(todo)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词,往往有将来意味相当于名词,指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词,往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词,本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式tododoingdoingdone被动式tobedonebeingdonebeingdone无主动完成式tohavedonehavingdonehavingdone无被动完成式tohavebeendonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone无否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not形式动词不定式动名词(doing)现在分词3一、不定式和动名词作主语1.动名词作主语常用以下句型:Itis+nouse/good+doingsth.而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语。Itwasnousesendinghimtoahospital.It'sveryhardtolearnanart.2.当动名词带逻辑主语时,只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格,不可以用人称代词主格和宾格,也不可以用名词的普通格。Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.(不可用He和Him)Jack'ssuddenlydisappearingmadethemworried.(不可用Jack)一、不定式和动名词作主语43.for/ofsb.todosth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系,则该介词用of,反之,则须用for。在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.3.for/ofsb.todosth.中for或of5二、不定式和动名词作宾语1.动名词作宾语时,可以带逻辑主语。此时,带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格,也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。Doyoumindmy/mereadingyourpaper?Shedoesn'tlikeMary/Mary'stalkingthatway.二、不定式和动名词作宾语62.常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下:(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上,口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)想要干want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,wouldlike/love,desire,swear早打算plan,prepare,mean,arrange同意否agree,promise,undertake,offer,choose,refuse,afford问问看ask,beg,(asktodo要求做……)决定了decide,determine,makeupone'smind,bedetermined尽力干try,manage(反义词fail),struggle,strive努力做care别装蒜pretend2.常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下:(利用口诀进行记忆。事73.介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语:admit,dislike,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,bear(忍受),envy,can‘thelp(不禁),delay,escape,can’tstand(受不了),deny,excuse(借口),consider(考虑),fancy,mind,miss(错过),mention,finish,pardon,resist,forgive,imagine,risk,practise,suggest(建议),keep,quit,putoff,giveup,feellike,beworth,setabout,burstout,be/get/becomeusedto(习惯于),lookforwardto,3.介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组8payattentionto,devote…to,leadto,stickto,getcloseto,objectto,contributeto,getdownto,beequalto(能胜任),turnto(求助于)等。Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Heusedtobelateforwork,butnowhehasbeenusedtogettingupearly.payattentionto,devote…to,l94.动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing,也可跟sb.todo。Youwouldbewelladvisedtostayindoors.Theteacheradvisedtakingadifferentapproach.5.need,require,want作“需要”解时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语,表示某事需要被做。beworth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。Theroadiscoveredwithsomefallentreesandtheyneedremoving/toberemovedimmediately.4.动词advise/allow/permit/forbi106.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别,如forget,stop,remember,regret,try,mean,goon,propose等。trytodo努力、企图做……trydoing试验、试一试某种办法meantodo打算,有意要……meandoing意味着goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情)goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情)proposetodo打算(要做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)6.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别,如for11like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为;+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念,如果这几个动词前有should/would,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。Don'tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow.Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.like/love/hate/prefer+todo127.固定句型1)Thereisnouse(good/point/sense/harm)+doingsth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2)havedifficulty/trouble/problem/ahardtime/agoodtime/fun+(in)doingHehadagoodtimeintravellingabroadthissummervacation.7.固定句型133)spend/waste/losetime(in)doingsth.Theycan'tlosetimeplayingcomputergamesasusual.4)Thereisno+doing…“不可能”Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.5)prevent/stop/keepsb./sth.fromdoing…阻止……做……Nothingcanstophimfromrealizinghisdream.3)spend/waste/losetime(in)d14【疑难点击】1.do/did/does+nothing/anything/everything+but(except)+动词原形,如果谓语动词不是do/did/does,所跟的不定式须带to。LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.2.cannot(help/choose)butdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoice/alternativetodo表示“不得不”。WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.【疑难点击】153.作动词expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等的宾语时,通常用theretobe结构,在mind,objectto等后面用therebeing。作状语多用therebeing结构。Wedon'twanttheretobeanycomradeslaggingbehind.Idon'tmindtherebeingachairhere.Therebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself.3.作动词expect,like,mean,intend,164.为避免重复,在hope,expect,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,need,mean,forget,refuse,tell,know,haveto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时,常出现单独使用的to,而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,havebeen时,要保留这些词。Johndidn'tpasshisdrivingtest,butIexpectedhimto.—Hasn'thefinishedwritingthereport?—No,butheoughttohave.—Aren'tyoutheheadmaster?—No,andIdon'twanttobe.4.为避免重复,在hope,expect,wish,17三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语1.不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语182.表心理状态的interesting,exciting,delighting,disappointing,encouraging,worrying,puzzling,satisfying,surprising,pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时,表示“令人……的”;interested,excited,delighted,disappointed,encouraged,pleased,puzzled,worried,surprised等表示“感到……”,也可用修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词作主语。Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.2.表心理状态的interesting,exciting193.除bedone外,get,become,look,seem,appear,remain等系动词都可跟done。如remainseated/hidden,getpaid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。Whattheworkershavebeentoldisthattheygetpaidbythehour.3.除bedone外,get,become,loo20四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语1.不定式作定语时通常后置,即作后置定语,表示将要发生的动作。We'dbetterfindsomeworkforthechildrentodo.Heisthefirstonetohelpmewithcomputer.(名词前有序数词或最高级时用不定式作定语)Sheboughtabookshelftoputherbookson.(不及物动词构成的不定式作定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。)Yourabilitytoanalyzetheproblemreallysurprisedus.四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语21动词的-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态,还可表示被修饰词的某种用途。Hewasaninspiringleader.Theboylyingonthegroundwasastudent.过去分词作定语表示已经完成的或表被动的动作。Heisanexperiencedteacher.ThebookpublishedinMarchsellswell.动词的-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在222.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义不同。Doyouhaveanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式tosend的动作执行者是“你”。)Doyouhaveanythingtobesent?你有什么东西要(我或别人)寄吗?(不是主语you寄,是别人寄)2.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时233.一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态,意为“已经……的”。afallenleaf落叶(已经落在地上)(afallingleaf飘零的落叶,尚在空中)adevelopedcountry发达国家(adevelopingcountry发展中国家)arisensun升起的太阳(arisingsun冉冉升起的太阳)boiledwater开水(boilingwater沸水)areturnedstudent归国学生3.一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态,意24aretiredworker退休工人anadvancedworker先进工作者abentbranch弯曲的树枝determinedopposition强烈的反对adevotedsoldier忠诚的士兵awell-informedprofessor见多识广的教授aretiredworker退休工人25【疑难点击】(1)Themanwhocamethismorningisourlegaladviser.(√)Themancomingthismorningisourlegaladviser.(×不能用doing表达过去动作)(2)Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?(√)Isthereanyoneansweringthisquestion?(×用answering表达cananswer的意思是错的)(3)Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(√)Thosehavingfinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(×完成式不能作定语)【疑难点击】262.drink,learn,sink,light都有两种形式的过去分词,但作定语时,只能用拼写较长的过去分词。adrunkendriver喝醉酒的司机alearnedlawyer博学的律师asunkenship沉船alightedcandle点着的蜡烛3.不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。Doyouhaveaknifetocutthewatermelon?2.drink,learn,sink,light都有27五、不定式和分词作状语1.动词不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等。目的状语还可以用inorderto或soasto来表示,但soasto不能置于句首,onlytodo,so…astodo和such…astodo中的不定式均作结果状语。onlytodo表示出人意料的结果。Shedidallshecouldtosavehim.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedhard.Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.五、不定式和分词作状语28动词-ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生;完成式(havingdone)表示该动作先于谓语动作发生。Hearingthenews,theygotexcited.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.动词-ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主29过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主语或动宾关系,否则不能作状语。但独立成分,如Generallyspeaking,Judgingfrom…等除外。过去分词的一般形式(done)同动词的-ing形式的完成被动式(havingbeendone)均与句中主谓构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作发生。Given(=Havingbeengiven)awrongnumber,Icouldn'tcontacthimoverphone.Beingblind,howcouldtheyseeanelephant?过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主302.不定式(todosth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生,而分词一般式(doingsth.)作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。Heworkeddeepintothenight,preparingaspeechforthepresident.(worked与preparing同时发生)Igotupveryearlythismorningtopreparebreakfastformyfamily.(gotup先,preparebreakfast后)2.不定式(todosth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在31【疑难点击】1.too…todo表示肯定的情况①当onlytoo和alltoo与动词不定式连用时,表示肯定意义。②tooready(anxious,eager,glad,willing)+todo,其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。【疑难点击】32③never(not)+too…to…句型为“不会太……所以能……”之意。I'monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我很高兴能帮助你。Theyarealltooenthusiastictotakepartintheactivity.他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老,学到老。Shedidnotgetuptoolatetocatchtheearlybus.她起得早,赶上了早班车。③never(not)+too…to…句型为“不会太……所以332.devote,absorb,lose,seat,dress,hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的-ed形式(devoted,absorbed,lost,seated,dressed,hidden)或-ing+oneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hidingoneself)。Seatinghimself/Seated/Sittingintheroom,heisabsorbedinreading.Haveyounoticedthestudentlosinghimself/lostinthought?2.devote,absorb,lose,seat,dre343.有些todo短语,doing短语和done短语已经当作插入语使用,此时,句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系:①totellyouthetruth(实话说),needlesstosay(不用说),tobehonest/frank(老实说,坦白说),tobemoreexact(更确切地说),tomakethingsworse(更糟的是),nottomention…(更不用说)3.有些todo短语,doing短语和done短语已35②generally/frankly/roughlyspeaking(一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说),considering…(鉴于/考虑到……),judgingby/from…(从……来看,依据……来判断),supposingthat…(假定……),providingthat…(假定……),accordingto…(依据……),including…(包括……),owingto…(由于……),talking/speakingof(谈及……)③given…(考虑到……),providedthat…(如果……)Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.②generally/frankly/roughlyspe364.独立主格结构:n./pron.+doing/done/todo/adv./adj./prep.短语前后主语不一致时,分词作状语需有自己的逻辑主语,且分词与逻辑主语之间存在着逻辑上的主动或被动关系,此时,视为独立主格结构。若把独立主格结构还原为状语从句,则主句的主语与从句的主语是不同的。ItbeingSunday,weneedn'tgotoschool.→BecauseitisSunday,weneedn'tgotoschool.Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.→Ifalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.4.独立主格结构:n./pron.+doing/done/375.连词+分词(短语)有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。连词有when,while,if,unless,though,after,before,as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.Hewillnotattendthepartyunlessinvited.5.连词+分词(短语)38六、不定式和分词作宾语补足语1.like,hate,encourage,wish,warn,tell,want,desire,expect,get,permit,order,allow,invite,force,ask,cause,advise,request,prefer,beg,persuade,teach,lead等动词+宾语+todosth.,宾语与todo为主动关系。【特别提醒】MyfatherpermitsmetosurftheInternetattheweekend.hope,welcome,agree,suggest,demand不能跟sb.todo六、不定式和分词作宾语补足语392.感官动词see,observe,hear,notice,watch,feel,lookat,listento+宾语+dosth.(主动,全过程或经常性动作)doing(主动,正在进行)done(被动,完成)若感官动词在被动语态中,则to要还原;Shesawtheoldmancrosstheroad.→Theoldmanwasseentocrosstheroad.Thechildrenwerelastseenplayingbytheriver.Wearegladtoseeourchildtakengoodcareof.2.感官动词see,observe,hear,not403.get/send/set+宾语+doing表示“使……起来”,动作由静止到运动并持续下去;get+宾语+todo=let/havesb.do表示“让某人做某事”;get+宾语+done=havesth.done表示“使某事被做”;send+宾语+todo表示“派某人去做某事”FinallyIgotmycarrunning.Hiswordssentmethinking.Theteacheroftengetsustorecitetexts.I'dliketogetmycarcleanedbeforetheNewYear.Tooursurprise,hewassenttoworkabroad.3.get/send/set+宾语+doing表示“使…414.使役动词make/let+宾语+do/done;宾语与do为主动关系,与done是被动关系;如果make/let在被动语态中,to要还原。Imademylittlebrothercry.→Mylittlebrotherwasmadetocry.Ispokeclearlyandslowlytomakemyselfheardandunderstood.4.使役动词make/let+宾语+do/done;宾语与425.have表示“有”时,用have+宾语+do,表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”;用have+宾语+tobedone,表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。dosth.(主动,让某人做某事)done(被动,①叫人做某事②遭遇某事)doingsth.(主动,让某人或某物一直做某事)使役动词(have)+宾语+5.have表示“有”时,用have+宾语+do,表示“43Theteacheroftenhasusdebateinclass.Theyhadthelightsburningwhileworking.Nancywillhaveherhousepainted.Tohisanger,hehadhiswalletstolenonthebus.Iamgoingtothesupermarketandhavemanythingstobuy.Doyouhaveanythingtobebought?Theteacheroftenhasusdebat446.keep/leave+宾语+doing(主动,且持续进行)/done(被动)Sorrytohavekeptyouwaitingformeforsuchalongtime.Theywenthome,leavingmuchworkunfinished.7.want/order/ask/wish+宾语+(tobe)done(宾语与done之间为被动关系)Theteacherwantedthepaper(tobe)finishedinanhours.老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。6.keep/leave+宾语+doing(主动,且持续进45七、with复合结构

with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种,常在句中充当状语和定语,是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with+宾语+补语”组成,其中,宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为:adv./prep.adj.done(被动或完成)doing(主动,同时)/beingdone(正在被)todo(与宾语有动宾关系,表示将要发生的动作)with+宾语+七、with复合结构 adv./prep.adj.done46Withthechildrenfollowinghim,hehadtogobacktothepark.Withtheworkfinished,hecouldgohome.Withsomanybookstoread,Icouldnotgoout.Withtheweathersohot,theywentintohavearest.WiththepricesofcolorTVsetdownby50%,thecompanyhasaveryhardtime. Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withabookinherhand.Thestudentsstoodinlinewiththenationalflagbeingraised.Withthechildrenfollowinghi47高中英语-第2讲-非谓语动词(要点透析)课件48非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(todo)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。所以,要正确使用非谓语形式,一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义,要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”,所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”,以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。非谓语动词49形式对比项目动词不定式(todo)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词,往往有将来意味相当于名词,指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词,往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词,本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式tododoingdoingdone被动式tobedonebeingdonebeingdone无主动完成式tohavedonehavingdonehavingdone无被动完成式tohavebeendonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone无否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not形式动词不定式动名词(doing)现在分词50一、不定式和动名词作主语1.动名词作主语常用以下句型:Itis+nouse/good+doingsth.而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语。Itwasnousesendinghimtoahospital.It'sveryhardtolearnanart.2.当动名词带逻辑主语时,只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格,不可以用人称代词主格和宾格,也不可以用名词的普通格。Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.(不可用He和Him)Jack'ssuddenlydisappearingmadethemworried.(不可用Jack)一、不定式和动名词作主语513.for/ofsb.todosth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系,则该介词用of,反之,则须用for。在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.3.for/ofsb.todosth.中for或of52二、不定式和动名词作宾语1.动名词作宾语时,可以带逻辑主语。此时,带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格,也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。Doyoumindmy/mereadingyourpaper?Shedoesn'tlikeMary/Mary'stalkingthatway.二、不定式和动名词作宾语532.常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下:(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上,口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)想要干want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,wouldlike/love,desire,swear早打算plan,prepare,mean,arrange同意否agree,promise,undertake,offer,choose,refuse,afford问问看ask,beg,(asktodo要求做……)决定了decide,determine,makeupone'smind,bedetermined尽力干try,manage(反义词fail),struggle,strive努力做care别装蒜pretend2.常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下:(利用口诀进行记忆。事543.介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语:admit,dislike,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,bear(忍受),envy,can‘thelp(不禁),delay,escape,can’tstand(受不了),deny,excuse(借口),consider(考虑),fancy,mind,miss(错过),mention,finish,pardon,resist,forgive,imagine,risk,practise,suggest(建议),keep,quit,putoff,giveup,feellike,beworth,setabout,burstout,be/get/becomeusedto(习惯于),lookforwardto,3.介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组55payattentionto,devote…to,leadto,stickto,getcloseto,objectto,contributeto,getdownto,beequalto(能胜任),turnto(求助于)等。Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Heusedtobelateforwork,butnowhehasbeenusedtogettingupearly.payattentionto,devote…to,l564.动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing,也可跟sb.todo。Youwouldbewelladvisedtostayindoors.Theteacheradvisedtakingadifferentapproach.5.need,require,want作“需要”解时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语,表示某事需要被做。beworth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。Theroadiscoveredwithsomefallentreesandtheyneedremoving/toberemovedimmediately.4.动词advise/allow/permit/forbi576.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别,如forget,stop,remember,regret,try,mean,goon,propose等。trytodo努力、企图做……trydoing试验、试一试某种办法meantodo打算,有意要……meandoing意味着goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情)goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情)proposetodo打算(要做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)6.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别,如for58like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为;+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念,如果这几个动词前有should/would,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。Don'tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow.Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.like/love/hate/prefer+todo597.固定句型1)Thereisnouse(good/point/sense/harm)+doingsth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2)havedifficulty/trouble/problem/ahardtime/agoodtime/fun+(in)doingHehadagoodtimeintravellingabroadthissummervacation.7.固定句型603)spend/waste/losetime(in)doingsth.Theycan'tlosetimeplayingcomputergamesasusual.4)Thereisno+doing…“不可能”Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.5)prevent/stop/keepsb./sth.fromdoing…阻止……做……Nothingcanstophimfromrealizinghisdream.3)spend/waste/losetime(in)d61【疑难点击】1.do/did/does+nothing/anything/everything+but(except)+动词原形,如果谓语动词不是do/did/does,所跟的不定式须带to。LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.2.cannot(help/choose)butdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoice/alternativetodo表示“不得不”。WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.【疑难点击】623.作动词expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等的宾语时,通常用theretobe结构,在mind,objectto等后面用therebeing。作状语多用therebeing结构。Wedon'twanttheretobeanycomradeslaggingbehind.Idon'tmindtherebeingachairhere.Therebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself.3.作动词expect,like,mean,intend,634.为避免重复,在hope,expect,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,need,mean,forget,refuse,tell,know,haveto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时,常出现单独使用的to,而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,havebeen时,要保留这些词。Johndidn'tpasshisdrivingtest,butIexpectedhimto.—Hasn'thefinishedwritingthereport?—No,butheoughttohave.—Aren'tyoutheheadmaster?—No,andIdon'twanttobe.4.为避免重复,在hope,expect,wish,64三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语1.不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语652.表心理状态的interesting,exciting,delighting,disappointing,encouraging,worrying,puzzling,satisfying,surprising,pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时,表示“令人……的”;interested,excited,delighted,disappointed,encouraged,pleased,puzzled,worried,surprised等表示“感到……”,也可用修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词作主语。Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.2.表心理状态的interesting,exciting663.除bedone外,get,become,look,seem,appear,remain等系动词都可跟done。如remainseated/hidden,getpaid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。Whattheworkershavebeentoldisthattheygetpaidbythehour.3.除bedone外,get,become,loo67四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语1.不定式作定语时通常后置,即作后置定语,表示将要发生的动作。We'dbetterfindsomeworkforthechildrentodo.Heisthefirstonetohelpmewithcomputer.(名词前有序数词或最高级时用不定式作定语)Sheboughtabookshelftoputherbookson.(不及物动词构成的不定式作定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。)Yourabilitytoanalyzetheproblemreallysurprisedus.四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语68动词的-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态,还可表示被修饰词的某种用途。Hewasaninspiringleader.Theboylyingonthegroundwasastudent.过去分词作定语表示已经完成的或表被动的动作。Heisanexperiencedteacher.ThebookpublishedinMarchsellswell.动词的-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在692.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义不同。Doyouhaveanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式tosend的动作执行者是“你”。)Doyouhaveanythingtobesent?你有什么东西要(我或别人)寄吗?(不是主语you寄,是别人寄)2.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时703.一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态,意为“已经……的”。afallenleaf落叶(已经落在地上)(afallingleaf飘零的落叶,尚在空中)adevelopedcountry发达国家(adevelopingcountry发展中国家)arisensun升起的太阳(arisingsun冉冉升起的太阳)boiledwater开水(boilingwater沸水)areturnedstudent归国学生3.一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态,意71aretiredworker退休工人anadvancedworker先进工作者abentbranch弯曲的树枝determinedopposition强烈的反对adevotedsoldier忠诚的士兵awell-informedprofessor见多识广的教授aretiredworker退休工人72【疑难点击】(1)Themanwhocamethismorningisourlegaladviser.(√)Themancomingthismorningisourlegaladviser.(×不能用doing表达过去动作)(2)Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?(√)Isthereanyoneansweringthisquestion?(×用answering表达cananswer的意思是错的)(3)Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(√)Thosehavingfinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(×完成式不能作定语)【疑难点击】732.drink,learn,sink,light都有两种形式的过去分词,但作定语时,只能用拼写较长的过去分词。adrunkendriver喝醉酒的司机alearnedlawyer博学的律师asunkenship沉船alightedcandle点着的蜡烛3.不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。Doyouhaveaknifetocutthewatermelon?2.drink,learn,sink,light都有74五、不定式和分词作状语1.动词不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等。目的状语还可以用inorderto或soasto来表示,但soasto不能置于句首,onlytodo,so…astodo和such…astodo中的不定式均作结果状语。onlytodo表示出人意料的结果。Shedidallshecouldtosavehim.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedhard.Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.五、不定式和分词作状语75动词-ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生;完成式(havingdone)表示该动作先于谓语动作发生。Hearingthenews,theygotexcited.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.动词-ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主76过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主语或动宾关系,否则不能作状语。但独立成分,如Generallyspeaking,Judgingfrom…等除外。过去分词的一般形式(done)同动词的-ing形式的完成被动式(havingbeendone)均与句中主谓构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作发生。Given(=Havingbeengiven)awrongnumber,Icouldn'tcontacthimoverphone.Beingblind,howcouldtheyseeanelephant?过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主772.不定式(todosth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生,而分词一般式(doingsth.)作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。Heworkeddeepintothenight,preparingaspeechforthepresident.(worked与preparing同时发生)Igotupveryearlythismorningtopreparebreakfastformyfamily.(gotup先,preparebreakfast后)2.不定式(todosth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在78【疑难点击】1.too…todo表示肯定的情况①当onlytoo和alltoo与动词不定式连用时,表示肯定意义。②tooready(anxious,eager,glad,willing)+todo,其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。【疑难点击】79③never(not)+too…to…句型为“不会太……所以能……”之意。I'monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我很高兴能帮助你。Theyarealltooenthusiastictotakepartintheactivity.他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老,学到老。Shedidnotgetuptoolatetocatchtheearlybus.她起得早,赶上了早班车。③never(not)+too…to…句型为“不会太……所以802.devote,absorb,lose,seat,dress,hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的-ed形式(devoted,absorbed,lost,seated,dressed,hidden)或-ing+oneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hidingoneself)。Seatinghimself/Seated/Sittingintheroom,heisabsorbedinreading.Haveyounoticedthestudentlosinghimself/lostinthought?2.devote,absorb,lose,seat,dre813.有些todo短语,doing短语和done短语已经当作插入语使用,此时,句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系:①totellyouthetruth(实话说),needlesstosay(不用说),tobehonest/frank(老实说,坦白说),tobemoreexact(更确切地说),tomakethingsworse(更糟的是),nottomention…(更不用说)3.有些todo短语,doing短语和done短语已82②generally/frankly/roughlyspeaking(一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说),considering…(鉴于/考虑到……),judgingby/from…(从……来看,依据……来判断),supposingthat…(假定……),providingthat…(假定……),accordingto…(依据……),including…(包括……),owingto…(由于……),talking/speakingof(谈及……)③given…(考虑到……),providedthat…(如果……)Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.②generally/frankly/roughlyspe834.独立主格结构:n./pron.+doing/done/todo/adv./adj./prep.短语前后主语不一致时,分词作状语需有自己的逻辑主语,且分词与逻辑主语之间存在着逻辑上的主动或被动关系,此时,视为独立主格结构。若把独立主格结构还原为状语从句,则主句的主语与从句的主语是不同的。ItbeingSunday,weneedn'tgotoschool.→BecauseitisSunday,weneedn'tgotoschool.Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.→Ifalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.4.独立主格结构:n./pron.+doing/done/845.连词+分词(短语)有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。连词有when,while,if,unless,though,after,before,as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.Hewillnotattendthepartyunlessi

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