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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京信息工程大学考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题
Itwasimportantforanylecturertogettheaudience______rightatthebeginningandthengraduallyincreasethepressure.
问题1选项
A.related
B.concerned
C.involved
D.mixed
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项relate“联系,叙述,讲述”;B选项concern“涉及,关系到”;C选项involve“包含,牵涉,(使)参加”;D选项mix“混合”。根据lecture与audience可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意:对于任何一个演讲者来说,让听众一开始就参与进来是很重要的。然后逐渐增加压力。
2.单选题
Thesystemwasredesignedtoembracethenetworkandeventually(
)itinaprofitabledirection.
问题1选项
A.adapt
B.control
C.install
D.steer
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adapt“使适合,使适应,改编”;B选项control“控制,支配,操纵”;C选项install“安装,安置,使就职”;D选项steer“驾驶,掌舵,指引……的路线”。句意:该系统被重新设计,目的是使其与网络兼容,并最终使网络朝获利方向发展。因此D选项正确。
3.单选题
Everyeffortshouldcontributetothehealthydevelopmentofourcompany,buthowdidtheyreachsuchadecisionthatmaybe()tothecompany’sfuture?
问题1选项
A.irrelevant
B.detrimental
C.casual
D.preceding
【答案】B
【解析】形容词词义辨析。Irrelevant“不相干的”;detrimental“有害的”;casual“随意的,偶然的”;preceding“先前的”。句意:每一项努力都应该为公司的健康发展做出贡献,但是他们是如何做出这样一个可能对公司未来不利的决定的呢?选项B符合题意。
4.单选题
Sincethe1950s,conservationefforts—includingstricterhuntingrulesandmeasuresliketrappingthebirdsandthenreleasingthemintohealthyforests—helpedrestorewildturkeypopulations.
问题1选项
A.protection
B.conspiracy
C.compensation
D.destruction
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项protection“保护;防卫;护照”;B选项conspiracy“阴谋;共谋”;C选项compensation“补偿;报酬;赔偿金”;D选项destruction“破坏,毁灭;摧毁”。句意:自20世纪50年代以来,保护措施——包括更严格的狩猎规则和诱捕火鸡然后将它们放归健康的森林等措施——帮助了野生火鸡数量的恢复。结合此处关键短语helpedrestorewildturkeypopulations(帮助恢复了野生火鸡的数量),可排除B、D选项,C选项不符合题意,也可排除,得知A选项正确。
5.单选题
Inthe(
)ofrecentincidents,weaskingourcustomerstotakeparticularcareoftheirbelongings.
问题1选项
A.evidence
B.company
C.light
D.form
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定搭配。inthelightof“根据,按照,由于,鉴于”。句意:“鉴于最近发生的事件,我们要求顾客注意保管好自己的财物”。选项C符合题意。
6.单选题
Heattendstothe(
)ofimportantbusinesshimself.
问题1选项
A.transaction
B.transition
C.transmission
D.transformation
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。transaction“交易,业务”;transition“过渡,转变”;transmission“传送,播送”;transformation“转换”。句意:他亲自参与重要的商务会议。选项A符合题意。
7.单选题
IfJack(),hewouldnothaveboughtthoseworthlessstocks.
问题1选项
A.wouldhavelistenedtohiswife
B.hadlistenedtohiswife
C.listenedtowhathiswifehadsaid
D.wouldhavelistenedtohiswife’sadvice
【答案】C
【解析】考查虚拟语气。表示对现在事实相反的情况,if从句动词用一般过去时。符合语法的只有C项“listenedtowhathiswifehadsaid”(听他妻子说了些什么)。句意:如果杰克……,他就不会买那些毫无价值的股票了,结合句意,C选项正确。因此答案为C选项。
8.单选题
GeorgeGallup,Jr.,themanwhomakesand(
)hisreputation(
)knowingwhatAmericansthink,hasbroughtallhispollingstrategiestogethertoidentifyandanalyzewhathecallsfutureforces.
问题1选项
A.challenges...on
B.stakes...on
C.hazards...to
D.bets...to
【答案】B
【解析】challenge…on在……方面挑战;stake…on把赌注押在……上面;hazard...to对……有危险;bet不与to搭配。句意:GeorgeGallup,Jr.这个把自己的名誉押在知晓美国人想法上的人,将所有的投票策略集中到一起,以确定和分析他所说的未来力量。选项B符合句意。
9.单选题
Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sback,infantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittlesueofthefacewithtoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner”.
TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmerican’siswelldefined;speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenertoreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.
21.Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare______.
22.Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson______.
23.Accordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner’sneckbecause______.
24.Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto______.
25.Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants______.
问题1选项
A.ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideas
B.somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson’sinnerworld
C.ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinteresting
D.somethingthevaluesofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebate
问题2选项
A.whosefrontviewisfullyperceived
B.whosefaceiscoveredwithamask
C.whosefaceisseenfromtheside
D.whosefaceisfreeofanycovering
问题3选项
A.theydon’tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker
B.theyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontact
C.theydon’tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontact
D.theydidn’thavemuchopportunitytocommunicatethrougheyecontactinbabyhood
问题4选项
A.onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheother
B.eyecontactofmorethanonesecond
C.improperly-timedceasingofeyecontact
D.constantadjustmentofeyecontact
问题5选项
A.nottoweardarkspectacles
B.nottomakeanyinterruption
C.nottoglanceawayfromeachother
D.nottomakeunpredictablepauses
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:A
【解析】21.【选项释义】
21.Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare______.21.作者相信眼睛______。
A.ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideasA.在表达感情和交流思想方面是极其重要的
B.somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson’sinnerworldB.是某种东西,通过它我们可以看到一个人的内心世界
C.ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinterestingC.在使对话变得有趣的过程中是非常重要的
D.somethingthevaluesofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebateD.它的价值在很大程度上是一个长期争论的问题
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】定位第一段第一句“眼睛是否是心灵的窗户还有待商榷,但它们在人际交往中非常重要(intenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunication),这是事实”,可知,作者认为眼睛在人际交流中是非常重要的,A项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项与原文不符,原文提到“眼睛是否是心灵的窗户还有待商榷”,所以该项属于反向干扰;
C、D选项没提到,属于无中生有。
22.【选项释义】
22.Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson______.22.婴儿不会被______的人刺激而微笑。
A.whosefrontviewisfullyperceivedA.能完全看到正脸
B.whosefaceiscoveredwithamaskB.戴着面具
C.whosefaceisseenfromthesideC.呈现侧面脸
D.whosefaceisfreeofanycoveringD.脸上没有任何遮盖物
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】定位第一段第四句“值得注意的是,一个蒙着双眼(arealhumanfacewitheyescovered)或者从侧面只看到一只眼睛的人脸(onlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile)并不会激发微笑”,可知C项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、D选项可以从第四句推知,蒙着双眼或只能从一侧看到一只眼睛的人脸不会刺激婴儿微笑,反推,一张正脸或脸上没有任何遮挡物的人脸会刺激婴儿微笑,该两项符合原文;
B选项定位第三句“对眼睛的刺激不需是真实的,带有两个点的面具也能引起微笑”,可知,该项也是正确的。
23.【选项释义】
23.Accordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner’sneckbecause______.23.根据文章,日本人盯着谈话对象的脖子是因为______。
A.theydon’tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerA.他们不喜欢盯着说话人的脸
B.theyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontactB.他们不需要通过眼神交流
C.theydon’tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontactC.他们认为目光接触是不礼貌的
D.theydidn’thavemuchopportunitytocommunicatethrougheyecontactinbabyhoodD.在婴儿时期,他们没有太多的机会通过眼神交流
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第一段最后三句“在日本,由于婴儿是背在母亲的背上,他们不像其他文化中的孩子那样熟悉眼睛。所以,成年日本人在编译或解读话语的意思时很少有面部表情。事实上,Argyle发现,日本人在进行交谈时,其目光注视的合适位置是谈话对象的颈部。”,从中可知日本人谈话喜欢盯着脖子是因为他们在婴儿时期没有很多眼神交流,D项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均为曲解原文。
24.【选项释义】
24.Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto______.24.根据文章,两个美国人之间的对话可能会因为______而中断。
A.onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheotherA.一个人暂时把目光从另一个人身上移开
B.eyecontactofmorethanonesecondB.目光接触超过一秒钟
C.improperly-timedceasingofeyecontactC.不合时宜地停止眼神交流
D.constantadjustmentofeyecontactD.不断调整眼神交流
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第二段倒数第二句“重要的是,当说话者的目光重新停留在听众的脸上时(whenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact),听众一定要看着说话者,如果听众没看,说话者就会认为听众不感兴趣,于是就会停下来(pause)等听众的目光重新回到说话者的脸上或终止谈话(terminatetheconversation)”可知,如果说话者的目光停留在听众脸上,听众没有看说话者,那么对话就可能会终止,所以C项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项中的one并没有明确是speaker还是listener,指代不清,属于曲解原文;
B选项在文中只是提到“说话者与听者的眼睛接触约一秒钟就会把目光移开”,并不代表对话终止,属于出处错位;
D选项没提到,属于无中生有。
25.【选项释义】
25.Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants______.25.为了让对话顺利进行,参与者最好是______。
A.nottoweardarkspectaclesA.不要戴墨镜
B.nottomakeanyinterruptionB.不要打断
C.nottoglanceawayfromeachotherC.不要把目光移开
D.nottomakeunpredictablepausesD.不要做出不可预知的停顿
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】定位文章最后一句话“当两个说话者都戴着墨镜(wearingdarkglasses)的时候,这种眼神交流对于保持对话流畅的重要性就变得显而易见了:可能会有一种由打断(interruption)、错误的开始和不可预知的停顿(unpredictablepauses)引起的语言阻塞”,从中可知,如果说话者戴着墨镜,那么对话中将无法进行眼神交流,从而会引起一些语言阻塞、停顿等,所以该题选择A项正确。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项都是A选项的结果,不够全面,属于以偏概全。
10.单选题
Inthepastthreedecadesgreatchanges,especiallythewayyoungeradultsviewmarriage,havetakenplaceinsociety.
问题1选项
A.Inthepastthreedecades
B.especiallythe
C.youngeradults
D.insociety
E.没有错误
【答案】B
【解析】副词误用。especially改为particularly。副词especially一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。而particularly往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。
11.翻译题
我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人,而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。这一类型的教育者的用心,毋庸置疑,当然是善意的。问题是,我们论“事”的时候,用心如何根本不重要,重要的是实际后果,而教育的后果何其严重!在这种过度呵护的幼稚教育下成长的大学生,遇事时,除了“眼泪汪汪”之外又能做些什么呢?
【答案】参考译文:
Ihavealwaysconsidereduniversitypresidentstobefar-sighteddecision—makerswhoconductacademicresearchandguidemaindirectionsofeducationratherthanbabysitterswhoareinchargeofstudents’dailylife.Ofcourse,thereisnodoubtthatsucheducatorshaveverygoodintentions.Theproblemis,whenwemakejudgmentsonsomething,whatmatterarenotintentionsbuttheactualconsequences.Andhowserioustheconsequencesofeducationare!Whatcanyouexpecttheuniversitystudentswhoarebroughtupinaneducationalsystemwhichtreatthemlikebabiestodoexceptforseeingthemtoshedtearsinfaceofanactualhardshipproblem?
12.翻译题
Directions:PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglishWriteyourEnglishversionintheproperspaceonAnswerSheet.
目前,对待科技发展存在着相互对立的两种思潮;反科学思潮认为,现代科学的发展非但没有给人类社会带来福音,反而带来了灾难和毁灭;另一种是科技进步思潮,他们认为人类面临的环境污染、生态失衡、资源枯竭等危机是科学发展过程中自然而然遇到的问题,这些问题进一步解决的出路恰恰在于继续大力发展科技。上述两种观点都有一定的合理性,也都有各执一端的片面性,如果从时代的高度和辩证的观点看待当代科技的发展时,我们就可以发现,当代科学技术所面临的问题并不是去如何认识现代科技进步,而是从时代的需要出发,设法找到未来科技进一步发展的理论根据所在。
【答案】Atpresent,therearetwooppositetrendsofthoughttothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Anti-scienceholdstheviewthatthedevelopmentofmodernsciencehasnotbroughtthegospeltothehumansociety,butbroughtdisasteranddestruction.Theotheristhetrendofscientificandtechnologicalprogress,whoseviewisthatenvironmentalproblemssuchaspollution,ecologicalimbalanceandresourceexhaustionoccurnaturallyintheprocessofscientificdevelopment.ItisbyvigorouslydevelopingscienceandtechnologythattheseproblemscanbefurthersolveD.Bothofthesetwoviewsarereasonableandofone-sidedness.Ifwelookatthedevelopmentofcontemporaryscienceandtechnologyfromtheperspectiveofageanddialectics,wecanfindthattheseproblemsfacedbycontemporaryscienceandtechnologyarenothowtounderstandmodernscientificandtechnologicalprogress,buttrytofindthetheoreticalbasisforthefurtherdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinthefuturefromtheneedsofthetimes.
13.单选题
Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.
Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthataresourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment,orself-improvement.
Askabachelorwhyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,andexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.
Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporthree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowwhyanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfantodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.
Understandingandacceptingthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisonemostliberatingrealization.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealreadyhavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.
1.Tounderstandwhattruehappinessisonemust(
).
2.Accordingtotheauthor,abachelorresistsmarriagechieflybecause(
).
3.Raisingchildren,intheauthor’sopinion,is(
).
4.Fromthelastparagraph,welearnthatenvysometimesstemsfrom(
).
5.Whatisthemainpointtheauthorisgoingtotellus?
问题1选项
A.putupwithpainunderallcircumstances
B.beabletodistinguishhappinessfromfun
C.makeeveryefforttoliberateoneselffrompain
D.haveasmuchfunaspossibleduringone’slifetime
问题2选项
A.hefindsmorefunindatingthaninmarriage
B.heisreluctanttotakeonfamilyresponsibilities
C.hebelievesthatlifewillbemorecheerfulifheremainssingle
D.hefearsitwillputanendtoallhisfunadventureandexcitement
问题3选项
A.amoralduty
B.athanklessjob
C.arewardingtask
D.asourceofsuffering
问题4选项
A.hatred
B.ignorance
C.prejudice
D.misunderstanding
问题5选项
A.Happinessoftengoeshandinhandwithpain
B.Onemustknowhowtoattainhappiness.
C.Itisimportanttomakecommitments
D.Itispainthatleadstohappiness.
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:B
第3题:C
第4题:D
第5题:A
【解析】1.根据文章第一段:Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.如果娱乐和快乐等同于幸福,那么痛苦就等于不幸。...theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.但事实上,恰恰相反;导致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。确定B选项’娱乐与幸福区分开来‘正确。A选项’忍受各种环境下的痛苦‘、C选项’尽一切努力让自己从痛苦中解脱出来‘、D选项’—生当中,尽可能的娱乐‘与原文不符,排除。
2.根据文章第三段:Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.如果他是诚实的他会告诉你他害怕做出承诺,承诺是非常痛苦的。确定B选项‘他不愿意承担家庭责任‘正确。A选项’他发现约会比婚姻有更多的乐趣‘、C选项’他相信,如果他继续单身,他的生活会更加快乐‘、D选项’他害怕结束生活中的快乐、冒险和刺激‘与原文不符,排除。
3.根据文章第四段:Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.但是,决定不生孩子的夫妻永远体会不到看着一个孩子长大和含饴弄孙所带来的快乐。确定C选项‘是一项有回报的使命‘正确。A选项‘一种道德义务’、B选项‘一项吃力不讨好的工作’、D选项‘是痛苦的来源’与原文矛盾。
4.根据文章最后一句:Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealreadyhavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.它把我们从嫉妒中解放出来:我们现在知道那些总是有那么多乐趣的人也许根本就不幸福。确定D选项‘误解’正确。A选项‘憎恨’、B选项‘无知,愚昧’、C选项‘偏见’不符合原文,排除。
5.根据文章第一段:Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.我们坚信充满乐趣,没有痛苦的生活就等于幸福,实际上减少了他们获得真正幸福的机会。Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.如果娱乐和快乐等同于幸福,那么痛苦就等于不幸福。但事实上,但事实上,恰恰相反;导致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。整个文章就是围绕这一主题展开论述的,所以A选项‘幸福经常与痛苦紧密相连’正确。B选项‘人必须知道怎样获得幸福’、C选项‘做出承诺很重要’原文没有提到。D选项‘是痛苦引起了幸福‘与原文矛盾,排除。
14.翻译题
中国传统社会具有宗法社会的性质,重视人伦关系成为其文化特色。孟子将“人伦”归结为“父子有亲,君臣有义,夫妇有别,长幼有序,朋友有信”。这五种基本的社会关系有四种关系与血缘和家庭有关,而国家关系正是这种血缘和家庭关系的拟制。人伦文化注重血缘亲情,强调等级名分,强化社会成员的角色,着眼于家庭和社会利益的全局,注重内部的秩序与凝聚力。正是在人伦文化的基础上,形成了大一统的观念和注重整体利益的价值取向。
传统社会宗法关系强有力的纽带作用和强调集权统一的观念文化与制度文化,培养出中华民族注重整体利益的价值观念。在这种价值观念中,社会的利益、国家的利益和家庭的利益始终是第一位的,而地方的利益、局部的利益和个人利益往往被忽视。个性被湮灭在共性之中,整齐划一是理想典范,标新立异则是异端另类。
【答案】China’sancientsocietywaspatriarchalinnature,inwhichhumanrelationsweregivenpriority.Menciussummeduphumanrelationsas“Betweenfatherandson,thereshouldbeaffection;betweensovereignandminister,righteousness;betweenhusbandandwife,attentiontotheirseparatefunctions;betweenoldandyoung,aproperorder;andbetweenfriends,fidelity.”Outofthesefivebasichumanrelations,fourwererelatedwithbloodtiesandfamily.Staterelationshipwasacopyofthiskindoffamilybloodrelationship.Theculturebasedonhumanrelationsheldasessentialthebloodrelationships,andhighlightedpeople’ssocialstatus.Withaviewtotheoverallsituationofthefamilyandsocialinterests,itpaidspecialattentiontotheinternalorderandcohesiveness.Itwasonthebasisofthisculturethattheconceptofgreatnationalunityandcollectivismcameintobeing.
TheChinesevalueofcollectivismwascultivatedbytheforcefultieofthepatriarchalrelationsandthecultureofideologyandinstitutionthatgaveprominencetocentralizationandunity.Theinterestofthesociety,thecountryandthefamilywasalwayscountednumberonewhilethatofthelocality,thepart,ortheindividualsometimesignored.Individualitygavewaytouniversality.Uniformitywasconsideredapotheosiswhereasunconventionality,heterodoxy.
15.单选题
Themajorityofthetimeyouwillfeelnopain.However,aftereachsessionyoucouldpossiblyfeelemotional,amildheadache,orfatigue.
问题1选项
A.depression
B.exhaustion
C.faintness
D.anger
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项depression“沮丧;不景气;忧愁”;B选项exhaustion“枯竭;耗尽;疲惫”;C选项faintness“模糊;微弱;衰弱”;D选项anger“愤怒;怒气”。句意:大多数时候你不会感到疼痛。然而,在每个疗程之后,你可能会感到情绪波动,轻微的头痛或……。exhaustion和faintness都会有疲惫的意思,exhaustion指一般的疲惫状态。faintness是指虚弱和疲倦并可能变得无意识的状态,情况较为严重。而根据关键信息amildheadache“轻微的头痛”连接词可知后面的单词也应该与表示身体状态的单词有关。因此B选项符合题意。
16.单选题
IthinkthatIcommitteda(
)inaskingherbecausesheseemedveryupsetbymyquestion.
问题1选项
A.blunder
B.revenge
C.reproach
D.scandal
【答案】A
【解析】blunder大错,愚蠢的错误;revenge报复,复仇;reproach责备,耻辱;scandal丑闻,流言蜚语。句意:我认为我在问她的时候犯了一个大错,因为她似乎被我的问题弄得很心烦。选项A符合语境。
17.单选题
Hebelievedinconventionalbehaviorswhich______tothehigheststandards.
问题1选项
A.confirmed
B.confronted
C.conformed
D.affirmed
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项confirmed“确认;确定;证实;批准;使巩固”;B选项confronted“面对;遭遇;比较”;C选项conformed“符合;遵照;适应环境;使遵守;使一致;使顺从”;D选项affirmed“肯定;断言;确认”。句意:他相信符合最高标准的传统行为。因此C选项正确。
18.单选题
______forhisillness,hewouldhavecometohelpyoupaintyourhouse.
问题1选项
A.Notbeing
B.Nothavingbeen
C.Haditnotbeen
D.Havingitnotbeen
【答案】C
【解析】考查虚拟语气。当主句结构为:主语+would(shouldcouldmight)+have+动词的过去分词时,从句结构应为:If+主语+had+动词的过去分词。当虚拟句中的if省略时,主句中的had要提前。原句应为:Ifithadnotbeenforhisillness...,省略if后had提前,句子变为:Haditnotbeenforhisillness...。句意:如果不是因为他生病,他就会来帮你粉刷房子了。因此C选项正确。
19.单选题
Theorganizationissuedacryofalarmlastweek,citing"()evidence"thatthosechildrenarenotreceivingthesamequalityofeducationastheirricherpeers.
问题1选项
A.comparing
B.completing
C.compelling
D.composing
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词辨析。comparing“比较的”;completing“完成”;compelling“引人注目的;令人信服的”;composing“起镇静作用的”。句意:该组织上周发出警告,称有“有力的证据”表明,这些孩子接受的教育质量不如他们富裕的同龄人。因此C选项符合题意。
20.单选题
ItisverystrangebutIhadan()thattheplanewouldcrash.
问题1选项
A.inspiration
B.intuition
C.imagination
D.incentive
【答案】B
【解析】inspiration启发灵感的人(或事物),灵感;intuition直觉,直觉力;imagination想象力;incentive动机。句意:这很奇怪,但是直觉告诉我这架飞机会坠毁。
21.单选题
Theadvertisingindustryhasresortedtoself-regulationinaseriousefforttocurtailnotonlybadtastebutalsomisrepresentationanddeceptionincopyandillustrations.
问题1选项
A.avert
B.deny
C.exclude
D.reduce
【答案】D
【解析】动词辨析。句意:广告业通过加强自律努力清除印刷制品与各类插图中的低俗内容、失实报道与欺骗信息。
avert:避免,防止。deny:否认,拒绝。reduce:减少,降低,缩小。curtail:缩减,缩短。故D项与题意一致。
22.单选题
ThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe()fromfalltowinter.
问题1选项
A.transmission
B.transformation
C.transition
D.transfer
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项transmission“传动装置;传送;播送”;B选项transformation“转化;转换;改革;变形”;C选项transition“过渡;转变”;D选项transfer“转让;转移;传递;过户”。句意:虽然我对于变化的季节有很多喜欢的地方,但是我最喜欢的时间是从秋天到冬天的过渡。由句意可知C选项正确。
23.单选题
________hasfinishedthetaskaheadoftimewillberewarded,thoughwedon’tknowwhoitwillbe.
问题1选项
A.Thosewho
B.Anyone
C.Whoever
D.Who
【答案】C
【解析】考查从句。句意:()在规定时间之前完成任务会受到奖赏,尽管我们不知道这个人是谁。空格这句话有两个谓语而且前面都缺少主语,所以可以判断句子是主语从句或者我们需要补个主语然后接从属连词来引导定语从句。从句的谓语动词需要和先行词保持一致,A选项中those是复数代词,而题干的has是第三人称单数,所以。Anyone不能引导从句,B选项排除;根据句意,C选项更符合题意。
24.单选题
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.
Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrasts,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.
WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.
1.WhichofthefollowingappliestomanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?
2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?
3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto().
4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis().
5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
问题1选项
A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.
B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition
C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment
D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployeesownbusiness
问题2选项
A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm
B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced
C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm
D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive
问题3选项
A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff
B.workerwhocanoperatenewequipment
C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills
D.topexecutives
问题4选项
A.theintroductionofnewtechnologies
B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills
C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees
D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees
问题5选项
A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermansfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.
B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement
C.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity
D.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’sHierarchy
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:C
【解析】1.细节事实题。A:他们会以最低的成本雇佣工人而不在乎其劳动技能,C:相比于生产设备,他们更加重视劳动力,第一段指出:Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment(劳动力不过是雇来的另一种生产要素—以尽可能低的成本租用——就像购买原材料或者设备),文章虽然说美国公司并不是很注重劳动力的技能但没说完全不考虑劳动技能,因此A不正确,C也不正确。B:他们因竞争激烈而只雇佣有技术的工人,第一段指出:Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem(如果可持续的竞争优势取决于劳动力的技能,那么美国企业将会而临麻烦)。由此可知美国企业并没有很注重劳动力的技能,因此B与原文不符。D:他们认为技能的获得是员工自己的事,由第一段中“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility(技能的获得被认为是个人的事)”可知D正确。故选D。
2.细节事实题。第二段指出:Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)(人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一项专门的工作,被划在企业等级边缘之外。坐在这个位子上的经理主管人员从来不会在主要战略性决策中被咨询,并且没有机会上升到执行总裁的位子上),因此C“他在企业的重大决策中没有发言权”正确。
3.细节事实题。第三段指出:Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees(他们投入的资金更多集中用在了专业人员和管理人员身上),故选A:技术和管理人员。
4.细节事实题。最后一段指出:If
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