2021届高考英语二轮专项语法复习-名词学案

第1讲名词自主探究1.名词的概念：名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，有专有名词和普通名词之分，还有可数名词与不可数名词之分。H.名词的种类HL名词类别的相互转换专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称可数名词不口」数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1.个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换2.物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower.花朵个体名词开花抽象名词①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty.w抽象名词年轻人个体名词©Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②一HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?一Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名词成功的事个体名词例句意义名词性质①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词①Iboughtachickenthismorning.②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken.小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词

3.抽象名词与个体名词的转换①Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.

消息（抽象名词）具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词（如:

具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词（如:

have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词（如:

have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作②Couldwehaveawordbeforeyougotothe

meeting?适（个体名词）

类例：haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/a

trip/awash/adiscussion/alook;takeawalk/a

bath;makeanadvance/anearlystart/a

decision/achange;giveacryofpain具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词（如:

have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分©ManypeopleagreethataknowledgeofEnglish（懂英语）isamustininternationaltradetoday.giveafullerknowledge（知识）ofChina②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhaveamuchhappiertime（愉快的时光）atschool.③Time（时间）ismoney.抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次，一阵，一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰，可与a,an连用★有些不可数名词尽管有形容词修饰，但不能与a,an连用①Oh,John.Whatapleasantsurprise（令人高兴的惊喜）yougaveme!②Shelookedupinsurprise（惊讶地）whenIshouted.（3）Itissuchanunusualworkofart（一件不寻常的艺术作品）thateveryonewantstohavealookatit.（4）What自neweather（好天气）itis!⑤Hereisgoodnews（好消息）foryou.@Hehasmadegreatprogress（很大的进步）inEnglishrecently.⑦Hegotusefulinformation（有用的信息）aboutcomputer.⑧Whatgoodadvice（好建议）hegaveusonthestudyofEnglish!类彳以的词还有：equipment,furniture,luggage,clothing,homework,fun---W.名词的数1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-S或-es。规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的在词尾加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f或-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives,half-halves,life-lives,self-selves,shelf-shelves加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,grief-griefs,safe-safes,cliff-cliffs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加一0结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos,studio-studios8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths2.不规则名词复数:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice,ox-oxen,crisis-crises,medium-media,analysis-analyses,phenomenon-phenomena,criterion-criteria,child-children2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species,li俚）3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents,shoes,gloves,chopsticks,jeans,sleeves,slippers规则例词4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队），times（时代）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件）,manners（礼貌）,looks（外表），brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）,airs（摆架子）,works（著作）,damages（赔偿金），balances（天平），interests（利益）7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Europeans,Romes单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsV.名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫作名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是由名词词尾加k构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加1theboy'sfather,Jack*sbook,herson-in-law'sphoto复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers'room,thetwins*mother不规则复数名词后加'Sthechildren'stoys,women'srights以s结尾的人名所有格加小或者’Dickens1novels,Charles'job,theSmiths*house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加'SJapan*sandAmerica'sproblems,Jane'sandMary'sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末尾加'sJapanandAmerica'sproblems,JaneandMary'sfather表示“某人的家/店铺”，所有格后名词省略thedoctor's,thebarber's,thetailofs,myuncle*s27s所有格的用法:3.of所有格的用法：1表示时间today'snewspaper,fiveweeks*holiday2表示自然现象theearth'satmosphere,thetree*sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry'splan,theworld'spopulation,China'sindustry4表示工作群体theship'screw,themajority'sview,theteam'svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile'sjourney,fivedollars*worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife'stime,theplay'splot7某些固定词组abird'seyeview,astone'sthrow,atone'swit'send（不知所措）用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed

W.名词作定语

1表示地点、时间、材料、用途、类别、性别等名词常用来作定语LondonAirport（伦敦机场）MoscowStadium（莫斯科体育场）summerholiday（暑假）acoffeecup（咖啡杯）abookcase（书箱）sciencefiction（科幻小说）aweatherreport（天气预报）apeaceconference（和平会议）femalecrocodile（雌鳄鱼）aresearchproject（研究项目）2名词作定语时一般用单数形式，但个别情况下仍需用复数anArtsdegree（文科学士）careersguidance（就业指导）savingsbank（储蓄银行）agreetingstelegram（问候电报）publicrelationsdepartment（公共关系部）animalrightsgroup（动物权利组织）3以ics或一些s结尾的名词作定语不变apolitics/physicsprofessor（政治/物理教授）anewsreporter（新闻记者）asalesmanager（销售