浅谈中小企业会计规范化

浅谈中小企业会计规范化自改革开放以来中国经济的快速发展的步伐，中小企业已经成为不可缺少的社会和经济生活的组成部分。它是在市场促进竞争，增加就业机会，促进人民生活，促进技术创新，促进经济发展和维护社会稳定，发挥了重要作用。据统计，中国目前有超过800万家中小企业，占99我国企业总数％以上，工业产值，纳税，该国出口总额的60％，40％和60％左右，并提供了75％的城镇就业机会。从1976年到1999年，从2.3亿农村劳动力转移就业大部分于中小型企业。然而，中小企业也面临着不少困难和问题，它是在处于弱势地位的市场竞争。随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中小企业必须在同样的条件与外国企业。中小型企业将面临更加激烈的市场竞争。中小型企业怎么办？我认为首先应该自身特点和中小型企业，会计暴露问题的分析。分析前，必须指出，在这篇文章中讨论中小型企业是指生产型中小型企业包括各种所有制形式的中小型企业。民营企业经营规模占相当大的比重，使他们能专注于民营企业的问题。首先，中小企业的特点：1，灵活，创新能力，高效率与大型企业相比，中小型企业组织灵活，操作弹性大，活力强，成为强于大企业的市场适应能力。在下人类的生存竞争和发展的现实选择条件，激烈的斗争，中小型企业是依靠其组织灵活和创新能力，选择适当的战略，其中许多人具有较好的战略前瞻性，能根据企业的竞争特点，制定战略联盟，突破战略。中小型企业建立和发展是社会和经济生活的一个组成部分。大型企业与发达的社会经济成分有大量的经济合作。然而，中小型企业，资金规模较小，缺乏技术创新，市场开拓能力不强的困扰中小型企业的发展。2，小型企业在各行业，单一业务范围广泛参与-中小企业规模小，主要反映在以下的年营业额，有一些是小规模纳税人。资本投资，这对企业的融资渠道主要依靠内部积累和朋友来借钱，银行金融机构的小额资金十分有限。在业内中小型企业，总的范围是从事产品，一个简单的服装加工，食品加工，以及机械，化工，甚至高批销高科技。但他们往往只集中在特定产品或业务，很少有其多元化的业务流程。3，组织结构简单，缺乏组织制度，人事是非常有限的中小型企业的组织有合伙和有限责任公司独资的形式。独资，合伙组织形不具有法人资格而无法人资格侧要承担无限连带责任。，小型和中小型企业的组织结构，使用更多的中央集权制，经营者和内部组织结构比较简单，没有太多的管理层次，可以发挥信息传输速度快的优势，不容易变形。许多企业没有相应的管理决策机构，即使有限责任公司董事会董事，只有一个人或少数人说了算。管理制度，工作标准，技术规格等极少数，但不全面。工作人员非常有限，常常一个人充当很多的角色。4，管理水平不高。中小型企业普遍没有受到影响，科学管理，管理水平不高。首先在管理，人员的选拔认血肉联系，强调忠诚老实，不重视管理，第二，管理办法的权力过度集中，没有民主，通常很容易伤害雇员的积极性。家庭经营很普遍，强调员工的家庭的利益感。为一个家庭服务，个人升迁发展的机会很少。管理任意性强，缺乏管理的制度化，规范化和程序。没有任何奖励和惩罚，系统不透明，习惯于经营管理，不重视精神激励，只注重物质奖励等。5，偷税，逃避债务，没有做成大型企业的愿望在业务过程中，中小企业，以企业自身的利益，常常有避免缴交税费增加财富的观念，如经营状况不好则愿望更强烈。且外部的监督是不够的，这一现象将是广泛的存在。（二）会计基础工作薄弱1，会计机构和会计人员不符合会计部门设置的会计标准，有些根本不成立会计机构，一些企业甚至建立了会计机构但水平一般，分工不明确。在会计人员的任命，最常见的做法是任命自己的亲人时，小企业出纳，外部在雇佣一个兼职会计，这些有的是税务部门的工作人员，有的是国有企业的财务管理人员。由于对中小型企业的发展和社会的前景，难以确定职业保障，它吸引优秀会计人员比大企业少得多。会计从业资格和标准评估也有许多问题，会计无证员额严重的现象，主管会计没有专业技术资格的现象较多。对后续教育和会计人员的培训工作几乎不存在。2，建账法律不规范或不建账。一些中小型企业没有设立帐户，或设立帐户但帐目混乱。有许多相当数量的中小企业设立一个帐户的两个帐户套。据一项调查研究中得出结论的来源有两个套中小型企业在高达78.36％，这表明中小型企业的会计信息严重失真的中国。待摊费用预提费提前不摊销，人为操纵利润，以及一些会计人员低和专业知识结构老化，会计核算方法和先进的技术无法实施，或实施范围很少。3，内部会计监督职能没有奏效。会计核算和会计监督的基本职能之一，以确保真实，准确的会计信息，会计制度，以确保合理的遵守。内部会计监督，会计人员要求进行会计监督的经济生活但中小型企业的管理者经常干预会计，会计人员受管理者或受利益驱动，往往是管理者的意图行事。会计监督职能的使用几乎是不可能的。（因为公司不购买商品和材料的发票时，有不同的价格，发票，以增加，价格较高，不要发票价格较低，两者的区别是税。中小型企业往往要降低交易的价格，但无法获得会计所需的法律文件。有业务发生后，无法取得发票的费用，只取得收据不遵守规定的。大多发生在分摊费用的收取更高的部门。公司并没有作出这样的付款，或在票据转让。（四）系统内的中小型企业缺乏系统，审计制度，配额管理制度，计量检测体系，金融库存系统，成本会计制度，财务收支和其他审批制度的基本制度，一般致残;或限制尽管他们有几个系统从来没有认真在过去的实际工作。一些中小企业经营管理者也意识到这些问题，但依靠现有的管理和工作人员无法建立和完善这些制度的质量，尤其是不健全的内部控制制度的很多负面影响的企业，这种情况不只会损害。企业资产，管理混乱的严重浪费，也导致外部监督的困难。第三，中小企业会计标准的建议（一）政府加强法律和相关的建设和实施细则，促进中小企业的全面发展中小型企业的会计处理标准化问题，依靠自我改进，单凭几家公司会计人员个人的努力是难以实现。从中小企业和我们能够看到问题的特点，不能孤立地看，我们必须知道，只有促进中小企业的健康发展，解决企业融资困难，帮助中小型企业实现科学管理，克服自己的弱点，以便对从根本上解决了中小企业会计规范化问题。在过去两年中，政府的中小企业发展，高度重视始可予以实现。中国向全国人民代表大会今年推出了“中小企业促进法”，这是促进中小企业，一个重要的法律措施的发展，反映了我国中小企业发展的战略决策。该法旨在为建立和中小企业发展资金，政策等创造良好的环境，从技术创新也是，市场开发，社会服务提供了一系列激励措施。该法的实施，将改善中小企业的经营环境，促进中小企业健康发展，发挥国民经济和社会发展以及从根本上解决重要的作用小，融资困难一中小型企业中小型企业，创新能力和管理水平不高，缺乏的现状。在政府部门，银行和金融机构和社会服务部门，各级按照中小企业促进法，采取措施，促进中小企业的发展。（二）小型和中小型企业与中国的会计系统兼容的建立。在过去很长一段时间，我们在会计准则体系的发展过程中的国家，很少考虑到中小企业的会计和大型企业和上市公司的需要，差额由于中小型企业在中国乃至世界经济的发展发挥了会计理论界对中小企业日益重要的作用是越来越关注有关会计的标准化。9月在日内瓦，就中小企业会计集中中外专家做特殊定义的，和我的专家积极参与已着手对中小企业发展的会计系统设计，明年推出，这将使小的系统会计标准方面的中小型企业。我认为中小企业会计制度应制定遵循以下原则：（1），以适应会计制度设计的特点是中小企业，企业管理要考虑组织体系设置，与此一致。只有会计集中核算的方法，即是会计机构的整合。同类型交易的一些有限的中小型企业，经营活动相对简单，一般只需要，对数据产生深入的需求分析，简单的数据，因此，应该允许一些公司没有建立会计机构设置;会计人员一般2-3是适当的。我们应该注意到分离不相容的工作，如收银员，总帐和审计，财务和总分类帐。不能做会计工作的公司也可代理的社会中介机构;中小企业部门涵盖了一系列广泛的帐目应考虑普遍，对独资和合伙中小企业形式使用须承担无限责任，应考虑到会计制度的影响，为企业和个人的财产和其他被占领的家庭支出，应设立占经常帐户;。相应的证明文件，而不是仅仅放宽确定的一体化。DiscussiononthestandardizationofaccountingforSMEsSincethereformandopeningupofChina'srapideconomicdevelopment,SMEshavebecomeanindispensablesocialandeconomiclifeofthecomponent.Itisinthepromotionofmarketcompetition,increasingemploymentopportunitiesandfacilitatethepeople'slives,andpromotetechnologicalinnovation,promotingeconomicdevelopmentandmaintainingsocialstability,hasplayedanimportantrole.Accordingtostatistics,ChinacurrentlyhasmorethaneightmillionSMEs,accountingfor99%ofthetotalnumberofChineseenterprisesformorethanitsindustrialoutput,taxpayments,andthecountry'stotalexportsaccountedfor60%,40%and60%,andprovides75%ofurbanemploymentopportunities.From1976to1999,from230millionrurallabortransferoutofjobsmostlyinsmallandmediumenterprises.However,SMEsalsofacemanydifficultiesandproblems,itisinthemarketcompetitioninaweakposition.WithChina'saccessiontotheWorldOrganization,smallandmediumenterprisesmustbeunderthesameconditionstocompetewithforeignenterprises.Smallandmediumenterpriseswillfaceevenmoreintensemarketcompetition.SMEsthatdo?Ithinkthefirstthingshouldbeitsowncharacteristicsandmediumenterprises,SMEs,accountingexposedtheproblemanalysis.Analysisisrequiredbeforethepointthatsmallandmediumenterprisesdiscussedinthisarticlereferstothescaleofproductionandoperationofavarietyofsmallandmediumenterprisesandvariousformsofownership,asprivateenterprisesinsmallandmediumenterprisesaccountforalargeproportion,soitcanfocusonprivateenterpriseissues.First,thecharacteristicsofSMEs:flexible,andinnovativecapacity,highefficiencyComparedwithlargeenterprises,smallandmediumbusinessorganizationsaflexible,operatingflexibility,vitalityandstrong,makingitstrongerthanthelargeenterprisesmarketadaptability.Smallandmediumenterprisesinthefiercestruggleforsurvivalunderconditionsofcompetitionanddevelopmentofarealisticchoiceistorelyonitsflexiblemechanismsandinnovativecapacityandselecttheappropriatestrategies,manyofthemononepointusedthestrategyoflookingforgapsinstrategy,characteristicsofbusinessstrategy,competition,strategicalliancesbreakthroughstrategy.SMEstocreateanddevelopalargenumberofscientificandtechnologicalachievementsintosocialandeconomiclifeanintegralpartoflargeenterprisestogetherwiththecompositionofwell-developedsocio-economic.However,thesizeofsmallandmediumenterprises,funding,theextentofgovernmentsupportinthecompetitioninaweakformofthesurvivalofgreatworkunderthepressureofhighefficiency.Financingdifficulties,lackoftechnologicalinnovation,marketdevelopmentcapabilityisnotstrongplaguedthedevelopmentofSMEs.small-scaleenterprisesinvolvedinawiderangeofindustries,businesssingle-SmallsizeofSMEsismainlyreflectedinanannualturnoverofless,thereareaconsiderablenumberofsmall-scaletaxpayers.Smallamountofcapitalinvestment,whichisthefinancingchannelsforenterprisesmainlyrelyoninternalaccumulationandfriendstoborrowmoney-bankfinancialinstitutionsisverylimited.Completerangeofsmallandmediumenterprisesinvolvedintheindustry,areengagedinwholesalemarketingofproducts,asimplegarmentprocessing,foodprocessing,aswellasmechanical,chemicalandevenhigh-tech.Buttheytendtoonlyfocusonaparticularproductorabusiness,anizationalstructureissimple,lackoforganizationalsystem,personnelisverylimitedSmallandmediumenterprisesaresoleproprietorshipformoforganization,partnershipandlimitedliabilitycompany.Soleproprietorship,partnershipformoforganizationcannotbethequalification,havetobearunlimitedjointandseveralliability;limitedliabilitycompanywithlegalpersonality,withitscapitalcontributions,heldlimitedliability.Eitherformoforganization,theorganizationalstructureofsmallandmediumenterprisestousemorecentralizedsystem,operatorsandinternalorganizationalstructureisrelativelysimple,nottoomanymanagementlayers,canplayfasttransmissionofinformationisnoteasydistortionadvantages.Buteasytoforma"mouthpiece"ofthephenomenon.Manybusinessesdonothaveacorrespondingmanagementdecision-makingbodies,evenifthelimitedliabilitycompanyboardofdirectors,onlyonepersonorasmallnumberofpeoplehavethefinalsay.system,workingstandards,technicalspecificationsandsoveryfew,thereisnotcomprehensive.Verylimitedstaff,oftenapersonwhoisalsothenumberofstaff.managementlevelisnothigh.SMEsingeneralhavenotbeeninfluencedbyscientificmanagement,managementlevelisnothigh.,Firstofobsoleteconceptsinthemanagement,personnelselectionandnepotism,Ibelievethatbloodties,emphasizingloyaltytohonest,donotpayattentionto;Secondly,themanagementapproachtoexcessivecentralizationofpower,notdemocracy,isofteneasytohurttheenthusiasmofemployees.Familymanagementiswidespread,emphasizingthefamilyinterestsoftheemployeesfeelasafamilyservice,personalpromotionofdevelopmentopportunitiesarefew.Andthemanagementofarbitrarystrong,lackofmanagementoftheinstitutionalized,standardizedandprocedural.Thereisnosystemofrewardandpunishment,financialopaque,accustomedtobusinessmanagement,donotattachimportancetothespiritofmotivation,focusonlyonmaterialincentivesandsoon.evadingtaxes,evasionofdebtthanlargeenterprisestoastrongdesiretoSMEsinthebusinessprocess,inordertocorporateself-interest,oftentoavoidpayingtaxbywayofincreasingwealthofideas,badbusinesssituation,thestrongdesiretoevadingpaymentofdebts.Whenanexternalsupervisionisnotenough,thisphenomenonwillbewidespread.Itispreciselybecauseofthesecharacteristics,small-sizedaccountingsuchthattherearesomeproblems.Second,SMEaccountingaccountingproblemsTheaccountingofthemainill-definedpropertyrightsandpersonalproperty,businessesill-defined,therighttooperatesmallandmediumenterpriseswiththeseparationofownershipisfarlessobviousthanlargeenterprises,especiallymediumandsmallprivateenterprises,investorsareoperators,enterprisesandpropertyoffamilypropertyandpersonalwitheachotherfrequentlyoccupied,andgiveaccountingworkdifficult.Basisofaccountingworkisweaktheaccountingbodiesandaccountingpersonneldidnotcomplywithaccountingstandardssetinthecorporateaccountingsector,somearesimplynotsetupwholly-ownedsmallbusinessaccountingbodies,someenterpriseshaveevensetuptheaccountingbodies,aregenerallylevel,isunclear,thedivisionoflaborislessclear.Intheappointmentofaccountingpersonnel,thesmallbusinessesthemostcommonpracticeistoappointtheirownrelativeswhenthecashier,theexternal"master"asapart-timeaccounting,theseofficersworkinthetaxdepartment,therearestate-ownedenterprisefinancialmanagementpersonnelinaccountingfirmsthepersonnel,thegeneralaccountonaregularbasistodo.Somebusinessexecutivesarewillingtohireaccountingpersonnelwithstrongcapabilities,butbecauseofitsprospectsforthedevelopmentofSMEsandthecommunitytoidentifythepeoplegetlessandlessjobsecurity,makingitattractiveforexcellentaccountingstafffarlessbigbusiness.Accountingpractitionersandstandardqualificationassessmentarealsomanyproblems,accountingundocumentedpostsseriousphenomenon,accountinginchargedonothavethephenomenonofnumerousprofessionalandtechnicalqualifications.Thefollow-upeducationandtrainingofaccountingpersonnelworkingalmostnon-existent.prepareaccountsaccordingtothelawdoesnotregulateornottoestablishaccounts,accounting,oftenillegaloperations.SomeSMEsdonotsetupaccountsinordertovoteonbehalfoftheaccount,orsetupaccounts,butaccountsofconfusion.ThereareaconsiderablenumberofSMEstosetuptwosetsofaccountsoneormoresetsofaccounts.AccordingtothesourceinasurveystudyconcludesthatthereistwosetsofSMEsintherateofprofitashighas78.36%,whichindicatesaseriousdistortionofaccountinginformationofSMEsinChina.Inaccounting,thedeferredexpensesaccruedexpensesarenotrequiredamortization,artificialmanipulationofprofits,usingrollingaccountofthewaydownaccounting,etc.,andsomeknowledgeofaccountingpersonnelstructureoftheloweragingandexpertisetomakeanumberoftheoreticallysoundaccountingmethodsandsophisticatedaccountingtechniquescannotbeimplemented,ernalaccountingoversightfunctionsdidnotworkout.Oneofthebasicfunctionsofaccountingpracticeandaccountingsupervision,toensuretrueandaccurateaccountinginformation,accountingpracticestoensurereasonablecompliance.Internalaccountingsupervisionrequirementsofthis・・・・■/-*accountingpersonnelwithinanenterprisetocarryoutaccountingsupervisionofeconomicliving,butthemanagersofsmallandmediumenterprisesofteninterveneinaccounting,accountingpersonnel,subjecttothemanagerorbyprofit-driven,oftenbythemanager'sintentiontoact.Theuseofaccountingoversightfunctionisalmostimpossible.toprovetheoriginalplaceofbusinessoperationstopaythecostoflargedocuments,orthelackofaccesstoAccesstotheoriginalcertificatemustpaythecost,becausecompaniesdonotpurchasegoodsandmaterialsinvoiceswhentherearedifferentprices,toinvoices,toincrease,thepriceishigher;donotinvoicepriceislower,thedifferencebetweenthetwoisthetax.SMEstendtowanttolowerthepriceoftransactions,butitisunabletoobtainthelegaldocumentsrequiredforaccounting.Therearecostsincurredafterthebusinessunabletoobtainaninvoice,onlytoobtainareceiptfornon-compliance.Mostlyoccursinthehigherdepartmentinchargeofassessedexpenses.Companiesdonothavetomakesuchpayments,ortransfersbetweeninstruments.systemwithintheconstraintsofSMEslackofsystem,auditsystem,quotamanagementsystem,measurementinspectionsystem,thefinancialinventorysystem,costaccountingsystems,financialbalanceandotherbasicsystemofexaminationandapprovalsystem,ingeneralmutilated;ordespitethemSeveralsystems,theactualworkhasneverseriouslyinthepast.SomeSMEmanagersarealsoawareoftheseissues,butrelyonexistingmanagementandstaffunabletoestablishandimprovethequalityofthesesystems,inparticular,notasoundinternalcontrolsystemtotheenterprisewithalotofnegativeeffects,thissituationnotonlyharmtheenterprisetheirownfundamentalinterests,suchastheenterpriseassets,seriouswastemanagementchaos,hasalsoledtodifficultiesinexternaloversight.Third,standardizedaccountingbySMEsSuggestions(A)oftheGovernmenttostrengthenthelawsandregulationsrelatedtotheconstructionandenforcement,topromotethecomprehensivedevelopmentofsmallandmediumenterprisesAccountingforSMEstoaddressstandardizationissues,relyonself-improvementand12companiesaccountingstaffindividualeffortisdifficulttoachieve.FromthecharacteristicsofSMEsandaccountingproblemsinthatwecansee,theaccountingstandardizationproblemcannotbereadinisolation,wemustknowthatonlypromotethehealthydevelopmentofSMEstoaddressthecorporatefinancingdifficulties,tohelpSMEsachievethescientificmanagement,toovercometheirownweaknessesinordertoenabletheSMEstoafundamentalsolutiontotheproblemofaccountingstandardization.ThepasttwoyearstheGovernment'sSMEdevelopment,greatattentiongiventotheNPCinJunethisyearintroducedthe"SMEPromotionLaw",whichistopromotethedevelopmentofSMEs,animportantlegalmeasure,reflectingthecountry'sdevelopmentofSMEsinstrategicdecisions.Thelawseeks,funds,policies,etc.forthecreationanddevelopmentofsmallandmediumenterprisestocreateagoodenvironment,butalsofromthetechnicalinnovation,marketdevelopment,socialservicesprovidesarangeofincentives.TheimplementationoftheActwillimprovethebusinessenvironmentforSMEstopromotethehealthydevelopmentofsmallandmediumenterprisesplayasmallandmediumenterprisesinthenationaleconomyandsocialdevelopmentandtheimportantroleofafundamentalsolutiontothedifficultiesoffinancingsmallandmediumenterprises,innovationandlackofcapacityandmanagementlevelisnothighthestatusquo.Atalllevelsofgovernmentdepartments,bankingandfinancialinstitutionsandthesocialservicessectoraccordingtoSMEPromotionLawimplementmeasurestopromoteSMEdevelopment.(B)theestablishmentofsmallandmediumenterprisescompatiblewithChina'saccountingsystem.Inthepastaverylongtime,ourcountryinthedevelopmentprocessoftheaccountingnormsystemarerarelytakenintoaccounttheaccountingneedsofSMEsandlargeenterprisesandlistedcompanies,thedifference,assmallandmediumenterprisesinChinaandeventheworld'seconomicdevelopmentplayanincreasinglyimportanttheroleofaccountingtheorysectorSMEsarebecomingincreasinglyco