托福阅读强化课讲义版本c

托福强化阅读电子讲义托福阅读强化课程第••章考试概述一、考试规则机考界面(TheworddelicateinihepassageisclosestTheworddelicateinihepassageisclosestinmeaningtofragilepredictable<2>complexvaluablesourceofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeingreturnedtothelandThefinalma»<xhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromovenrrigeoonExcesswaterfromimgaoonsinksdownintothewatertaWeItnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bnngingdissotvedsaltstothesurfaceThewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoilTheextremesenousnessofdesertficabonresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,asweHasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingthepfocessOncethesoilhasbeenremovedbyerosion,onlythepassageofcentiMiesormiBeoniaMlenabtenewsoiltoformintothebniestsoilspaces,seatngthemandproducingasurfacethataMowsverylittlewaterpenetrationWaterabsorptionisgreat)/reduced,consequentlyrunoffisincreased,resutonginacceleratederosionr^esThegradualdryingofIhesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedatMbtytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedetenorationisestablishedinsomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresu«ofatrendtowarddnerclimaocconditionsContinuedgradualglobalwarminghasproducedanincreaseinaridityforsomeareasoverthepastfewthousandyearsTheprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresuftngfromairpollutionseriouslyincreasesThereishtfledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresuRsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocessesThesemiandlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoa<4usttoincreasedenvironnientalpressuresExpandingpopiiabonsaresubjectingthelandtoincreasingpressurestoprovidethemwithfoodandfuelInwetperiods,thelandmaybeabletorespondtothesestressesDuringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,ttiough,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarmexcessotitsdtmintshedcapacity,anddesert)ficaoonresutsFourspeciftcacttvioeshavebeenidentifiedasnwxcorwrtbutofstothedesertiftcaoonprocessesovercultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,andovenrrigationThecultivationofcrof>shasexpandedprogressivelydrierregionsaspopulationdensitieshavegro*vnTheseregionsareespeciallylikelytohaveperiodsofseveredryness,sothatcropfailuresarecommonSincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepnorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosionTherasingoflivestockisamojoreconomicactivityinsemiandlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedonunenttypeofnaturalvegetationTheconsequencesoranexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionormevegetationcoverandthetrampingandpulvenzationotthesolThisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosionFirewoodisthecheffuelusedforcooldngandheatinginmanycountnesTheincreasedpressuresofexpandingpopulationshaveledtotheremovalofwoodyplantssothatmanycitiesandtov<isaresurroundedbylargeareascomplete*/lackingintreesandshrubsTheincreasinguseofdriedanimalwasteasasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoilbecausethisvaluablesolconditionerand一、考试规则儿个数字：20分钟/篇750-800字/篇12-14道题/篇3篇或4篇一、考试规则文章内容：生命科学类天文地理类欧美历史类文艺发明类社会学心理学考古学一、考试规则注意问题：你能连续屏幕阅读1小时以上吗？你能达到110字/分钟阅读速度吗？您能做到平均1分钟完成1道题目吗?速度优先还是准确度优先？二答题顺序第一步：浏览标题第二步：阅读第一段全部题干第三步：阅读第一段文章

第四步：完成第一段全部问题第五步：简要笔记第一段主旨第六步：逐段答题，重复上述步骤第七步：利用各段主旨笔记完成最后大题第二章题型精讲IIAr缘见VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2十大题型考察能力l|A-VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1十大题型考察能力全文段落句子词汇综览VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2十大题型考察能力全文段落句子全文段落句子词汇综览VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2ProsesummaryQuestion0-1Fillinatable0-1十大题型考察能力全文段落句子词汇综览VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2ProsesummaryQuestion0-1,Fillinatable0-11词汇题。1.1题目识别ThewordXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto1词汇题。1.2答题步骤。第一步：认识单词直接选。第二步：如为生词读原文。第三步：根据上下文含义推测含义。第四步：少量单词可由词根验证答案1词汇题°1.3基本思路1.31论点对论据TS+D1Commensalassociationssometimesinvolveonespecies*obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.ThewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoolndefensiblyoSubstantiallyoUnintentionallyoPartially1.31论点对论据TS+D标志词：ForexampleForinstanceTake forexampleEvidencescomefromLike /As 1.32前后搭配2Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforscantremunerationinanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.ThewordmeagnrinthepassageisclosestinmeaningO verynecessaryO verylowO traditionalO primary1.32前后搭配3Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Theword“penchant“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOCompromiseOInclinationOTraditionORespect1.32前后搭配基本模式：Adj.+N.Vt.+O.Adv.+Vt./Adj.1.33并列逻辑4Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Theword"foul"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOReachOFloodOPolluteOAlter1.33并列逻辑5Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.ThewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOrequireOresistOachieveOendure1.33并列逻辑标志词：andoraswell asnotonly ,butalso some ,other 1.34顺承呼应6Severalothermassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecordhavebeententativelyidentifiedwithlargeimpacts,butnoneissodramaticastheCretaceousevent.Butevenwithoutsuchspecificdocumentation ThephrasetentativelyidentifiedinthepassageisclosestinthemeaningtoOIdentifiedaftercarefulstudyOIdentifiedwithoutcertaintyOOccasionallyidentifiedOEasilyidentified1.34旅承呼应7Transitionfromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslopeisoftenadramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters,treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.Theword“dramatic“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOGradualOComplexOVisibleOStriking■1.34顺承呼应模式：1）前后重复：thatis/whichmeans2）条件和结果：if……,then……/if ,would 3）铺垫和引出：A,andB;A,thenB1.35因果逻辑8Hydroponicshasapplicationsbeyondbasicresearch,sinceitfacilitatesthegrowingofgreenhousevegetablesduringwinter.Thewordfacilitatesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoslowsdownaffectsmakeseasierfocuseson1.35因果逻辑9In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap“AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland”,mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday.ThewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOcarefullyOquicklyOfrequentlyOobviously1.35因果逻辑标志词:

Dueto/Givenby/Since/derivefrom/stemfromTherefore/So/Hence/ followsEnough to /too to /So that 1.36反向逻辑10TheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvaryingamountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,theterrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.Thewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□ rich□ thin□ unique□ complex1.36反向逻辑11Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Theword“integral“isclosetinmeaningtoOEssentialOVariableOPracticalOIndependent.・.・步折比

词让转对Even/Although/DespiteBut/Yet/HoweverWhereas/While/Incontrast/Ontheotherhand词根词缀12Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahrs“AmericanIndiansinthePacific^^theories.Thewordundisputedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□ mysterious□ unexpected□ acknowledged□ significant1.37词根词缀13Theword“incredible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOConfusingOComfortingOUnbelievableOInteresting1.37词根词缀14Theword"overlie“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOCoverOChangeOSeparateOSurroundL37词根词缀15.Thewordinterlockedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□ intermediate□ linked□ frozen□ fullydeveloped1.37词根词缀词根〉前缀》后缀1.4综合练习16Watercoloristhemostlight-filledofallwaysofpainting,butitsluminositydependsonthewhiteofthepapershiningthroughthinwashesofpigment.AbeautyBvisibilityCcolorDbrightness14综合练习16Watercoloristhemostliwht・filledofallwaysofpainting,butitsluminositydependsonthewhiteofthepaper§hininRthroughthinwashesofpigment.AbeautyBvisibilityCcolorDbriehtness1.4综合练习17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.AtouchableBtreatableCbelievableDinvisible1.4综合练习17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.AtouchableBtreatableCbelievableDinvisibleL4综合练习18Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencompassesabout84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.AcontainsBsearchesCencirclesDdirects1.4综合练习18Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencom—assesabout84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.AcontainsBsearchesCencirclesDdirects1.4综合练习19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringebecausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.AdefectsBadvantagesCsuggestionsDcontroversies1.4综合练习19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringebecausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.A defectsB advantagesC siiRiestionsD controversies2指代题口2.1题目识别口ThewordXinthepassagerefersto。X=[pron.]or[名词概念]2指代题。2.2答题步骤°第一步：阅读代词所在句及前一-句。第二步：关注其中名词概念。第三步：套用指代模式确定被指代对象。第四步：代入上下文验证答案2指代题02.3基本思路2.31同位指代1Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.ThewordtheyinthepassagereferstoOvalleysOtreesOheightsOridges2.31同位指代2Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimafsdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso-becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.TheworditinthepassagereferstoOanexternalcuesuchassunriseOthedailyrhythmofananimalOthelocalsolardayOacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours2.31同位指代3Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachside(toretainbalanceintheair)andwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Theword“Others“intheparagraphreferto()duckssidesspeciesflightfeathers2.31同位指代变形模式：someX,otherXoneX,anotherXmany/most/muchX,otherX2.32最相邻指代4Forexample,asthegreaticesheetsthatcoveredNorthAmericaduringthelasticeagesteadilymeltedaway,hugevolumesofwaterflowedfromthem.Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.Thephrase“glacialoutwash"inthepassagereferstoOFastriversOGlaciersOThehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingOTheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers.2.32最相邻指代5Themythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup'soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousactivity.Theword"this”inthepassagereferstoOTheactingoutofritesOThedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietyOTheseparationofmythsfromritesOThecelebrationofsupernaturalforces2.32最相邻指代何种情形代词常指代最相邻概念？1相邻感强的代词：this/these/its/theirs2指代前方整体的代词：this/that/which3为前方概念的同位解释或别称：Y,(refersto/means/thatis)X2.33连环指代6AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Theword"them”inthisparagraphrefersto()A.AmericanofEuropeandescentB.paintingsC.AfricanAmericanartistsD.attitudes2.33连环指代6AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Theword"them”inthisparagraphrefersto()A.AmericanofEuropeandescentB.paintingsC.AfricanAmericanartistsD.attitudes2.34抽象指代具体7Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.Thephrase“Thelikelyexplanation"inthepassagereferstotheexplanationforwhyOthesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareasOmodemarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughtsOwaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouthOlandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable2.34抽象指代具体8Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.Thelikelyexplanationisthat Likelyexplanation=WhyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologiststounderstandOr=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth2.34抽象指代具体8ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.Likelyexplanation=Whyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologiststounderstand"Or=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth2.34抽象指代具体8Thephrase6Thelikelyexplanation"inthepassagereferstotheexplanationforwhyOthesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareasOmodemarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughtsOwaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouthOlandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable2.35语法指代9Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theword“which“inthepassagereferstoA.theprocessofweatheringB.growingonrocksurfacesC.dissolvingthemineralsD.beingturnedtosoil2.35语法指代Nthat/which/who/whose+定语从句that/which/who/whose=N.2.35语法指代10Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theword“which“inthepassagereferstoA.theprocessofweatheringB.growingonrocksurfacesC.dissolvingthemineralsD.beingturnedtosoil2指代题口2.4综合练习2.4综合练习11Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintainbodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.A marineanimalB coretemperaturesC landmammalsD metabolicrates2.4综合练习11Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintainbodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.AmarineanimalBcoretemperaturesClandmammalsDmetabolicrates2.4综合练习12VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatasmuchasan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturiesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.AavirginsoilepidemicBanunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitantsCthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsDthearrivalofEuropeans.2.4综合练习12VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatmuchanan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturiesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.AavirginsoilepidemicBanunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitantsCthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsDthearrivalofEuropeans.,3句子简化题很重要一间接控制很多分数。3.1题目识别：题干Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.3句子简化题。3.1题目识别Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.3句子简化题。3.2答题步骤：对原句的分析。第一步：读给出句，找出句中逻辑：虚词控制实词：虽然。。但是；尽管，但是。。。逻辑词很重要。第二步：找出逻辑下的要点主干：主谓宾核心词。第三步：依次核对各选项逻辑和要点主干°第四步：排除错选保留一致选项：confidence,3句子简化题。解答本题需要两大技能。取舍能力：取主逻辑、要点；舍次要信息:去掉之后不会影响原意。°判断能力：准确判断选项正误3句子简化题°3.3基本思路3.31逻辑判定法］、Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear・horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoulamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,（but后的东西必须保留，后面把前面PK掉，答案必须有but之后的内容）3.31逻辑判定法Oneexplanationfo。greenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear・horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.3.31逻辑判定法OneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisiHuminatedbyaneaihorizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.3.31逻辑判定法Oneexplanationfo。greenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.■瓦丽筱一认为绿色冰山是在某特定条件下才绿，但是绿色冰山在多种条件下一直绿。3.31逻辑判定法AOneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.逻辑对要点错，把因果颠倒了BOneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.???But逻辑缺失要点缺失3.31逻辑判定法COneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.逻辑对要点错因果颠倒3.31逻辑判定法DOneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.虽然解释之一认为绿色冰山是在某特定条件下才绿，但是绿色冰山在多种条件下一直绿。逻辑对要点对前后一致■2、Contrarytotheargumentsofsome[hatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.先抓逻辑3.31逻辑判定法Contrarytoth>argumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.（对比）和偶然论相反，重点是后半节,反衬。3.31逻辑判定法和偶然论相反，更可信的是策划论。ASomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.逻辑丢失（比较逻辑），要点丢失（完全没有出现）3.31逻辑判定法和偶然论相反，更可信的是策划论。,BTheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.逻辑对（前后有比较），要点错（方向偏差）3.31逻辑判定法和偶然论相反，更可信的是策划论。,CAlthoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.逻辑对（让步），要点错（偏差，强调这个事件不可信）■3.31逻辑判定法'和偶然论相反，更可信的是策划论。,DThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.逻辑对，（顺序调整）要点对3.32主干判定法（没有明显的逻辑，提取主谓宾核心词）3、Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.3.32主干判定法3、Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatinnspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.3.32主干判定法当给出句中无明显逻辑时，以句子主干为判断标准句子主干中优先核对谓语动词，其次为主语，再次为宾语,Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.3.32主干判定法Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.ABeforeconsideringphytoremediation,hyperaccumulatingspeciesofplantslocaltothetargetareamustbeidentified.谓语不匹配3.32主干判定法ThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinChetargetarea.BTheinvestigationbeginswithanevaluationoftoxicsitesinthetargetareatodeterminetheextentofcontamination.谓语一致，主语、宾语不一致3.32主干判定法ThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinChetargetarea.CThefirststepinphytoremediationistheplantingofhyperaccumulatingplantsintheareatobecleanedup.谓语匹配、主语宾语匹配3.32主干判定法ThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinChetargetarea.DMinesandirrigationpondscanbekeptfrombecomingcontaminatedbyplantinghyperaccumulatingspeciesintargetedareas.谓语不匹配，偏差不会被污染长难句：看逻辑，主谓宾，谓语动词更重要3.32主干判定法一-一系列的动词，谓语一定要保留最关键的动作。顺承引出的动作（最后的结果）■4、Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom-buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsit（让）tohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconvert（转化）theorganicmattertooilandgas.■'3.32主干判定法当句子主干中有多个并列谓语时，优先核对最重要的谓语动词最重要的=顺承引出的最终动作4>Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconcerttheorganicmattertooilandgas.3.32主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).AHighertemperaturesandpressurespromotesedimentation,whichisresponsibleforpetroleumformation.主语要点不匹配(因果颠倒)Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).BDepositsofsedimentsontopoforganicmatterincreasethetemperatureofandpressureonthematter.???convert谓语要点丢失最终动作(丢失了最终的结果，谓语要点丢失)-3.32主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).CIncreasingpressureandheatfromtheweightofthesedimentturntheorganicremainsintopetroleum.谓语要点匹配、主语宾语要点匹配3.32主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).DTheremainsofmicroscopicorganismstransformintopetroleumoncetheyareburiedundermud.■???convert■谓语要点丢失最终动作，出现未出现的内容，出现的内容也被拿掉了。-3.33特殊重点判定法(除去逻辑、主干要点外)■决定句子基本含义是否一致的是：句中强调的重点内容，如极端强调、语气强调、语法强调---一定要保留这些信息点■first,most,last(最高级)Must,haveto,very,important,necessary(语气强调)Itis that,Only,neverhadIdone…(倒装)5.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.3.33特殊重点判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.3.33特殊重点判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.ARunningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperatingcontinuouslybutsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven.3.33特殊重点判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.ARunningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldk