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第三章蛋白质的鉴定和分析、分子量及浓度测定李

芳中国科学技术大学生命科学学院63607932201110113.2.4.

The

principles

of

CE毛细管电泳(Capillary

electrophoresis,CE)兼有电泳和色谱技术的双重优点高效、高速、高灵敏度和高自动化而被认为是九十年代最重要的分离、分析

之一。以高压电场为驱动力,以毛细管和其内壁为通道及载体,利用样品各组份之间电泳淌度或分配行为的差异而实现分离的液相分离技术。常用的操作模式有:毛细管区带电泳(CZE)毛细管胶束电动色谱(MECC)凝胶电泳(CGE)毛细管等电聚焦(CIEP)毛细管等速电泳(CITP)毛细管电色谱(CEC)3.4了解几种的常见电泳染色方法氨基黑阿尔辛蓝过碘酸-Schiff试剂考马斯亮蓝(G-250,R-250)银试剂----染色检测灵敏度不高荧光探针方法Pr-荧光试剂标记,再电泳Pr先电泳,再移至荧光试剂中丹磺酰氯荧光胺MDPFOPAANSBis-ANS置紫外灯检测,显示蛋白质荧光谱带酶,胶内反应。酶催化底物,底物从无色变成有色,从而显示条带。Gabriel,

Locating

enzymes

on

Gels

Meth.

Enzymol.,1971,22:578-604。例如:过氧化物酶SOD

超氧化物歧化酶淀粉酶脂酶等等酶活性的测定Rapid

ethanol-based

Coomassie

Bluestaining灵敏度:0.2-0.5

μg最小检出量:0.1μgSilver

Staining最小检出量:2

ngRapid

ethanol-based

Coomassie

Blue

staining考马斯亮蓝最初用于羊毛衫的染色,它

名是为纪念1896年被英国占领的阿散提部落首府Kumasie(Coomassie)。染色最早由Fazekas&Webster在1963年用于醋酸纤维素膜电泳,并认为同样可用于纸电泳,琼脂糖电泳和淀粉凝胶电泳。1965年Meyer等将此方法应用于聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳。(Fazekas

de

St.

Groth,

et

al,1963,

Two

new

stainingprocedures

for

tative

estimation

of

proteins

onelectrophoreticstrips.

Biochim.Biophys.Acta71:377-391)CoomassieBlueR

250Coomassie基团BlueG

250(red)(green),比R250多一个甲基甲醇-冰醋酸-水(50:10:40)0.05%-

0.1%

CoomassieBlue

G

250原理:每个分子含有两个SO3H基团,偏酸性,与蛋白质的碱性基团结合。染色原理:非共价结合考马斯亮蓝:一种氨基三苯甲烷

,通过范德华力与蛋白质NH3+的静电引力,与蛋白质形成紧密而非共价结合的复合物。染色后可继续用于蛋白质的氨基端和羧基端的化学测学及质谱分析。Procedure

for

PAGE

minigelsPlace

minigel

in

microwaveable

plastic

containerCover

gel

with

250

ml

of

staining

solutionMicrowave

loosely

covered

gel/stain

on

high

forapproxima y

2

minutes

or

until

the

solution

justbegins

toboil(Gels

of

10-12%

acrylamide

are

quite

robust

and

will

not

bedamaged

even

if

the

solution

is

boiled

for

a

few

minutes.)Place

the

loosely

covered

gel/stain

container

on

aslow

shaker

or

simply

leave

on

the

bench

for15-60minutesRemove

stain

from

the

container

(it

can

be

reusedmany

times)

and

rinse

the

gel

and

gel

container

withwater

to

remove

excess

stainingsolution.Cover

gel

with

200-250

ml

of

detaining

solution.Microwave

on

highfor

approxima y

2

minutesor

until

the

solution

just

begins

toboil.Place

the

loosely

covered

gel/stain

container

on

aslow

shaker

or

simply

leave

on

the

bench

for1-24hours.Destained

gels

are

rinsed

throroughly

withandstored

in

distilledwater.Rinsed

gels

can

be

immedia y

dried

in

amembrane

air-dryer

for

longer

term

preservation.0.1%

Coomassie

blue10%

acetic

acid40%

ethanol*

Low-toxicity

Staining

solution:Stir

until

dye

is

comple ydissolved

in

ethanol

aboutone

hour.

Add

acetic

acid

and

make

to

250

ml

withwater.Store

at

roomtemperature

in

a

dark

bottle.destaining

solution

:

staining

solution

minus

dye,Store

at

room

temperature.Decrease

toxicity

of

destain

even

more!less

toxic

:

MilliQ

water

and

no

organic

solvents.

afreshly

stained

gel

is

immersed

in

water

thenmicrowavedonhigh

for

15

min

for

a

0.75

mmthickgel

or

25

min

for

1.5

mm

thick

gel.(htt

/tto/index_of_TTO.shtml)Silver

Staining固定

显色上的硝酸银还原成金属银,以使银颗粒沉积在蛋

上棕色黑色1979,

Switzer,

Merril高灵敏度背景高原理:蛋白质条带的银染是基于蛋白质中各种基团(如巯基、羰基等)与银的结合,检测极限是2~5.0

ng/蛋白条带。将蛋Silver

StainingThe

sensitivity

of

this

method

should

be

in

the

3

ng/band

range.全过程需穿戴手套,以免

污染。Materials

Needed:Silver

Nitrate

硝酸盐,硝酸钾1%

Citric

Acid:

100

ml

of

DI

water

+

1

g

of

Citric

Acid30

%

NaOH

(7.5

M):

100

ml

of

DI

water

+

30

g

of

NaOH14.8

M

Ammonium

氢氧化铵38%

FormaldehydeUltra-pure

water,

use

this

for

all

steps

and

reagents50%Aqueous

Glutaraldehyde

戊二醛(optional)7%Acetic

Acid

乙酸50%

Methanol

甲醇Optional–for

extra

fixation/crosslinking(makes

solution

0.03%glutaraldehyde)tray

,make

sure

to

clean

well

with

soap

and

DI

water.Method:Soak

gel

in

7%

acetic

acid

for

7

minutes.Soak

gel

in

200

ml

of

50%

methanol

for

20

minutes.Soak

gel

in

200

ml

of

50%

methanol

for20minutes.Prepare

Solution

A:

0.8

g

of

silver

nitrate

+

4

ml

ofwaterRinse

gel

in

~200

ml

water

for

10

minutesRinse

gel

in

~200

ml

water

for

10

minutesNote:

Steps

5

and

6

are

very

important

for

the

NuPAGEgels

if

you

skip

these

steps

or

do

not

rinse

the

gel

forlong

enough

the

gel

will

develop

too

quickly

and

havesignificantly

more

background.7. 5

minutes

before

end

of

final

water

rinse

prepare

solution

B:21

ml

of

water

+

250

ul

of

30%

NaOH

(to

make

0.36%)

+1.4

ml

of

14.8M

ammonium

hydroxideTo

make

staining

solution:

add

solution

A

to

solution

Bdropwise

while

stirring

then

add

76

ml

of

water.Soak

gel

in

the

staining

solution

for

15

minutesRinse

gel

in

~200

ml

water

for

5

minutesRinse

gel

in

~200

ml

water

for

5

minutesMake

develo solution:

200

ml

of

water

+

1

ml

of

1%citric

acid

+

100ul

of

37%

formaldehydeSoak

gel

in

develo solution

until

bands

are

visibleusually

2

to

15minutesStop

development

by

rinsing

gel

with

3

changes

of

~200ml

water50%

MeOH,

12%

Acetic

Acid50%

MeOH,

12%

Acetic

Acid,50%

ETOH200

mg/l

Na2S2O3

·5H

2OddH2O2

g/l

AgNO3,

750ul/l

37%ddH2O60

g/l

Na2CO3,

5

mg/l

Na2S2O3

·5H

2O,Silver

Staining

Protocol1x

40min

-

overnight1x

30min0.05%

37%

Formaldehyde3x

20min1x

0.2min

(variable)2x

2-3min1x

20minFormaldehyde1x2-3minvariable500ul/l

37%

Formaldehyde1x2-3min1x

10min1x

30min

overnightddH2O50%

MeOH,

12%

Acetic

Acid20%

ETOH,

2%

Glycerol注意:薄胶可提高灵敏度银染主要出现在胶的表面对于考染的胶,可将凝胶经甲醇漂洗后,再银染确保乙酸完全洗净3溶液配制应使用去离子水否则易导致银染背景黑色多3.5掌握蛋白电泳实验的全过程及注意事项(以垂直板电泳为例)1安装垂直板电泳槽2分离胶

,加至距梳齿0.5cm,上覆盖1-2mm与水饱和的异丁醇或蒸馏水,静置30分钟-1小时使其凝合。3浓缩胶

加样梳,光下静置30分钟-1小时使其凝合。4上样与电泳将电泳槽与电泳仪连接好,上槽接负极,下槽接正极。上下槽中加满电极缓冲液,移液枪或微量注射器加样。电泳条件:开始电压100V,待样品进入分离胶时,恒压140

V,电泳约1

-

2.5 h,直至前沿距下端约0.5cm。凝胶板剥离与固定电泳结束后,关闭电泳仪。用不锈钢药铲撬开玻璃板,取出胶膜。染色与脱色加入染色液,室温下染色1

h,或60℃水浴染色10min。然后用脱色液脱色,更换脱色液3-4次,直至背景无色为止。实验结果处理注意事项(1)

凝胶应选用高纯度的试剂,否则会影响凝胶聚合与电泳效果。Acr及Bis均为神经毒剂,对皮肤有刺激作用!!(2)所用器材均应严格地安装电泳槽和镶有长、短玻璃板的硅橡胶框时,位置要端正,均匀用力旋紧固定螺丝,以免缓冲液渗漏。样品槽模板梳齿应平整光滑。灌凝胶时不能有气泡,以免影响电泳时电流的通过。凝胶完全聚合后,必须放置20~30min,使其充分“老化”后,才能轻轻取出样品槽模板,切勿破坏加样凹槽底部的平整,以免电泳后区带。为防止电泳后区带拖尾,样品中盐离子强度应尽量低,含盐量高的样品可用透析法或滤胶过滤法脱盐。干胶的玻璃纸为了防止凝胶干燥后的龟裂,脱去背景色的凝胶在保存液(25ml87%甘油加225ml脱色液)中浸泡30min。然后将凝胶放在玻璃板上,再用保存液浸湿玻璃纸包住凝胶在室温下晾干。干胶器,加热和抽真空0.75mm

1h1.5

mm,

2h六、了解2D-PAGE的原理及应用1975年,P.H.O‘Farrell和J.Klose发明分辨率极高9

mol/L尿素,2%NP-40,4%

T,5%

C载体两性电解质IEF-PAGE含SDS的buffer中平衡琼脂糖包埋Laemmli的不连续SDS-PAGE放射自显影得到了E.Coli蛋白提取液的1100种不同组分的5000

蛋白质点ISO-DAIT“protein

explosion”IPG-DALTpH梯度稳定,分辨率高,重复性好German,Görg

Angelika,“双向皇后”英国电泳学会广泛应用于分析从组织,细胞或其它生物样品中提取的复杂蛋白质混合样品。双向电泳图谱上不同的点代表不同的蛋白质。可以根据其在图谱上的位置估计出蛋白质的分子量,等电点以及含量。应用功能蛋白质组学的研究细胞分化的分析疾病标志的检测,

研究eg蛋白的差异表达,糖基化,磷酸化---微量蛋白纯化组,转录组及蛋白组(Genome,Transcriptome

and

Proteome)Genome

(DNA)Transcriptome(RNA)Proteome(Protein)包括人类组在内的40多组被全部种生物的并公开。Genome

组和的整套Transcriptome转录组和的一整套mRNA分子Proteome蛋白质组和的一整套蛋白质分子Metabolome代谢组中间物和的一整套代谢物及低分子量的Interactome

Pr-Pr

相互作用网络加词尾“ics”,描述分析这些领域的实用性Transcriptomics;

Proteomics蛋白质组(proteome)的概念是澳大利亚学者Wasinger,Wilkins等于1994年

。指的是

组编码的全部蛋白质,理论上它的数目应该等于

组内编码蛋白质的

的数目。蛋白质组学即对蛋白质组的研究。但是同一生物的不同细胞在不同时间其

表达是不同的,因而蛋白质组是动态的。功

(functional

proteome),Humphery

Smith提出,Cordwell和在特定时间,特定环境和实验条件下的蛋白质.重点研究某一群体蛋白质的功能组活跃表达如:与重要疾病相关的蛋白质组学,应答调节图谱等。Global

profiling(整体总揽蛋白质组学):2D、MS、信息学分析解析处理和查询相关资料的过程。人类

组DNA序列草图国际人类000编码Celera组

组织(公共基金资助项目):31,公司(商业机构):26000编码

/gold酵母细胞:6000个蝇:13000个蠕虫:18000个植物:26000个随着包括人类

组在内的许多物种的则是

组的功能问题。组工作的完成,人们面对的原核生物大肠杆菌,真核生物有线虫、人、果蝇、酿酒酵母、斑马鱼、大鼠、小鼠等,植物中有拟南芥、水稻、杨树(第一个木本植物)、

葡萄。

已完成的

类灵长类

定序,包括:白颊长臂猿、黑猩猩、恒河猴、猩猩、狨猴以及大猩猩等在蛋白质组的水平上解释生命现象的本质及活动规律成了生命科学的一个研究重点。因为

组是固定不变的,只从

组DNA序列不能回答某

的表达时间,表达量,蛋白质翻译后加工和修饰的情况,以及它们的亚细胞分布等,这些问题只能在蛋白质组的研究中才能找到答案。因此,在目前技术水平下,功能蛋白质组的研究极具实践意义。蛋白质组研究的发展,归功于以下技术的突破:80年代固相化pH

梯度(IPG)的发明和完善,改善了双向凝胶电泳的分辨率和重复性。80年代后期电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和基质辅助的激光解吸飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)的应用,使高通量蛋白质鉴定分析成为可能。蛋白质双向电泳图谱的数字化和

的问世,方便了图谱的比较和数据库的建立。组数据库的建立,可以根据DNA序列迅速确定2-D分离的蛋白质的氨基酸顺序。2D-PAGE:The

standard

proteomics

separation

technicalAbility

to

separate

and

resolve

complex

mixtures

ofthousands

of

proteins

in

a

single

gelused

for

the

isolation

of

proteins

for

furthercharacterisation

by

mass

spectroscopyDiscussion2D

热门,淘汰?热门---最少是在分离特异表达的蛋白质方面。虽然需要后续的MS等来检测蛋白质的具体序列等等,蛋白组学的开始阶段,还是离开不了2D。当然,肯定会有更好的比如蛋白质

等来代替它。可目前,欧美还是有大量的相关

及很多

在投入。LC-MS、CE-MS、微流控

技术的发展,从而使得双向电泳技术越来越淡,主要是因为耗时耗力,不能实现自动化---双向电泳的优势分析复杂的蛋白质点IPG

梯度胶

分离技术功能强大的计算机及质谱技术

需要量

几百纳克生物体

组数据的获得蛋白质的确认dimensionSample

preparationImmobilized

pH

gradient

(IPG)

asSDS

as

second

dimensionProtein

detectionAmino

acid

compositionPeptide

mass

fingerprinting

(PMF)

and

amino

acidcomposition

identificationImmunoblotting1. Sample

preparationSample

preparation

and

solubilization

are

crucialfactors

for

the

overall

performance

of

the

2-DPAGEtechnique.一般原则:蛋白质完全变性,二硫键全部还原,多聚体完全解聚,均匀分散于样品溶解液中。需考虑以下几点:样品溶解液一般含有8M脲素(thebetteris:7M脲和2M硫脲)和另一种或几种非离子型表面活性剂(如TritonX-100,CHAPS等)。尽量不用离子型表面活性剂SDS。目的是使蛋白变性和溶解。还要加DTT,DTE

(20-100

mM)还原二硫键。样品溶解液中含有蛋白酶抑制剂(PMSF,AEBSF,EDTA

1mM)防止蛋白质被降解样品中的盐离子必须通过透析、凝胶过滤、

沉淀等方法除去样品中的核酸成分(DNA,RNA)也严重影响等电聚焦,可以用DNAse和RNAse处理去除。样品中的多糖和脂类物质也影响蛋白质的溶解性,可以通过沉淀等方法部分除去。样品中的不溶颗粒必须通过离心除去。样品溶解后应置于-80℃保存,避免反复冻融。脲素溶液不可加热至30℃以上。高温会使尿素降解为酸盐,改变蛋白质电荷。样品溶解液配方:试剂终浓度试剂终浓度Tris-Cl(pH8.0)4.0mMAmplulyts1.8%Urea8MDTT120mMSDS0.065%TritonX-1003.2%VS.SDS

loading

buffer, SDS:

2%SDS

:迅速溶解和抽提蛋白质2.

Immobilized

pH

gradient

(IPG)

asdimensionseparates

proteins

by

their

charge

(pI)Most

proteinshave

a

PI

in

the

rangeof

5

to

8.5A

stable,

linear

and

reproducible

pH

gradient

iscrucial

to

successful

IEFEffect

of

ampholytesonresolutionPharmacia

LKB

Biotechnology

AB商品IPG胶条和配套电泳仪,可以参考供IPG胶条的等电聚焦电泳需应商提供的操作手册进行实验。1000-8000V的高压下进行使用载体两性电解质(Ampholine,Ampholite或Pharmalyte)为支持物的垂直管状电泳或使用固相化pH梯度(IPG)胶条,后者的重复性和分辨率都要优于前者,而且使用极其方便二向间的转移SDS电泳检测IEF电泳含SDS,还原条件下的pH6.8

Tris-buffer目的:protein

、SDS

充分相互作用确保SDS方向的合适迁移EquilibrationEmbedding柱状胶:30-40

min薄层胶:5-10

min

(0.5-1

mm)超薄胶:1-2

minTransition

fromto

second

dimension氨甲酰化蛋白双向标准:Pharmacia点的延长:水平延长:两向凝胶间的接触不好导致转移时分子的扩散纵向延长:第一向凝胶条太宽or

第二向SDSpage

浓缩胶太窄3纹理现象水平条纹:IPG时间样品在加样处沉淀和重新溶解纵向条纹:在SDS-PAGE

样品没有完全溶解问

题2D

问题:重复性一维蛋白质迁移的任何不同可能会被误认为是两个样品中某些蛋白质的不同某些蛋白质不太适合IEFe.g.一些较大的疏水蛋白质3.蛋白质染色的的动态范围相对较小生物学上非常重要的蛋白质

相对低水平的表达How

to

eliminate

the

system

error??在同一块胶上共分离多个不同荧光标记的样品,其中包括一个内标可消除凝胶间的偏差,提高准确性和重复性实验考虑电泳方法、方式的选择最佳凝胶浓度和缓冲系统凝胶浓度缓冲系统Pr的溶解性能、稳定性能、生物活性的保持电泳时间、分辨率多数pr,PI

4.0-6.5Buffer,

pH

8.0-9.5碱性pr,酸性缓冲体系的阴极电泳3.离子强度的选择电泳后的分析凝胶扫描和摄录装置生物电泳图像分析系统全自动紫外/可见分析装置透光扫描仪激光密度计获得电泳凝胶图像SmartView生物电泳图像分析密度扫描、密度定量、分子量计算等各种核酸、蛋白电泳凝胶:ImageMaster

2D

PlatinumMelanie可进行网上检索,蛋白点

到ExPASY,SwissPort数据库Criterion

Stain

Free

图像仪Image

Lab能快速即时获得凝胶的图像和数据分析。按下图像仪按键,蛋白凝胶信号就会被激发,系统就可以马上获得图像并给出可靠的高重复性结果。Protein

detection电泳后蛋

的氨基酸分析实验设计和目的样品处理生物信息学大多数含有6个或6个以上氨基酸的肽序列在一个生物的蛋白质组中是唯一的。分析蛋白质组学的本质:将蛋白质转换成肽,得到肽的序列,然后根据在数据库中的序列匹配鉴定相关蛋白质。“一次一张纸”胶内酶切肽谱(考染)切胶:1

mm3脱色:水洗3次,用含50%乙睛的25mM碳酸氢铵溶液浸泡胶片(约胶块体积的5倍,50-100ul),振荡10min,重复1

至3遍至胶片中的蓝色褪尽。干胶:真空离心干燥20-40min,使胶块完全脱水。酶切:加入5-10ul酶液(0.01

ug/ul,含25mM

碳酸氢铵。4℃冰箱中放置15-30min,待酶液完全被吸收,37℃保温反应12小时以上。提取:5%

TFA

50-100

l

40℃提取1小时,离心取上清;2.5%TFA/50%乙腈50-100l30℃提取1小时,离心取上清。合并两次提取液,冰冻干燥。胶内蛋白质的还原烷基化肽谱---打开链内/链间二硫键10

µl

10

mM

DTT浸泡胶块,56℃,1

h

。冷却到室温,离心,移去还原液。等体积55

mM腆乙酰胺,避光反应30-45

min。离心,移去液体。25

mM碳酸氢铵洗3*5

min。移去液体。干燥,酶切,提取,浓缩,测质谱。银染胶肽谱切胶:脱色:水洗3次。30mM

K3Fe(CN)6与100mM

Na2S2O3

按1:1混合后立即浸泡胶块。1–2min色褪尽。弃去溶液。干胶:酶切:提取:七、了解转膜电泳原理的应用及操作Western

Blotting

or

immunoblottinga

specific

pri

ntibody1979,

Towbin1975,

Southern,

Southern

blotting1977,

Alwine,

Northern

blotting1979,

Towbin,

Western

Blotting1982,Reihart,Eastern

blotting,双向蛋白质印记Western

blot ysis

can

detect

one

protein

in

amixture

of

any

number

of

proteins

while

givingyou

information

about

the

size

of

the

protein.It

does

not

matter

whether

the

protein

hasbeensynthesized

in

vivo

or

in

vitro.Samples

are

prepared

The

sample

is

separated

using

SDS-PAGE

andthen

transferred

to

a

membrane

The

membrane

is

incubated

with

a

generic

protein(such

as

milk

proteins)

to

bind

to

any

remainingsticky

places

on

the

membrane.

A

pri

ntibodyis

then

added

to

the

solution

which

is

able

to

bindto

its

specific

proteinA

secondary

antibody-enzyme

conjugateprocedureWestern

blotting:

Antibodies

can

be

used

to

detectspecificproteinsAlternate

detectionmethod

SecondaryantibodiesMemebrane:吸附生命大分子的固体材料NC,nitrocellulose

硝酸纤维素膜0.45um结合率:80-150

μg

Pr/cm2便宜,可简单快速封闭非特异性抗体的结合NDM,nylon-densed

membrane

尼龙膜结合率:480

μg

Pr/cm2难以染色,多用于核酸转移乙烯膜):PVDF(Polyvinylidene

fluoride,聚偏最早多用于蛋白质

。可以进行各种染色和化学发光检测DBM,diazobenzyloxymethyl

重氮苄氧甲基膜platinum-coated

titanium

plateasthe

anode

anda

stainless-steelplate

as

thecathode将gel

和membrane

夹在blotter

paper

中,浸在转移装置的buffer中,通电30-45

min即完成。Transfer

Buffer

(500

ml,

pH8.3)glycine

1.450

g

(39

mM)Tris

base

2.900

g

(48

mM)SDS

0.185

g

(0.037%)CAPSBuffer适合转膜,可用于氨基酸高浓度的甘氨酸会干扰Using

the

Semi-Dry

Transfer

UnitRemove

the

stacking

gel

from

the

gel.Cut

pieces

of

blotter

paper

to

the

size

of

the

gel.note:

the

blotterpaper

(and

the

membrane)

not

be

largerthan

thegel.

Larger

pieces

may

make

contact

around

the

gel,

and

allow

thecurrent

ternate

route,

thereby

making

transfer

inefficient.Wearing

gloves

rinsed

of

powder,

cut

a

piece

of

membrane

to

thesize

of

the

gel.

Mark

the

lower

right-hand

corner

to

allow

fororientation.

Pre-wet

the

membrane

(gel,blotter

paper)

in

transferbuffer

for

2

to

5

minutes.4.

sandwichblotter

paper

membrane-

gel-

blotter

papermake

sure

no

air

bubbles

are

trappedThe

membrane

must

therefore

be

positioned

correctly

thetime.

Do

not

try

to

adjust.Hold

the

cover

level

and

slide

it

gently

down

onto

the

stack.weigh

down

the

lid

in

order

to

ensure

even

contact

with

thestack.Connect

the

unit

to

a

suitable

power

supply.Turn

the

power

supply

to

zero

before

turning

on.

Turn

on

thepower

supply.Larger

gels

must

be

limited

to

0.8

mA/cm2

to

avoidexcessive

heat

build

up.8

mm

x

7

mm

mini-gels

at

100

mA.Molecular

WeightTransfer

Period<20,00015

minutes20,000-80,000030

minutes>80,00045

minutes将gel和membrane

夹在blotter

paper

中,浸在转移装置的buffer中,通电2

h或over

night可完成。湿法转移蛋白质:Problem:蛋白质转移效率低?(转移后对凝胶或膜染色进行观察)终浓度为0.1%SDS,可增加transfer

buffer中加入20%甲醇转移大的蛋白质的能力;使用小孔径的硝酸纤维素膜转移后的膜在含0.2%戊二醛的TBS中浸泡45min。丽春红S

(Ponceau

S

dye),染色后可灵敏度低继续进行免疫检测氨基黑墨水生物素膜总蛋白质染色增强胶体金1-2泳道进行膜总蛋白质染色检测转移效率免疫检测灵敏度

辣根过氧化物酶:10-20

pg碱性磷酸酶:10-50

pg免疫金:1-25

pg125I:

50-100pg放射自显影术:将含放射性同位素置X感光胶片上感光,随后经显影,定影,即可呈现出斑点或谱带增强化学发光法(ECL)显色原理:鲁米诺(luminol,又名发光氨,化学名称为3-氨基邻苯二甲酰肼),可用作过氧化物酶的底物。在ECL底物中,含有H2O2和鲁米诺,在HRP(辣根过氧化物酶)的作用下,发出荧光。试验步骤:将两种显色底物1:1等体积混合(一般各1ml/membrane)。将混合物覆盖在膜表面,1-2分钟,摇晃使均匀。用保鲜膜把膜包起来,放入夹板中。在暗室中将X光片,覆盖在膜的上面,夹好

, 1min。显影、定影。6根据结果调整

时间和

区域,得到最佳结果。注意:荧光在一段时间后会越来越弱。Western

Blot

Marker由5种不同分子量的蛋白组成(22、40、60、85、120

kD),每种蛋白都可与人、小鼠、大鼠、

、绵羊、兔的IgG恒定区结合。Western

BlotMarker可以直接结合二抗,或通过结合一抗间接结合二抗,因此蛋白Marker就能与抗原在同一张胶片上曝出信号,阳性信号可以直接通过WesternBlot

Marker的位置来判断。ØSDS-PAGEØ质谱Ø分子筛Ø超速离心Ø光散射八、蛋白分子量测定的常用方法Molecular

Weight,

Molecular

Mass,

and

TheirCorrect

Unitstwo

common

(and

equivalent)

ways

to

describe

molecular

mass1. molecular

weight,

or

relative

molecular

mass,denoted

Mr.is

defined

as

the

ratio

of

the

mass

of

a

molecule

of

that

substance

to

one-twelfth

the

mass

ofcarbon-12

(12C).--

dimensionless— no

associated

units2.

molecular

mass,

denoted

m.--

the

mass

of

one

molecule-is

expressed

in

daltons

(abbreviated

Da).One

dalton

--one-twelfth

the

mass

of

carbon-12a

kilodalton

(kDa)

1,000

daltonsa

megadalton(MDa)

1

million

daltonsMr 18,000

or

m

18,000

daltons “18

kDa

molecule.”Mr

18,000

daltonsSDS-PAGEa

large

mass

range,

from

a

few

hundred

up

to300,000Da.The

sensitivity

of

MALDI

is

on

the

order

ofole.MALDI-MS质

谱mass

range

of

50-30,000

Daless

sensitive

than

MALDI

and

requires

10

µmolesmaterial

for

ysis.ESI-MSLight

Scattering研究高分子以及胶体粒子在溶液中的许多涉及到质量和流体力学体积变化的过程与分散结晶与溶解吸附与解吸高分子链的伸展与蜷缩蛋白质长链的折叠"classical"

light

scattering

("static"

or

"Rayleigh"

scattering

orMALLS)通过测定时间平均散射光强的角度和浓度的依赖性,可以精确地得到高聚物的重均分子量Mw样品浓度:10-3-10-7g/mlDynamic

Light

Scattering

Spectroscopyf(Rh)1.20.80.40.0100

101Rh

/

nmA

measurement

for

determining

the

size

distribution

of

smallparticles.T:

temperatureη0:

solvent

viscosity"dynamic"

light

scattering(DLS),

photon

correlation

spectroscopy"(PCS)

or

"quasi-elastic

light

scattering"

(QELS),测量散射光强随时间的涨落。Light

scattering

thus

represents

apowerful

technique

formonitoring

the

presence

andformation

of

aggregates.分子筛so

beSuperdex

30

prep

gradeis

optimized

for

proteins

and

peptides,

but

it

cused

with

success

to

separate

oligosaccharides.Superdex

75

prep

gradeseparates

proteins

and

peptides

in

the

molecular

weightrange,

Mr

3

000–70

000

and

performs

best

between

8

000and

50

000.Superdex

200

prep

gradeseparation

range

of

Mr

10

000–600

000

and

separates

withhighest

selectivity

between

30

000

and

250

000.超速离心RCF=1.12×10-5(rpm)2×rRCF

=

11.2

×

r

(RPM/1000)2Relative

centrifugal

field

(RCF)Relative

centrifugal

force

is

the

force

acting

on

samples

duringcentrifugation.

It

is

expressed

as

multiples

of

the

earth's

gravitationalfield

(g).For

example

500

g

=

500

RCFrpm=revolutions

per

minute

转数/分分析离心机1950,Svedberg

设计制造超速离心在高速中进行,这个速度使得任意分布的粒子通过溶剂从旋转的中心辐射地向外移动,在清除了粒子的那部分溶剂和尚含有沉降物的那部分溶剂之间形成一个明显的界面,该界面随时间的移动而移动,这就是粒子沉降速度的一个指标,然后用照相记录,即可求出粒子的沉降系数。分析性超速离心机主要由一个椭圆形的转子、一套真空系统和一套光学系统所组成。光学系统可保证在整个离心期间都能观察小室中正在沉降的物质,可以通过对紫外光的吸收(如对蛋白质和DNA)或折射率的不同对沉降物进行监视。M:该分子不含水的相对分子重量;R:气体常数;T:绝对温度;S:分子的沉降系数;ν:分子的微分比容(当一克溶质加到一个大体积的溶液中所占有的体积);ρ:溶剂的密度。沉降系数S一个Svedberg单位九、掌握蛋白浓度测定的常用方法、原理及应用Ultraviolet

AbsorbanceThe

Bradford

Assay蛋白质总量的测定The

Lowry

AssayThe

BCA

Assay凯氏定氮法Convenience-availability

accuracyThe

criteria

for

choice

of

a

protein

assay?For

example,Lowry

methodvery

sensitivetwo

step

procedurerequires

a

minimum

of

40

minutes

incubation

time.Bradford

assaymore

sensitive

and

can

be

read

within

5

minutesproteins

with

low

arginine

content

will

be

underestimated.spectrophotometerAbsorption

of

Light

byMolecules:The

Lambert-Beer

Lawmeasure

molecules

concentration

in

solutionI0

-

intensity

of

the

incident

lightI

intensity

of

the

transmitted

lightc

-concentration

of

the

absorbing

speciesl

-

path

length

of

thelightabsorbingsample

(incentimeters)ε-molar

extinction

摩尔消光系数absorbanceABSA

is

the

most

common

standard,

others

maybeused

as

conditions

applyBSA

is

a

sticky

protein,

be

aware

of

this

in

allproceduresPrepare

your

standard

at

50-100mL

of

1-5

mg/mLsolutionBe

gentle

when

mixing-gently

swirlAliquot

1-5

mL

and

store

in

a

–20o

freezerComple y

thaw

standard

before

use

and

mix

thetubeStandardsnot

always

linearmay

be

linear

over

a

small

rangeThe

protein

used

must

makesensecovers

the

absorbance

range

of

your

unknown

withat

least

two

points

on

either

sideIf

buffers

or

other

contaminants

are

present

in

yourprotein

preparations,usebuffer

blanks

and

a

similarbuffer

systemin

your

standardsStandards

curveTCA

or

acetone

precipitation

is

an

option

for

removingcontaminantsremoved

almost

all

salts

and

contaminantProtein

Preparation

for

Assay1.

Ultraviolet

AbsorbanceE.

Layne.

Methods

in

Enzymology

3:

447

(1957)How

does

it

work?Monitors

the

absorbance

of

aromatic

amino

acids,tyrosine

and

tryptophan

or

if

the

wavelength

islowered,

the

absorbance

of

the

peptide

bond.Detection

Limitations20

µg

to

3

mgAdvantagesQuickSample

can

berecoveredUseful

for

estimation

of

protein

before

using

a

more

accuratemethodWell

suited

for

identifying

protein

in

column

fractionsHighly

susceptible

to

contaminationAbsorbance

is

heavily

influence

by

pH

and

ionicstrength

of

the

solution.DisadvantagesZero

the

spectrophotometer

with

a

buffer

blankMake

a

standard

curve

using

your

standard

of

choice

in

theexpected

concentration

range,

using

the

same

buffer

that

yourunknown

sample

is

in.Take

the

absorbance

values

at

280

nm

in

a

quartz

cuvettePlace

sample

into

quartz

cuvette

(make

sure

concentration

is

inthe

range

of

20

µg

to

3

mgTake

absorbance

at

280

nmtative

ProcedureZero

spectrophotometerto

water

(or

buffer)Take

the

absorbance

at

280

nm

in

a

quartz

cuvetteChange

wavelength

to

260

nm

and

zero

with

water

(orbuffer)Take

absorption

at

260

nm

in

a

quartz

cuvetteUse

the

following

equation

to

estimate

the

proteinconcentration[Protein]

(mg/mL)

=

1.55*A280

-

0.76*A260Using

ProtParamProtParamThe

protein

can

either

be

specified

as

a

Swiss-Prot/TrEMBLaccession

number

or

ID,

or

in

form

of

a

raw

sequence.不同的蛋白质,吸光系数是不同的!!One

DropSpectrophotometerOD-1000原理:通过液体的表面张力使得待测样品在两个光纤之间形成1mm的液体薄膜,从而使样品的光程固定为1

mm,通过测定样品的光吸收值,再自动换算成1

cm光程时的光吸收值即可仪器综合特点检测所需样品量少,1-2

ul

检测上

;比传统的分光光度计的上

50倍,吸光度范围是0.03-75个OD;对于多数样品而言,无需稀释,无需检测容器,日常消耗低,全波长220-750nm,体积小巧,设备便携,满足现场检测的需求仪器无需预热,可直接测量,易用性好,即插即用。准确性?260:280

ratio

has

high

sensitivity

for

nucleic

acid

contamination

inprotein:%

protein%

nucleicacid260:280ratio10000.579551.0690101.3270301.73%

nucleic

acid%

protein260:280

ratio10002.009551.9990101.9870301.94260:280

ratio

lacks

sensitivity

for

protein

contamination

in

nucleic

acids:2.

The

Bradford

AssayBradford,

M.

M.

(1976).

Biochem.

72,

248Detection

Limitations1-20

µg

(micro

assay)20-200

µg

(macro

assay)Coomassie

brilliant

blue

G-250

dye(CBBG).specifically

binds

to

proteins

at

arginine,tryptophan,

tyrosine,

histidine

andphenylalanine

residues.the

assay

primarily

responds

to

arginineresidues(eight

times

as

mu

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