考研考博-英语-博尔塔拉职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-博尔塔拉职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Afterhewaspraisedforwhathehaddone,hesaid,“I______evenbetterunderharderconditions.”

问题1选项

A.woulddo

B.wouldhavedone

C.did

D.haddone

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。under引导一个非真实条件句，表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词应该用wouldhavedone，故B项正确。句意：在他的所作所为受到表扬后，他说，“在更艰苦的条件下，我会做得更好。”因此，该题选择B项正确。

2.单选题

TheFBIkeptthehouseunderconstant______inthehopeofcapturingallthecriminalsatonetime.

问题1选项

A.cessation

B.surveillance

C.guidance

D.supervision

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项cessation表示“停止，中止”，B项surveillance表示“监督，（对犯罪嫌疑人或可能发生犯罪的地方的）监视”，C项guidance表示“指导，引导”，D项supervision表示“监督，管理”，指活动或行动过程中的监督，尤指批判性地指导。根据关键词FBI（联邦调查局）和criminals（罪犯）可知，“监视”符合语境。句意：联邦调查局不断监视这所房子，希望能一次性抓获所有罪犯。因此，该题选择B项正确。

3.单选题

Millionsoffarmers,drawnbytheofemployment,cameintothecity,whichmadetheproblemsoftransportationandhousingevenmoreserious.

问题1选项

A.prosperity

B.prospect

C.expectation

D.withrespectto

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项prosperityn.繁荣，成功；B选项prospectn.前途，预期；C选项expectationn.期待，预期，指望；D选项anticipationn.预料，希望，预感。根据句意可知，数百万的农民，满怀找工作的希望涌入城市，使得城市里的交通和住房问题变得更加严重。因此，正确答案为C项。

4.单选题

Butgiftssuchasthesecannotbeawardedtoeverybody,eitherbyjudgesorbythemost（

）ofgovernment.

问题1选项

A.tough

B.demanding

C.diverse

D.benign

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。tough意为“坚强的，坚韧的”；demanding意为“要求高的，费力的”；diverse意为“不同的，多种多样的”；benign意为“温和的，仁慈的”。

句意：但是像这样的礼物不能奖励给每个人，不管是由法官还是由温和的政府。

5.单选题

Thestockmarketdeclinedsharply,andrampantbusinessinvestmentslumped.Thenanensuingspateonscandals_______publictrustinthewaycompanieswererun.

问题1选项

A.consolidated

B.illuminated

C.weakened

D.celebrated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项consolidate“巩固，加强”；B选项illuminate“说明；使灿烂”；C选项weaken“削弱”；D选项celebrate“庆祝；宣告”。句意：股市大幅下跌，泛滥的商业投资大幅下滑。接着是一连串的丑闻_______公众对公司运作方式的信任。根据语境，股市大跌，投资下滑，可知这里表达负面的意味，weaken“削弱”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

DeadSeaisasaltwaterlakeinsouthwesternAsia.Itsshore,whichliesabout399metersbelowsealevel,isthelowestplaceonthesurfaceoftheearth.TheDeadSeaisthesaltiestbodyofwaterintheworld.Itisaboutninetimesassaltyastheocean.ThelakeliesatthemouthoftheRiverJordanandformspartoftheborderbetweenIsraelandJordan.

ThesaltywatersofDeadSeaappearsmoothandsparkling.Rockyandbarrenlandsurroundsthelake,andsteep,brightlycoloredcliffsriseaboveitseasternandwesternbanks.ThelakeiscalledtheDeadSeabecausefewplantsandnofishexceptbrineshrimpliveinitswaters.Inaddition,littleplantlifegrowsinthesaltysoilaroundtheDeadSea.

TheDeadSealiesintheGhor,adeepfault(breakintheearth'soutershell,alongwhichrockhasmoved).Thelakecoversabout1,040squarekilometers.Itis18kilometerswideatitswidestpointandabout80kilometerslong.

ApeninsulacalledAtLisanjutsintotheDeadSeafromitseasternshoreanddividesthelakeintoalargenorthernbasinandasmallersouthernbasin.Thelake'sdeepestpartisinthenorthernbasin.Inthisarea,thelakebosomlies400metersbelowthesurfaceandabout799metersbelowsealevel.

Sincetheearly1900's,thewaterleveloftheDeadSeahasbeenslowlyfalling.Theregiongetslessthan100millimetersofrainannually.TheRiverJordanandseveralstreamspourrelativelyfreshwaterintothelake.Thefreshwatermixeswithsaltywateratthesurface.Butextremeheatintheareacausesthiswatertoevaporaterapidly.Thus,theDeadSeanevergrowslesssalty.Thehighsaltcontentofthewaterprovidesgreatbuoyancy,enablingswimmerstofloatwithease.

TheDeadSeacontainslargequantitiesofminerals,includingcommonsalt,bromine,calciumchloride,andpotassiumchloride.AnIsraelicompanycalledtheDeadSeaWorkextractsthemineralsfromthewaterforuseinmakingsuchproductsastablesalt,fertilizer,anddrugs.

AtthesouthernendoftheDeadSeaanetworkofdikesformsshallowpoolsthatcovermorethat100squarekilometers.Thesepoolsevaporateandleavebehindmineralsolids,whicharethenrefinedbytheDeadSeaWorks.SomepeoplebelievethatbathingintheDeadSeaishealthfulbecauseofitshighmineralcontent.Severalhealthresortsintheareaprovidefacilitiesforbathers.

TheDeadSeawasprobablyformedmillionsofyearsagowhentheArabianpeninsulaandtheAfricancontinentshiftedandformedtheGreatRiftValley.TheDeadSeaismentionedintheBibleasTheSaltSea.TheancientcitiesofSodomandGomorrahstoodnearthelake.

1.WhatarethestrikingmainfeaturesoftheDeadSea?

2.Extremeheatisresponsiblefor（）.

3.Scholarsarenotquitesureabout（）.

4.TheDeadSeais（）.

5.ThewaterintheDeadSeaissosaltythatpeoplecan（）.

6.Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethat（）.

7.Inthephrase"Inthisarea"inline3ofparagraph4,"thisarea"refersto（）.

问题1选项

A.DeadSeaisapartofAsia.

B.Itisthesaltiestandlowestlakeoftheworld.

C.DeadSeaisnotsodeadthatsomefishcanliveinitswater.

D.Theregiongetsalotrainannually.

问题2选项

A.thehighsaltcontentofthewater

B.richresources

C.alonghistory

D.thewateroftheDeadSea

问题3选项

A.theSaltSea

B.theBible

C.minerals

D.theformationoftheDeadSea

问题4选项

A.tothesoutheasternAsia

B.notbarrenland

C.abundantinminerals

D.dead

问题5选项

A.batheinitformedicalpurpose

B.swiminit

C.floateasilyinthewater

D.useitastheonlysourceforsalt

问题6选项

A.thewaterlevelnowislowerthanitwasbeforeearly1900's

B.manyhealthresortsarebuiltaroundtheDeadSeasinceearly1900's

C.thereisnolifeintheDeadSea

D.theheavyraineachyeargreatlydilutethewaterintheDeadSea

问题7选项

A.theDeadSea

B.AtLisan

C.Northernbasin

D.Southernbasin

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:C

第6题:A

第7题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段的二三句“Itsshore,whichliesabout399metersbelowsealevel,isthelowestplaceonthesurfaceoftheearth.TheDeadSeaisthesaltiestbodyofwaterintheworld.”可知,死海最显著的几个特征是海拔最低,海水最咸,所以选项B符合原文。

2.根据第五段的倒数二三句“Butextremeheatintheareacausesthiswatertoevaporaterapidly.Thus,theDeadSeanevergrowslesssalty.”该地区的极端高温导致这些水迅速蒸发。因此,死海的盐分从未减少过。也就是海水含盐量大,所以选项A正确。

3.根据最后一段的第一句“TheDeadSeawasprobablyformedmillionsofyearsago...”由“probably”可以推测,学者们对死海的形成不太确定。选项D正确。

4.根据第七段倒数第二句“...bathingintheDeadSeaishealthfulbecauseofitshighmineralcontent.”有些人认为,在死海洗澡是健康的,因为它富含矿物质。选项C正确。

5.根据第五段最后一句“Thehighsaltcontentofthewaterprovidesgreatbuoyancy,enablingswimmerstofloatwithease.”含盐量极高的水提供了巨大的浮力,使游泳者可以轻松漂浮。选项C符合原文。

6.根据第五段第一句“Sincetheearly1900's,thewaterleveloftheDeadSeahasbeenslowlyfalling.”可知选项A符合原文,其他选项均表述错误。

7.根据原文上一句提到,这个湖最深的地方在北部水域,下一句指出湖泊位于水面以下400米,海平面以下约799米,说明“Inthisarea”指的就是北部水域,选项C正确。

7.单选题

Theyuse___salestacticstodefeattheirmajorcompetitor.

问题1选项

A.immoral

B.immortal

C.unscrupulous

D.ambitious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项immoral“不道德的（生活作风上的道德上的错误）；邪恶的；淫荡的”；B选项immortal“不朽的；神仙的；长生的”；C选项unscrupulous“肆无忌惮的；寡廉鲜耻的；不讲道德的（不诚实或不公平）”；D选项ambitious“野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的”。句意：他们使用___销售策略来击败主要的竞争对手。本句表达“肆无忌惮的销售策略”，指不诚信、不公平的销售手段，和生活作风无关。因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

TheALSPACreportisthethirdinrecentyearstofindfeworno_______effectsfromconsumingmosttypesofseafoodduringpregnancy.

问题1选项

A.adverse

B.aggregate

C.antagonistic

D.animate

【答案】A

【解析】adverse不利的,敌对的;aggregate合计的,聚合的;antagonistic反对的,敌对的;animate有生命的。句意：ALSPAC的报告是近年来第三份发现孕期食用大多数品种的海鲜很少有或者几乎没有副作用的报告。

选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Wedon’tthinkthathis（

）abilityhasbeenwelldeveloped.

问题1选项

A.possible

B.potential

C.initial

D.invisible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。possible“可能的”；potential“有潜力的”；initial“最初的”；invisible“看不见的”。句意：我们认为他的潜力没有被好好挖掘。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Everyoneexperiencesfearduringmajorcrisis—suchasfires,automobileaccidents,etc.Somepeopleevenfeelverynervouswhentheyflyinginairplanes.Nomatterhowhardtheytry,theycannotlowertheiranxiety.Someofthemenjoytalkingabouttheirfearswhileothersresentbeingaskedtodiscusstheiranxietybytellingjokes.Somepeopletrytohidetheirnervousness:theytrytodisguisetheiranxietybytellingjokes.Othersbecomeloudandaggressive,attackingpeoplebymakingthemthebuttofcrueljokes,sometimesmakingsomeoneelsethetargetofjokesisanattempttocontrolone’sfears—tomasteranxiety.

Anumberoffactorscanbementionedasimportantinexplainingwhypeoplehaveafearofflying:earlychildhoodexperiences,generalsenseofsecurity,fearofheights,trustinothers,percentageofalcoholinblood,etc.Thememoryofabadexperiencecansometimestriggerthesamefearcausedbythatexperience.Thus,achildmightbefrightenedbythesightofadogeventhoughheissafe,merelybecauseheoncehadabadexperiencewithadog.Abadexperiencecanbethecuethattriggersourfears.Butthecrucialfactorseemstobeafeelingofnocontrol.

Usuallyweareabletosuppressourfeelingssothattheydonotaffectourbehavior.Butsometimesthetensionproducedbyourfearsissogreatthatwecannotsuppressit.Atsuchtimeweneedtodischargethetensionbylaughingorcrying.Bysmilingfoolishlyandtalkingloudly,weareabletorepresstherisingfeelingoffearsothatitdoesnotaffectthewaywebehave.

Becauseitisnecessarytorecognizeaproblembeforeitcanbesolved,admittingthatweareafraidisanintegralpartoftheprocessofmasteringourfears.

1.Tomakesomeonethebuttofjokesmeans（）.

2.Whatisthepositivepurposeofpeople’stellingjokes?

3.Tomasteranxietymeans（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfactortriggeringthefeelingoffear?

5.Accordingtotheconcludingparagraph,whatisessentialtogothroughtheprocessofmasteringone'sfears?

问题1选项

A.toforcesomeonetoenjoyjokes

B.toentitlesomeonetotelljokes

C.tooffendsomeonebyjokes

D.tomakesomeonebecometheobjectofjokes

问题2选项

A.Todisguisetheiranxiety

B.Toattackothers

C.Tocontrolone’sownfears

D.Toshowone’ssenseofhumor

问题3选项

A.toconquerthefeelingofnervousness

B.toholdbackthefeelingofuneasiness

C.tobefamiliarwithtension

D.tobegoodatthesubjectofanxiety

问题4选项

A.Earlychildhoodexperience.

B.Thegeneralsenseofsecurity.

C.Thefearofheights.

D.Afeelingofnocontrol.

问题5选项

A.Tobeconsciousofthewayofmasteringfears.

B.Toadmitthefeelingoffears.

C.Tocontrolone'sfeelings.

D.Torepresstherisingfeelingoffear.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义推断题。根据第一段的倒数二三句“Somepeopletrytohidetheirnervousness:theytrytodisguisetheiranxietybytellingjokes.Othersbecomeloudandaggressive,attackingpeoplebymakingthemthebuttofcrueljokes.”有些人试图通过讲笑话来掩饰他们的焦虑；另一些人则吵闹和好斗，攻击别人的方法是使人成为被取笑的对象。所以thebuttofjokes指：被人取笑的对象。选项D符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第一段的最后一句“Sometimesmakingsomeoneelsethetargetofjokesisanattempttocontrolone’sownfears—tomasteranxiety.有时让别人成为笑话的对象是为了控制自己的恐惧——控制焦虑。”由此可知，人们讲笑话的积极目的是为了控制自己的恐惧和焦虑，所以选项C符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据第一段的最后一句“Sometimesmakingsomeoneelsethetargetofjokesisanattempttocontrolone’sownfears—tomasteranxiety.”可知，控制焦虑意味着要克服紧张不安的感觉，选项A符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据第二段最后一句“Butthecrucialfactorseemstobeafeelingofnocontrol.但关键的因素似乎是一种失控的感觉。”选项D符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的内容可知：在问题得以解决之前，有必要认识它，承认我们害怕是控制恐惧过程中不可分割的一部分。所以选项B符合原文。

11.翻译题

PleasetranslatethefollowingtenEnglishsentencesintoChinese.

Withahistoryofmorethan5,000years,Chinaisoneoftheoldestancientcivilizationsoftheworld.

Chinawasdividedforshortperiodsofitshistory,withdifferentregionsbeingruledbydifferentgroups.

FromXiaDynastyinthe21stcenturyBCtoQingDynasty,Chinaexperienceddozensofdynastiesinhistory.

Eachdynastyachieveduniqueaccomplishmentsinthefieldsofpolities,economy,culture,scienceandtechnology,etc.

HanDynastywasthemostadvancedempireatthattime,whichcontributestotheformationofthename“theHanNationality”.

TangDynastyimpressedChineseforitslongtimeunificationandpowerfulnationalstrength,becauseofwhichoverseasChinesecallthemselves“Tangpeople”abroad.

SongDynastyandMingDynastywereperiodswheneconomy,culture,educationandsciencewerehighlyprosperous.

Butthechangefromonedynastytoanotherusuallyledtolong-lastingwars,whichbroughtunspeakablesufferingforthemasses.

On1October1949,MaoZedongproclaimedthePeople’sRepublicofChina.

MaoistthoughtwaswidelyappliedastheguidingpoliticalandmilitaryideologyoftheCommunistPartyofChina.

【答案】中国有5000多年的历史，是世界最古老的文明之一。

历史上，中国在短期内被划分为多个部分，并且不同的区域由不同的群体管辖。

从公元前21世纪的夏朝开始至清朝结束，中国历史上经历过几十个朝代的变更。

每个朝代在政治、经济、文化和科学技术等领域都有独特的成就。

汉朝是当时世界上最先进的帝国,“汉族”这一名称就得名于汉朝。

唐朝因统一时间长、国力强盛而被国人铭记，因此在海外的中国人自称为“唐人”。

宋朝和明朝是经济、文化、教育与科学高度繁荣的时代。

但朝代的更替一般会导致连年战争，给人民大众带来了难以言表的痛苦。

1949年10月1曰，毛泽东宣布中华人民共和国的成立。

毛泽东思想作为中国共产党的政治和军事指导思想被广泛应用。

12.单选题

Thedoctorponderedforawhile,tryingtorecallwhichofseveralmedicationswouldbebestto（

）thepatient’ssuffering.

问题1选项

A.alleviate

B.restrict

C.decrease

D.diminish

【答案】A

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。alleviate“减轻，使……缓和”；restrict“限制，约束”；decrease“减少”；diminish“减少，减损”。句意：医生仔细考虑了一会，试图回想起哪一种药能够最有效地减轻病人的痛苦。选项A符合题意。

13.单选题

Ihavehadjustaboutenoughofbeingtreatedlikeasecond-classcitizen,simplybecauseIhappentobethatunfairlytreatedmemberofsociety—acustomer.ThemoreIgointoshopsandhotels,banksandpostoffices,railwaystations,airportsandthelike,themoreIamconvincedthethingsarebeingrunsolelytosuitthefirm,thesystem,ortheunion.Thereseemstobeadeceptivenewmottoforso-called“service”organizationsStaffBeforeService.

Howoften,forexample,haveyouqueuedforwhatseemslikehoursatthePostOfficeorthesupermarketbecausetherewerenotenoughstaffondutytomanalltheservicegrillesorcheckoutcounters?Surelyinthesedaysofhighunemploymentitmustbepossibletohirecashiersandcounterstaff.Yetsupermarketshintingdarklyathigherprices,claimthatuncoveringalltheircashregistersatanyonetimewouldincreaseoperatingcosts.AndthePostOfficesayswecannotexpectalltheirservicegrillestobeoccupied"attimeswhendemandislow”.

Itisthesamewithhotels,becausewaitersandkitchenstaffmustfinishwhenitsuitsthem,diningroomscloseearlierormenuchoiceiscutshort.Asforusguests,wejusthavetoputupwithit.Thereisalsothenonsenseofsomanyfriendlyhotelnightportershavingbeenthrownoutoftheirjobsintheinterestsof"efficiency”andreplacedbycoin-eatingmachineswhichoffereverythingfromlagertolaxatives.Nottomentionthetea-makingkitinyourroom:akettlewithamixedcollectionofteabags,plasticmilkboxesandlumpsugar.Whowantstowakeuptoarawteabag?Idonot,especiallywhenIampayingfor“service”.

Canitbestopped,thisworseningofservice,thisgrowingattitudethatthecustomerisalwaysabore?Iangrilyhopesobecauseitishappening,sadly,inallwalksoflife.

Ouronlyhopeistohammerhomeourangerwheneverandwhereverwecanand,ifallelsefails,bringbackintopracticethatother,olderslogan-TakeOurDealElsewhere.

1.Thewriterfeelsthatnowadaysacustomer（

）.

2.Thewriterarguesthatthequalityofserviceischangingbecause（

）.

3.Accordingtothewriter,longqueuesatcountersarecausedby（

）.

4.Serviceorganizationscontendthatkeepingallcheckoutcountersoperatedcanresultin（

）.

5.Thewritersuggeststhatacustomer（

）.

问题1选项

A.deservestheloweststatusinsociety

B.isunworthyofproperconsideration

C.receivesunexpectedqualityservice

D.isthevictimofsomepublicservices

问题2选项

A.customers'demandshavegreatlychanged

B.servicesprovidedneverbecomeconsistent

C.thestaffreceivemoreconsiderationthancustomers

D.staffmembersarelessconsideratethantheiremployers

问题3选项

A.difficultiesinhiringemployees

B.deliberateunderstaffing

C.lackofcooperationbetweenstaffmembers

D.employeesirresponsibility

问题4选项

A.demandsbycashiersforapayraise

B.insignificantbenefitsforthecustomers.

C.ariseinthecostforprovidingservice.

D.needstopurchaseexpensiveequipment

问题5选项

A.putupwiththerudemannersofthestaff

B.bepatientwhenqueuingbeforecheckoutcounters

C.trytocontrolhistemperwhenill-treated

D.gotootherplaceswheregoodserviceisavailable

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目所问的是“作者认为现在的消费者如何？”文章第一段第一句话提到“我受够了被作为二等公民对待，仅仅因为我是一个被不公正对待的社会成员—一个消费者”(Ihavehadjustaboutenoughofbeingtreatedlikeasecond-classcitizen,simplybecauseIhappentobethatunfairlytreatedmemberofsociety—acustomer)，接下来谈及到在饭店、邮局、火车站、机场等地的一些经历，由这些可知选项D“是一些公共服务的受害者”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目所问的是“作者认为服务质量正在变化的原因是什么？”文章第二段第一句话提到“你有没有因为邮局或者超市没有足够的员工来安排他们的工作窗口或者收银台而排几个小时的队？”(Howoften,forexample,haveyouqueuedforwhatseemslikehoursatthePostOfficeorthesupermarketbecausetherewerenotenoughstaffondutytomanalltheservicegrillesorcheckoutcounters?)，选项C“对员工的考虑多余对顾客的考虑”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目所问的是“在作者看来，柜台前排长队的原因是什么？”文章提到之所以有时候需要排几个小时的对是因为员工配备少；而文章第二段第二句话提到“在现在这种高失业率的情况下，雇佣收银员或者柜台员工是很容易的”（Surelyinthesedaysofhighunemploymentitmustbepossibletohirecashiersandcounterstaff），因此可以推断并不是雇佣不到员工，而是这些商场或者机构不愿意去花钱雇佣更多的员工。选项B“故意的员工不足”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目所问的是“服务机构认为让所有收银机全部工作起来会导致什么后果？”文章第二段倒数第二句话提到“把收银机全部运行会增加成本”(Yetsupermarketshintingdarklyathigherprices,claimthatuncoveringalltheircashregistersatanyonetimewouldincreaseoperatingcosts)，选项C“增加服务成本”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题目所问的是“作者建议消费者应该怎样做？”文章最后一段提到“我们唯一的希望就是无论何时无论何地都要表达出我们的不满，如果这些努力全失败了，再去尝试将古老的口号付诸实践—去别处进行买卖”（Ouronlyhopeistohammerhomeourangerwheneverandwhereverwecanand,ifallelsefails,bringbackintopracticethatother,olderslogan-TakeOurDealElsewhere），选项D“去有更好服务的地方”符合题意。

14.单选题

RiteofPassageisagoodnovelbyanystandards:（）itshouldrankhighonanylistofsciencefiction.

问题1选项

A.consistently

B.consequently

C.invariably

D.fortunately

【答案】B

【解析】副词词义辨析。consistently“一致地,一贯地”;consequently“因此,所以”;invariably“总是，不变地”;fortunately“幸运地”。句意:无论以何种标准来衡量，《成人礼》都是一部优秀的小说:因此，它应该排在任何科幻小说的前列。前后构成因果关系，所以选项B正确。

15.单选题

Mostreligiousorganizationsdependonthe（）actionsoftheirmembersforfinancialandmaterialaid.

问题1选项

A.elemosynary

B.ellemosynary

C.elemosinary

D.eleemosynary

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。D选项eleemosynary“施舍的；慈善的；接受接济的”。A，B和C这三项在英语中不存在。句意为：大多数宗教组织依赖它们成员的慈善行为来获取资金和物资支持。根据句意可知D选项正确。

16.不定项选择题

Iintendtodealwiththeproblemsofformulatingpracticalandrealisticplansfortheapplicationofscienceandtechnologybythegovernmentofanewlyemergingcountry.IwillspecificallyhaveinmindthenewAfricannations,forvarioushistoricalreasons,theyareparticularlyshortoftrainedmanpower.

Thefirstthingwhichmuststrike,say,thePrimeMinsterorMinisteroffinanceofsuchayoungnation,isthatscienceandscientistsareexpensiveandthatfinancialdemandsclashwiththeinnumerableotherdemandsonacountry’sverylimitedfinancialresources,andstillmorelimitedforeigncurrency.

Inconsideringtheformulationofnationalpolicyinrelationtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnologyandtotheincreaseinmaterialwealth,itisusefultodistinguishthreemainaspectsofthisquestion.

Thefirstisthatofknownandavailabletechnology.Themajorityofthemosturgentneedsoftheemergingcountriesintheearlystagesofdevelopmentcomeintothiscategory.Tosetupamotor-busservice，itisnecessarytohavetheforeignexchangetobuythevehiclesandfuel,andthetechnicalschoolstotrainthedriversandrepairpersonnel,butnoresearchordevelopmentatallisneeded.Norisnewresearchanddevelopmentrequiredtosetupanairline,oratelevisionsystemoranelectricitysupply,orasewagesystemandpipedwatersupplyorthemajorityofnormalmanufactureplants.Thoughsuchprojectsdonotinvolveanyappreciableresearchanddevelopment,theydorequirealargesupplyoftechnicallyandscientificallytrainedpersonneltorunthem.

Thesecondmostimportantaspectoftheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytoaless-developedcountryisthatconcernedwithproblemswhicharerelatedtothespecialconditionsofthecountry,andwhichcanonlybesolvedonthespot.Prominentamongthese,ofcourse,areproblemsinagricultureandmedicinewhichhavespecificlocalsignificanceandsocannotbestudiedelsewhere.Thentherearemanyproblemsinmeteorology,geology,geophysicalsurveying,roadbuildingandhousing,whereoriginalresearchanddevelopmentrelatedtolocalconditionsarerequired.Inaddition,manynewtechnologicalproblemsariseinthesettingupoflocalindustries,becauseofthespecialpropertiesofthelocalfuels,rawmaterials,textiles,foodstuffs,etc.Inrelationtotheproblems,theimportanceofafirst-rateinformationserviceisvital.Itmustbemadeaseasyaspossiblefortheresearchanddevelopmentpersonneltobekeptawareofthestateofgeneralworldknowledgeonaparticularsubject,soasnottobeledbyignoranceintoexpensiveresearchestofindoutwhatisalreadywellknown.Theoppositedangeristoassumetooeasilythatsomeprocess,techniqueormethod,whichhaslongbeeninsuccessfuluseinsomeothercountry,canbetransferredwithoutmodificationtoanewsituation.

Thethirdaspectisconcernedwiththegroupofnewtechnologieswhicharenotyetingeneraluse,butarestillunderdevelopmentmainlyinthetechnologicallyadvancedcountries.Irefer,forinstance,tosuchthingsassolarheats,fuelcells,desalinationofwater,andagreatmanyimprovedprocessesandmanufacturedgoods.Thoughaclosewatchmustbekeptonthesedevelopments,Iamconvincedthatthenationaleconomicandtechnologicalplanningofanewcountry’sdevelopment,overthenextdecadeorso,shouldbebasedonwhatisnowknown.

1.ThemainobjectofProfessorBlackett’saddressis（

）.

2.Thegreatestdifficultytheleadersofayoungnationhavetogetoveristhat（

）.

3.Theauthorsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatisthebestwaytoavoidbeingmisledintoexpensiveresearchestofindoutwhatisalreadywellknown?

5.Tosolveproblemsinagriculture,geology,geophysicalsurveyingscientistsandtechnologistsfirstofallshould（

）.

问题1选项

A.thescientistsandtechnologistsallovertheworld

B.theMinistersoffinanceofyoungcountries

C.thenationalauthoritiesofless-developedcountries

D.personsinchargeofformulatingplansforthedevelopmentofnationaleconomyintheemergingcountries

问题2选项

A.theyareshortoftrainedmanpower

B.scienceandscientistsareexpensiveintheircountry

C.theyhaveverylimitedfinancialresource

D.alloftheabove

问题3选项

A.alltheknownandavailabletechnologiesshouldbeappliedtodevelopingayoungnation

B.thenationaleconomicandtechnologicalplanningofanewcountry’sdevelopmentshouldbebasedonnewtechnologieswhicharestillunderdevelopment

C.theresearchanddevelopmentpersonnelshouldbekeptawareofthestateofgeneralworldknowledgeonallthesubjects

D.someprocess,techniqueormethodwhichhaslongbeeninsuccessfulusenotbetransferredtoanewsituationwithoutmodification

问题4选项

A.Tokeepclosewatchonthedevelopmentofmostadvancedbranchesofscience.

B.Tohaveafirst-rateinformationservice.

C.Totakeuporiginalresearchesrelatedtolocalconditions.

D.Tomeettheinnumerablefinancialdemandsofresearches.

问题5选项

A.carryoutresearchesrelatedtolocalconditions

B.studytheminadvancedcountries

C.considerthehistoricalreasons

D.developasoundsenseoftheeconomicrealities

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。第一步，寻找上下文线索，定位到主旨句，文章第一段第一句话Iintendtodealwiththeproblemsofformulatingpracticalandrealisticplansfortheapplicationofscienceandtechnologybythegovernmentofanewlyemergingcountry.（我打算处理一个新兴国家的政府为科学技术应用制定切实可行的计划的问题），第三段第二句Themajorityofthemosturgentneedsoftheemergingcountriesintheearlystagesofdevelopmentcomeintothiscategory.（新兴国家在发展初期最迫切的需要大多属于这一类），第四段第一句Thesecondmostimportantaspectoftheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytoaless-developedcountryis…（在欠发达国家应用科学技术的第二个最重要的方面是……）……，综上可以推断，这些可以知道教授演讲的主要对象是欠发达国家，答案选C选项“欠发达国家的国家当局”；

A选项“全世界的科学家和技术人员”，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；

B选项“年轻国家的财政部长”，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；

D选项“负责制定新兴国家国民经济发展计划的人员”，不符合题意，属于反向干扰。

第2题:事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，根据题干定位到第二段第一句Thefirstthingwhichmuststrike,say,thePrimeMinsterorMinisteroffinanceofsuchayoungnation,isthatscienceandscientistsareexpensiveandthatfinancialdemandsclashwiththeinnumerableotherdemandsonacountry’sverylimitedfinancialresources,andstillmorelimitedforeigncurrency.（对于这样一个年轻的国家来说，首先一定会让首相或财政部长感到震惊的是，科学和科学家是昂贵的，财政需求与对一个国家非常有限的财政资源和更有限的外汇的无数其他需求相冲突）从这里可知B选项“科学和科学家在他们国家是昂贵的”、C选项“他们的财政资源非常有限”正确；

A选项“他们缺少训练有素的人力”，定位到最后一段最后一句theyareparticularlyshortoftrainedmanpower.（他们尤其缺乏训练有素的人力），所以A选项正确；

综上，答案D选项“以上都是”。

第3题:事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第二句Themajorityofthemosturgentneedsoftheemergingcountriesintheearlystagesofdevelopmentcomeintothiscategory.（新兴国家在发展初期最迫切的需要大多属于这一类），第二步综合理解，由此可知作者觉得其实新兴国家更需要新技术，答案选A选项“所有已知和可用的技术都应该用于发展一个年轻的国家”；

B选项“一个新国家发展的国民经济和技术计划应该以正在发展的新技术为基础”，定位到最后一段最后一句Thoughaclosewatchmustbekeptonthesedevelopments,Iamconvincedthatthenationaleconomicandtechnologicalplanningofanewcountry’sdevelopment,overthenextdecadeorso,shouldbebasedonwhatisnowknown.（虽然必须密切关注这些发展，但我相信，一个新国家在今后十年左右的发展中，其国民经济和技术计划应该以现有的知识为基础），从这里可知十年内国民经济和技术计划都是以现在已经建立好的知识为基础，而不是现在正在开发的技术，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“研究和开发人员应该了解世界上所有学科的一般知识状况”，定位到第四段倒数第二句Itmustbemadeaseasyaspossiblefortheresearchanddevelopmentpersonneltobekeptawareofthestateofgeneralworldknowledgeonaparticularsubject,soasnottobeledbyignoranceintoexpensiveresearchestofindoutwhatisalreadywellknown.（必须使研究和开发人员尽可能容易地了解某一特定领域的一般世界知识状况，以免因无知而被引导进行昂贵的研究，以找出已知的东西），这里可知不是研究开发人员都必须掌握一般的世界知识，而是让研究人员更加容易地掌握一般的世界知识，这里属于偷换概念，所以不选；

D选项“某些长期成功使用的过程、技术或方法，不经修改，是不能转移到新的情况下的”，定位到第四段第二句Prominentamongthese,ofcourse,areproblemsinagricultureandmedicinewhichhavespecificlocalsignificanceandsocannotbestudiedelsewhere.（其中突出的问题当然是农业和医药方面的问题，这些问题具有特定的地方意义，因此不能在其他地方进行研究），因为每个地方有每个地方的特点，所以很多科技是具有特殊性，即使经过修改也不能运用在其他地方，所以不选。

第4题:事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第四段倒数第三句Inrelationtotheproblems,theimportanceofafirst-rateinformationserviceisvital.（关于这些问题，一流的信息服务的重要性是至关重要的），由此可知答案选B选项“有一流的信息服务”；

A选项“