考研考博-英语-南开大学滨海学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南开大学滨海学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Investigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkey’saggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkey’ssocialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,and,ingeneral,attimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholding,offoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintergroupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinteranimalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevermoreseriousaggression.Whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorder,inthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkey’sbehavior?

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto________.

问题1选项

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators1theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

D.examiningtheeffectsofcompetitiononmonkey’ssocialbehavior

问题2选项

A.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

B.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

C.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

D.Fooddeprivationdecreasestheintensitybutnotthefrequencyofaggressiveincidentsamongmonkeys.

问题3选项

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulses

D.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

问题4选项

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanother

D.preventaggressivecompetitionforincentivesbetweenthatgroupandanother

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.本文作者主要关注的是________。

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehaviorA.提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeysB.比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法

C.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators1theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeysC.讨论研究人员关于猴子间攻击性的理论的发展

D.examiningtheeffectsofcompetitiononmonkey’ssocialbehaviorD.考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响

【答案】C

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】文章第一段讲述研究人员对猴子间的攻击性很感兴趣（struckbymonkey’saggressivepotential），并且展开调查（firstinvestigations）；第二段讲述研究人员最初的观点（Investigatorsinitiallybelieved），这个观点在实验中（experimentslikeSouthwick’s）受到质疑（doubted）；第三段讲述对野生动物和灵长类群体攻击性的研究（Studies）和得到的证据（evidence）；第四段解释研究结果（Thesestudiesofintruderssuggest）。综上所述，本文围绕研究猴子间攻击性的过程为中心展开讨论，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法”：文中没有提到此新方法，属于无中生有；

B选项“比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法”：文中没有对这些方法进行比较，属于无中生有；

D选项“考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响”：竞争是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。

第2题:【选项释义】

Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkey’sbehavior?以下哪个选项最恰当地总结了文章中缺乏食物对猴子行为影响的发现？

A.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.A.缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励。

B.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.B.在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强。

C.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.C.缺乏食物可能会暂时增强猴子之间的攻击性，但也会导致冲突的减少。

D.Fooddeprivationdecreasestheintensitybutnotthefrequencyofaggressiveincidentsamongmonkeys.D.缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率。

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词fooddeprivation定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“减少空间或不给猴子喂食（withholding），只能暂时增强（temporaryincreases）猴子群体内部的攻击性。事实上（Indeed），缺乏食物不仅没有增强攻击性（failedtoincreaseaggression），而且在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreasedfrequenciesofaggression）。”，结合第三段第一句“对极端缺乏食物条件下的野生动物的研究同样表明（likewiserevealed），饥饿的猴子几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性互动（littleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction）。”，可知缺乏食物可能会在短期增强攻击性，但会导致冲突减少，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励”：对应第二段倒数第二句“奖励对竞争的激励作用开始受到怀疑（themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubted）”，可知这里的激励作用受到质疑，不是真实的，属于反向干扰；

B选项“在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强”：缺乏食物在长期来看，会降低攻击性，对于野生环境同样适用，属于反向干扰；

D选项“缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率”：对应第二段最后一句“缺乏食物在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreasedfrequenciesofaggression）”，可知降低了攻击频率，属于反向干扰。

第3题:【选项释义】

Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause________.这篇文章表明，猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子的攻击性行为特别感兴趣，因为________。

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeysA.攻击性是猴子最常见的社会行为

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroupB.为奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序

C.mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulsesC.大多数猴子具有潜在的攻击性，然而，它们生活在社会群体中，如果不控制它们的攻击性冲动，社会群体就不能正常运转

D.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthemD.大多数猴子是群居的，但它们经常对进入已存在的社会群体的新来者进行攻击

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词interestedinaggressivebehavior定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“研究猴子社会行为的研究人员一直被猴子的潜在攻击性（monkey’saggressivepotential）以及随之而来的对其攻击性行为进行社会控制的需要（needforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior）所吸引（struck）”，可知研究人员猴子的攻击性行为感兴趣的原因是，它们具有潜在的攻击性，并且需要控制攻击冲动，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“攻击性是猴子最常见的社会行为”：文中没有提到猴子最常见的社会行为是攻击性行为，属于无中生有；

B选项“为奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序”：文中没有提到为了得到奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序，属于无中生有；

D选项“大多数猴子是群居的，但它们经常对进入现有的社会群体的新来者进行攻击”：对应第三段倒数第二句“引发攻击的最有效刺激之一（mostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggression）是将入侵者引入一个有组织的群体”以及第四段第二句“当一只新动物进入一个已存在的社会组织时，新来者会遇到更严重的攻击（thenewcomermeetsevermoreseriousaggression）。”，可知这是在说猴子在什么时候最具有攻击性，而不是研究人员对猴子的攻击性感兴趣的原因，属于偷换概念。

第4题:【选项释义】

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto________.从文章中可以推断出，为了________，在一群猴子中建立和维护社会秩序必不可少。

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroupsA.防止猴子走失并加入其他群体

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembersB.控制群体成员的攻击性行为

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanotherC.防止一个群体被另一个群体控制

D.preventaggressivecompetitionforincentivesbetweenthatgroupandanotherD.防止不同群体之间为奖励而激烈竞争

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词socialorder定位到第四段第一句，该处讲到“必须建立社会秩序以控制动物之间的关系（controlinteranimalrelationships）”，结合该段第三句“在第二种有社会制度的情况下，群体中的动物则会围攻新来者，从而在开始便将新来者驱逐出现有的社会群体（initiallyexcludingthenewanimal）。”，可知建立和维护社会秩序是为了不让猴子加入外部族群，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“控制群体成员的攻击性行为”：属于无中生有；

C选项“防止一个群体被另一个群体控制”：文中没有提到群体之间的控制，属于无中生有；

D选项“防止不同群体之间为奖励而激烈竞争”：文中没有提到群体之间因为奖励而竞争，属于无中生有。

2.单选题

Thatyoungwomantherewas

ashopassistant;sheisnowamanagerinoursupermarket.

问题1选项

A.before

B.preliminarily

C.formally

D.formerly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。Before“以前，过去”；preliminarily“初步地”；formally“正式地”；formerly“以前，原来”。句意：那个女人之前是店员；现在成了一家超市的经理。选项D符合题意。

3.单选题

Willyouplease（）thisarticletoseeifthereisanymisprint?

问题1选项

A.lookup

B.goover

C.dwellon

D.workout

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。lookup“查阅，拜访”；goover“复习，仔细检查”；dwellon“详述，细想”；workout“解决，算出，锻炼”。根据下半句的内容“看看是否有打印错误”，可知应该是仔细检查一下这篇文章，所以选项B符合句意。

4.单选题

Asfarastherankandpositionisconcerned,anassociateprofessoris（

）aprofessor,thoughtheyarealmostequallyknowledgeable.

问题1选项

A.rankedbelow

B.adjacentto

C.inherentto

D.subjectto

【答案】A

【解析】考察形容词短语辨析。rankedbelow低于……，在……之下；adjacentto与……相邻；inherentto固有的；subjectto使服从，使遭受，受制于……。句意：就职称地位高低而言，副教授低于教授，尽管他们几乎具备同等的学问知识。选项A符合句意。

5.单选题

（）dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.

问题1选项

A.Although

B.Whatever

C.As

D.However

【答案】D

【解析】考查让步状语的连接词。修饰形容词dull的词必须为副词，although和as是连词，后面接句子，因此排除A和C；whatever后面接名词，因此排除B。howeverdullhemaybe表示不管他有多迟钝，因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

Musicistheresultofthoughtintheformofattitude.Thereisnoonewayofthinking,sincemen’svaluesareasscatteredanddissimilarasindividualmenthemselves.Ifblackmusiccanbeseenastheresultofcertainattitudes,certainspecificwaysofthinkingabouttheworld,thenmybasichypothesisaboutmusicisunderstood.Theblackman’smusicchangedasthechanged,reflectingshiftingattitudesorconsistentattitudeswithinchangingcontexts.Itiswhythemusicchangingseemsmostimportanttome.

WhenjazzfirstbegantoappearontheAmericansceneduringthetwenties,inoneformoranother,itwasintroducedinmanyinstancesbywhiteAmericans.Yetitsoriginalconceptionanditsmostvitaldevelopmentweretheresultofcertainattitudes,orexperientialideas,attributabletotheAfro-Americanculture.Jazzasplayedbywhitemusicianswasnotthesameasthatplayedbyblackmusiciansnorwasthereanyreasonforittobe.Themusicofthewhitejazzmusicianwas,atitsmostprofound,alearnedart.

Theblues,forexample,whichItaketobeanindependentblackmusic,waspracticallyignoredinpre-jazzwhiteAmericanculture.Bluesisanextremelyimportantpartofjazz.However,thewayinwhichjazzutilizestheblues“attitude”providedamusicalanalogythewhitemusiciancouldunderstand,andthushecouldarriveatastyleofjazzmusic.Thewhitemusicianunderstoodthebluesfirstasmusic,butseldomasanattitude,sincetheattitudeofthewhitemusicianwasnecessarilyquiteadifferentone.Andinmanycases,itwasnotconsistentwiththemakingofjazz.

Thus,thetrumpets(小号)ofBixBeiderbeckeandLouisArmstrongwereverydissimilar.Thewhitemiddle-classboyfromIowawasaninbornintellectualandhadanemotionallifethatwasbasedonhisconsciousorunconsciousdisapprovalofmostofthecustomofhisculture.Ontheotherhand,Armstrongwas,intermsofanemotionalmodel,anhonoredpriestofhisculture.Hewasnotrebellingagainstanythingwithhismusic.TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety:Beiderbecke,becauseofhisisolationanddeparturefrommassculture;andArmstrong,becauseofthesocio-historicalseparationoftheblackmanfromtherestofAmerican.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheunderlyingideaofthepassage?

2.WhatistherelationshipbetweenbluesandjazzinAmericanculture?

3.Thetoneoftheauthor’sdiscussionofthebluesis______.

4.TheauthorimpliesthatthekindsofmusicproducedbyBeiderbeckeandArmstrongdiffergreatlybecause_______.

5.InwhichofthefollowingwereBeiderbeckeandArmstrongsimilar?

问题1选项

A.Duetoenvironmentalinfluences,themusicofblackandwhiteartistsmustbeverydifferent.

B.Duetoitsresultofthought,Mackartists’musiccanbelearnedbywhitemusicians.

C.Becausejazziscreatedoninspiration,itisdifficultformusicianstocopyeachother.

D.Becausemusichassocialsignificance,itsinfluenceonblackwhiterelationsshouldnotbeunderestimated.

问题2选项

A.JazzplacesmoreemphasisonAfro-Americanculturethandoestheblues.

B.JazzchangestheattitudesofwhitemusicianstowardAfro-Americanculture.

C.Jazzisbasedonthebluesattitude,butexpressedincomprehensiblemannerstowhitemusicians.

D.Jazzmustbeunderstoodinordertobeplayed,whereasthebluesmustbelearned.

问题3选项

A.indifferent

B.appreciative

C.curious

D.uncertain

问题4选项

A.theattitudesofblacksandwhitesasreflectedintheirmusicaredifferent

B.Beiderbecke’sintellectualismheldbackhisdevelopmentasamusician

C.rebellionactedasadestructiveforceonBeiderbecke’sperformance

D.ArmstrongwaswellestablishedasaperformerbutBeiderbeckewasnot

问题5选项

A.Theattitudestheybroughttotheirmusic.

B.Theirabilitytoreflectotherculturesintheirmusic.

C.Theirseparationfrommassmusic.

D.ThepositionstheycametoholdinAmericansociety.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Theblackman’smusicchangedasthechanged,reflectingshiftingattitudesorconsistentattitudeswithinchangingcontexts.Itiswhythemusicchangingseemsmostimportanttome.（黑人音乐的改变反映了在变化的环境中态度的改变或态度的一致。这就是为什么音乐的变化对我来说是最重要的。）”，并且最后一段作者又对比了BixBeiderbecke和LouisArmstrong不同的原因主要是成长环境不同，由此可知该文章主要讲的是黑人和白人艺术家的音乐由于环境的影响肯定是非常不同的，所以A选项“由于环境的影响，黑人和白人艺术家的音乐肯定是非常不同的”符合题意。B选项“由于思想的结果，Mack艺术家的音乐可以被白人音乐家学习”文章没有提到；C选项“因为爵士乐是灵感创造的，所以音乐家们很难相互模仿”两个分句之间不构成因果关系；D选项“因为音乐有社会意义，它对黑人和白人关系的影响是不可低估的”文章没有提及。因此A选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Bluesisanextremelyimportantpartofjazz.However,thewayinwhichjazzutilizestheblues‘attitude’providedamusicalanalogythewhitemusiciancouldunderstand,andthushecouldarriveatastyleofjazzmusic.”（布鲁斯是爵士乐非常重要的一个部分，然而，爵士乐所运用的布鲁斯“态度”是白人音乐家能理解的，这样他才创造了爵士乐），所以C选项“爵士乐是基于布鲁斯的态度，但以白人音乐家可以理解的方式表达”符合题意。A选项“爵士乐比布鲁斯更强调美国黑人文化”；B选项“爵士乐改变了白人音乐家对美国黑人文化的态度”和D选项“爵士乐必须理解才能演奏，而布鲁斯必须学习”文章都没有提及。因此C选项正确。

3.作者意图题。被问到作者意图题时，最好回到原文查看作者在提到该事物时所使用词的感情色彩。根据题干可定位到文章第三段，作者提到布鲁斯时的词有：independent，extremelyimportantpartof等褒义词，所以可知他对布鲁斯持赞赏态度，所以B选项“赞赏的，欣赏的”更能体现作者的态度。A选项“漠不关心的”；C选项“好奇的”；D选项“不确定的，没有信心的”均不符合题意，因此B选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段结尾“Thewhitemusicianunderstoodthebluesfirstasmusic,butseldomasanattitude,sincetheattitudeofthewhitemusicianwasnecessarilyquiteadifferentone.Andinmanycases,itwasnotconsistentwiththemakingofjazz.（白人音乐家将布鲁斯作为音乐来理解，而很少作为一种态度来理解，因为白人的态度和黑人是不同的。在很多情况下，这与爵士乐的发展并不一致。）”，由此可知A选项“黑人和白人的态度反映在他们的音乐中是不同的”说法正确。B选项“贝德贝克的知性主义阻碍了他作为音乐家的发展”文中没有提到；C选项“叛乱对贝德贝克的表现起到了破坏性的作用”是指贝德贝克和阿姆斯特朗的不同之处，不是原因；根据文章最后一段“TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety...（令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于他们都处在美国社会上层建筑的相似位置……）”可知他们都是公认的表演者，因此D选项“阿姆斯特朗是公认的表演者，但贝德贝克不是”说法错误。因此A选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety...（令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于他们都处在美国社会上层建筑的相似位置……）”由此可知他们在美国社会的地位相同，所以D选项“他们在美国社会中的地位”符合题意。A选项“他们对音乐的态度”是他们的不同点；B选项“他们在音乐中反映其他文化的能力”和C选项“他们与大众音乐的分离”文章没有提及。因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

Manynovelsthatattempttothemirrortheworldarereally（

）oftherealitythattheyrepresent.

问题1选项

A.reflections

B.demonstrations

C.illuminations

D.reproductions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。reflection“反映”；demonstration“示范”；illumination“照明”；reproduction“繁殖”。句意：许多试图向世界反映现实的小说，都反映了他们所代表的现实。选项A符合题意。

8.单选题

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

问题1选项

A.junction

B.paradox

C.premise

D.dilemma

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析。句意：父母经常面临这样的

：是做自己认为对孩子发展有利的事情还是坐视孩子毫无纪律的吵闹和破坏。

junction接合点，会合点；paradox悖论，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假设；dilemma困境，进退两难。空格后有“between...and...”，因此这里说的是父母在教育孩子时陷入进退两难的境况，D项dilemma符合句意。

9.单选题

1.Lovehastoppledkings,inspiredpoets,sparkedwars,soothedbeasts,andchangedthecourseofhistory.Itiscreditedforlife'sgreatestjoys,blamedforthemostcrushingsorrows.Andofcourse,it"makestheworldgoaround."

2.Allofwhichisnosurprisetobiologists.Theyknowthatloveiscentraltohumanexistence.Wearenotjustprogrammedforreproduction.Thecapacityforlovingemotionsisalsowrittenintoourbiochemistry,essentialifchildrenaretogrowandtothrive.Andlove'sabsencecanbedevastating.Thelossofaspouseoftenhastensdeathinolderpeople.

3.Lovebeganwithmotherhood.Formammalianyoungtosurvive,mothersmustinvestconsiderabletimeandenergyinthem.Ofcourse,thevaryinggrowthratesofmammalianspeciesrequiresomemotherstoinvestmoretimeandenergythanothers.Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.

4.Withthehelpofoxytocin(achemicalthatfostersthebondbetweenmothersandchildren),dotingmothersareabletocatertotheiroffspring'severywhimandwhimper.Whenfemalesofmostmammalianspeciesgivebirth,theirbodiesarefloodedwithoxytocin,knownsince1906asahormonethatstimulatesuterinecontractionsandallowthebreaststo"letdown"milk.Butoxytocinalsoactsasaneurotransmitter,orchemicalmessenger,thatcanguidebehavior.Withoutit,aewecannotrecognizeherownlamb.Avirginfemaleratgivenashotofoxytocinwillnuzzleanotherfemale'spups,crouchingoverthemprotectivelyasiftheywereherown.

5.Studiesofasmallrodentknownastheprairievole,acuddlyballoffur,whosematingbondoflifelongmonogamywouldputmosthumancouplestoshame,indicateoxytocinmayalsoplayaroleintheheadyfeelingsassociatedwithromance."Youjustcan'timaginehowmuchtimetheseanimalsspendtogether.Prairievolesalwayswanttobewithsomebody,"saysCarter.Thevoles'undyingdevotionistheworknotonlyofoxytocinbutalsoofarelatedhormone,vasopressin.Whensinglemaleandfemaleprairievolesmeet;theycommenceatwo-day-longboutofsexthatreleasesoxytocininthefemale'sbrain,bondinghertothemale,whoprefershismate'scompanyaboveallothers,guardinghisfamilyagainstintruderswithajealoushusband'szeal.

6.Likesomehumanplayboys,maleprairievolesseemtogetakickoutofcourtshipmixedwithdanger.CarterandcolleagueCourtneyDeVriesmadeyoung,unmatedvolesswimforthreeminutesbeforeallowingthemtomeetaprospectivemate.Theexerciseelevatedtheanimals'stresshormones,whicharealsoheightenedbyfear.Butwhilefemalesscurriedoffaftertheswimwithoutbondingtothemalesastheynormallywould,malevolesbondedfasterthanever.

7.Humanbeings—unlikerodents—arenotentirelyslavestotheirhormones.Butthebehaviorofvolesmayholdcluestowhymenandwomensometimesholddivergentviewsofsexandromance.Whilemanywomenprefercandlelightandsweettalk,menaremoreapttowelcomearollinthehayanytime,anywhere.Forsomemen(andsomewomen),sexisespeciallyenticingwhenforbidden.CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.

8.Passionateorplatonic,loveaffectsthewholebody,settingtheheartpounding,makingthestomachdoflip-flops,andofcourse,lightingthelionsonfire.Thesevisceralsensationsaretheworkofthevagusnerve,whichtracesameanderingpaththroughthebody,coordinatingtheactivitiesofinternalorgans,saystheUniversityofMaryland'sStephenPorges.Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.

9.Withoutthevagus,saysPorges,lovewouldbeimpossible.Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.This"old"vagusrespondstooxytocinandservesasthepathwaybetweensexualorgansandthebrainforfeelingsofbotharousalandsatiationaftersex.ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.

10.Inotherwords,thepoetsandbardswerefightaboutonething.Theheartspeaksthelanguageoflove.AsEnglishpoetW.H.Audenwrote:"Whereloveisstrengthened,hoperestored,inheartsbychemicalaccord.Itmaynotliterallyskipabeatatthesightofone'sdesireorbreakwithsorrow,buttheheart'srhythmsareexquisitelytunedtolove."

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfrompassageaboutelephantseals?

2.Thedifferentloveritualsemployedbymenandwomencouldbeattributedtothepresenceofwhichofthefollowing?

3.WhichofthefollowingcouldbethebestanalogytothevagusnervedescribedinParagraph8?

4.Animalsequippedonlywith"old"vaguscanNOTdowhichofthefollowing?

5.Thepurposeofthelastparagraphisto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Thefemalesareirresponsiblemothers.

B.Theiryoungtakelesstimetogrowupthanyoungelephants.

C.Theyhaveashorterlifespanthanelephants.

D.Theyreproducemorerapidlythanelephant.

问题2选项

A.Oxytocin.

B.Vasopressin.

C.Interactionofoxytocinandvasepressin.

D.Stresshormones.

问题3选项

A.Ahighwaybetweentwocites.

B.Airrouteslinkingmajorcitiesaroundtheworld.

C.TheWorldWideWeb.

D.CircuitslinkingtheCPUandtheaccessoriesinthecomputer.

问题4选项

A.Feelhungry.

B.Experiencefear.

C.Feelsexualarousal.

D.Faciallyexpressemotions.

问题5选项

A.indicatethatpoetsandbardsaremostcapableofexpressinglove

B.implythatloveisexpressedthroughtheheartratherthroughthefaceorthevoice

C.givesupporttothestatementthatnewerbranchesofvagusconnecttheemotionalbraincenterstotheheart,thefaceandthevocalequipment

D.drawaconclusionbasedonthefactsinthepreviousparagraph

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干中的elephantseals可定位到文章第三段中，由Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.（一只海象在抛弃它的幼仔之前只给它喂奶了几个星期；其他物种，包括大象、一些灵长类动物，特别是人类，多年来一直在关注他们的幼仔）可知B选项“海象的幼仔比小象花更少的时间长大”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由文章第七段中的CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.（Carter和DeVries怀疑压力荷尔蒙会干扰大脑中的后叶催产素，阻止雌性田鼠与雄性结合，可能同样导致大多数女性认为危险并不具有性吸引力。相反，后叶加压素与压力荷尔蒙则产生不同的效果，可能促使多数男性认为危险具有性吸引力）可知压力荷尔蒙与不同的激素结合，在男性和女性身上会产生不同的效果，因此选D。

3.细节事实题。题干：以下哪项可能是第8段所述迷走神经的最佳类比？

由文章第八段中的Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.（迷走神经在内脏和大脑之间传递信号，将身体内部状态向上传递给大脑，再将大脑指令传递给心脏、胃、肺以及性器官）可知D选项“连接CPU和计算机附件的电路”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章第九段中的Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.（迷走神经的一部分从人类进化初期就出现，控制着性、饥饿和恐惧等原始功能）可知迷走神经不包括面部表情，因此选D。

5.主旨大意题。由文章最后一段第一句Inotherwords（换句话说）可知本段是对上一段的内容进行补充说明，由第九段最后一句ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.（但Porges认为，在哺乳动物中，迷走神经的新分支也连接大脑情感中心与心脏、脸部、发声器官、帮助协调感觉与面部和语言表达）可知C选项“支持一种说法，即迷走神经的新分支将大脑情感中心与心脏、面部和发声器官连接起来”符合题意。

10.单选题

Storesgivenpermissiontosellfireworksallyearwillneedalicensewhichlocalauthorities______willbeabletorefuseandifnecessary.

问题1选项

A.revolve

B.revolt

C.revoke

D.revive

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项revolve“使……旋转”，B项revolt“反抗”，C项revoke“撤回”，D项revive“使复兴”。根据句子意思“获得全年销售烟花许可的商店将需要一份许可证，如果必要，地方当局将有权……该许可证。”可推测，空格部分表示“吊销，撤销”，C项最符合。句意：获得全年销售烟花许可的商店将需要一份许可证，如果必要，地方