中国人的精神-English

INTRODUCTIONTheReligionofGood-citizenshipSage,thunivirnichtrechtlWirmussendenPobelbetrugen,Scihnur,ivieungeschickt,sichnuriviewildersichzeigt\UngeschickundwildsindallerohenBetrogenen;SeidnurredlichundfiihrtihnzumMenschlichenan.GoetheTHEgreatwaratthepresentmomentisabsorbingalltheattentionoftheworldexclusiveofeverythingelse.ButthenIthinkthiswaritselfmustmakeseriousthinkingpeopleturntheirattentiontothegreatproblemofcivilisation.AllcivilisationbeginsbytheconquestofNature,i.e.bysubduingandcontrollingtheterrificphysicalforcesinNaturesothattheycandonoharmtomen.ThemoderncivilisationofEuropeto-dayhassucceededintheconquestofNaturewithasuccess,itmustbeadmitted,hithertonotattainedbyanyothercivilisation.ButthereisinthisworldaforcemoreterribleeventhantheterrificphysicalforcesinNatureandthatisthepassionsintheheartofman.TheharmwhichthephysicalforcesofNaturecandotomankind,isnothingcomparedwiththeharmwhichhumanpassionscando.Untilthereforethisterribleforce,_thehumanpassions_isproperlyregulatedandcontrolled,therecanbe,itisevident,notonlynocivilisation,butevennolifepossibleforhumanbeings.Inthefirstearlyandrudestageofsociety,mankindhadtouse_Aren'twejustdoingtherightthing?themobwemustbefoolthem;See,now,howshiftless!andlooknowhowwild!{orsuchisthemob-ShiftlessandwildallsonsofAdamarewhenyoubefoolthem;Bebuthonestandtrue,andthusmakehuman,themall.physicalforcetosubdueandsubjugatehumanpassions.Thushordesofsavageshadtobesubjugatedbysheerphysicalforce.Butascivilisationadvances,mankinddiscoversaforcemorepotentandmoreeffectiveforsubduingandcontrollinghumanpassionsthanphysicalforceandthisforceiscalledmoralforce.ThemoralforcewhichinthepasthasbeeneffectiveinsubduingandcontrollingthehumanpassionsinthepopulationofEurope,isChristianity.Butnowthiswarwiththearmamentprecedingit,seemstoshowthatChristianityhasbecomeineffectiveasamoralforce.Withoutaneffectivemoralforcetocontrolandrestrainhumanpassions,thepeopleofEuropehavehadagaintoemployphysicalforcetokeepcivilorder.AsCar-lyletrulysays,"EuropeisAnarchyplusaconstable."Theuseofphysicalforcetomaintaincivilorderleadstomilitarism.InfactmilitarismisnecessaryinEuropeto-daybecauseofthewantofaneffectivemoralforce.Butmilitarismleadstowarandwarmeansdestructionandwaste.ThusthepeopleofEuropeareonthehornsofadilemma.Iftheydoawaywithmilitarism,anarchywilldestroytheircivilisation,butiftheykeepupmilitarism,theircivilisationwillcollapsethroughthewasteanddestructionofwar.ButEnglishmensaythattheyaredeterminedtoputdownPrussianmilitarismandLordKitchnerbelievesthathewillbeabletostampoutPrussianmilitarismwiththreemilliondrilledandarmedEnglishmen.ButthenitseemstomewhenPrussianmilitarismisthusstampedout,therewillthenariseanothermilitarism,_theBritishmilitarismwhichagainwillhavetobestampedout.Thusthereseemstobenowayofescapeoutofthisviciouscircle.Butistherereallynowayofescape?Yes,Ibelievethereis.TheAmericanEmersonlongagosaid,"Icaneasilyseethebankruptcyofthevulgarmusketworship,_thoughgreatmenbemusketworshippers;and'tiscertain,asGodliveth,thegunthatdoesneedanothergun,thelawofloveandjusticealonecaneffectacleanrevolution."NowifthepeopleofEuropereallywanttoputdownmilitarism,thereisonlyonewayofdoingitandthatis,tousewhatE-mersoncallsthegunthatdoesnotneedanothergun,thelawofloveandjustice,_infact,moralforce,Withaneffectivemoralforce,militarismwillbecomeunnecesaryanddisappearofitself.Butnow,thatChristianityhasbecomeineffectiveasamoralforcetheproblemiswherearethepeopleofEuropetofindthisneweffectivemoralforcewhichwillmakemilitarismunnecessary?IbelievethepeopleofEuropewillfindthisnewmoralforceinChina,_intheChinesecivilisation.ThemoralforceintheChinesecivilisationwhichcanmakemilitarismunnecessaryistheReligionofgoodcitizenship.Butpeoplewillsaytome,"TherehavealsobeenwarsinChina."ItistruetherehavebeenwarsinChina;but,sincethetimeofConfucius,yearsago,weChinesehavehadnomilitarismsuchasthatweseeinEuropeto-day.InChinawarisanaccident,whereasinEuropewarhasbecomeanecessity.WeChineseareliabletohavewars,butwedonotliveinconstantexpectationofwar.InfacttheonethingintolerableinthestateofEurope,itseemstome,isnotsomuchwarasthefactthateverybodyisconstantlyafraidthathisneighbourassoonashegetsstrongenoughtobeabletodoit,willcometorobandmurderhimandhehasthereforetoarmhimselforpayforanarmedpolicemantoprotecthim.ThuswhatweighsuponthepeopleofEuropeisnotsomuchtheaccidentofWar,buttheconstantnecessitytoarmthemselves,theabsolutenec-cessitytousephysicalforcetoprotectthemselves.NowinChinabecauseweChinesehavetheReligionofgoodcitizenshipamandoesnotfeeltheneedofusingphysicalforcetoprotecthimself;hehasseldomtheneedeventocallinandusethephysicalforceofthepoliceman,oftheStatetoprotecthim.AmaninChinaisprotectedbythesenseofjusticeofhisneighbour;heisprotectedbythereadinessofhisfellowmentoobeythesenseofmoralobligation.Infact,amaninChinadoesnotfeeltheneedofusingphysicalforcetoprotecthimselfbecauseheissurethatrightandjusticeisrecognisedbyeverybodyasaforcehigherthanphysicalforceandmoralobligationisrecognisedbyeverybodyassomethingwhichmustbeobeyed.Nowifyoucangetallmankindtoagreetorecogniserightandjustice,asaforcehigherthanphysicalforce,andmoralobligationassomethingwhichmustbeobeyed,thentheuseofphysicalforcewillbecomeunnecessary;thentherewillbenomilitarismintheworld.Butofcoursetherewillbeineverycountryafewpeople,criminals,andintheworld,afewsavageswhowillnotorarenotabletorecogniserightandjusticeasaforcehigherthanphysicalforceandmoralobligationassomethingwhichmustbeobeyed.Thusa-gainstcriminalsandsavagesacertainamountofphysicalorpoliceforceandmilitarismwillalwaysbenecessaryineverycountryandintheworld.Butpeoplewillsaytomehowareyoutomakemankindrecogniserightandjusticeasaforcehigherthanphysicalforce.Ianswerthefirstthingyouwillhavetodoistoconvincemankindoftheefficacyofrightandjustice,convincethemthatrightandjusticeisapower;infact,convincethemofthepowerofgoodness.Butthena-gainhowareyoutodothis?Well,_inordertodothis,theReligionofgoodcitizenshipinChinateacheseverychildassoonasheisabletounderstandthemeaningofwords,thattheNatureofmanisgood.*NowthefundamentalunsoundnessofthecivilisationofEuropeto-day,itseemstome,liesinitswrongconceptionofhumannature;itsconceptionthathumannatureisevilandbecauseofthiswrongconception,thewholestructureofsocietyinEuropehasalwaysresteduponforce.ThetwothingswhichthepeopleofEuropehavedependedupontomaintaincivilorderareReligionandLaw.Inotherwords,thepopulationofEuropehavebeenkeptinorderbythefearofGodandthefearoftheLaw.Fearimpliestheuseofforce.ThereforeinordertokeepupthefearofGod,thepeopleofEuropehadatfirsttomaintainalargenumberofexpensiveidlepersonscalledpriests.That,tospeakofnothingelse,meantsomuchexpense,thatitatlastbecameanunbearableburdenuponthepeople.InfactinthethirtyyearswaroftheReformation,thepeopleofEuropetriedtogetridofthepriest.AfterhavinggotridofthepriestswhokeptthepopulationinorderbythefearofGod,thepeopleofEuropetriedtomaintaincivilorderbythefearoftheLaw.ButtokeepupthefearoftheLaw,thepeopleofEuropehavehadtomaintainanotherclassofstillmoreexpensiveidlepersonscalledpolicemenandsoldiers.NowthepeopleofEuropearebeginningtofindoutthatthemain-tainenceofpolicemenandsoldierstokeepcivilorder,isstillmoreruinouslyexpensivethaneventhemaintainenceofpriests.Infact,asinthethirtyyearswaroftheReformation,thepeopleofEuropewantedtogetridofthepriest,sointhispresentwar,whatthepeopleofEuropereallywant,istogetridofthesoldier.ButthealternativesbeforethepeopleofEuropeiftheywanttogetridofthepolicemanandsoldier,iseithertocallbackthepriesttokeepupthefearofGodortofindsomethingelsewhich,likethefearofGodandthefearoftheLaw,willhelpthemtomaintaincivilorder.That,toputthequestionbroadly,Ithink,everybodywilladmit,isthegreatproblemofcivilisationbeforethepeopleofEuropeafterthiswar.Nowaftertheexperiencewhichtheyhavehadwiththepriests,IdonotthinkthepeopleofEuropewillwanttocallbackthepriests.Bismarckhassaid,"WewillnevergobacktoCanossa."Besides,evenifthepriestsarenowcalledback,theywouldbeuseless,forthefearofGodisgonefromthepeopleofEurope.TheonlyotheralternativebeforethepeopleofEuropetherefore,iftheywanttogetridofthepolicemanandsoldier,istofindsomethingelse,which,likethefearofGodandthefearoftheLaw,canhelpthemtomaintaincivilorder.Nowthissomething,Ibelieve,asIhavesaid,thepeopleofEuropewillfindintheChinesecivilisation.ThissomethingiswhatIhavecalledtheReligionofgoodcitizenship.ThisReligionofgoodcitizenshipinChinaisareligionwhichcankeepthepopulationofacountryinorderwithoutpriestandwithoutpolicemanorsoldier.InfactwiththisReligionofgoodcitizenship,thepopulationof,China,apopulationaslarge,ifnotlargerthanthewholepopulationroftheContinentofEurope,areactuallyandpracticallykeptinpeaceandorderwithoutpriestandwithoutpolicemanorsoldier.InChina,aseveryonewhohasbeeninthiscountryknows,thepriestandthe,policemanorsoldier,playaverysubordinate,averyinsignificant(partinhelpingtomaintainpublicorder.OnlythemostignorantclassinChinarequirethepriestandonlytheworst,.thecriminalclassinChina,requirethepolicemanorsoldiertokeeptheminorder.ThusIsayifthepeopleofEuropereallywanttogetridofReligionandMilitarism,ofthepriestandsoldierwhichhavecausedthemsomuchtroubleandbloodshed,theywillhavetocometoChinatogetthis,whatIhavecalledtheReligionofgoodcitizenship.InshortwhatIwanttocalltheattentionofthepeopleofEuropeandAmericato,justatthismomentwhencivilisationseemstobethreatenedwithbankruptcy,isthatthereisaninvaluableandhithertounsuspectedassetofcivilisationhereinChina.Theassetofcivilisationisnotthetrade,therailway,themineralwealth,gold,silver,ironorcoalinthiscountry.Theassetofcivilisationoftheworldtoday,Iwanttosayhere,istheChinaman,_theunspoiltrealChinamanwithhisReligionofgoodcitizenship.TherealChinaman,Isay,isaninvaluableassetofcivilisation,becauseheisapersonwhocoststheworldlittleornothingtokeephiminorder.IndeedIwouldlikeheretowarnthepeopleofEuropeandAmericanottodestroythisinvaluableassetofcivilisation,nottochangeandspoiltherealChinamanastheyarenowtryingtodowiththeirNewLearning.IfthepeopleofEuropeandAmericasucceedindestroyingtherealChinaman,theChinesetypeofhumanity;succeedintransformingtherealChinamanintoaEuropeanorAmerican,i.e.,tosay,apersonwhowillrequireapriestorsoldiertokeephiminorder,thensurelytheywillincreasetheburdeneitherofReligionorofMilitarismoftheworld,_thislastitematthismomentalreadybecomingadangerandmenacetocivilisationandhumanity.Butontheotherhand,supposeonecouldbysomemeansorotherchangetheEuropeanorAmericantypeofhumanity,transformtheEuropeanorAmericanintoarealChinamanwhowillthennotrequireapriestorsoldiertokeephiminorder,;_justthinkwhataburdenwillbetakenofffromtheworld.ButnowtosumupinafewplainwordsthegreatproblemofcivilisationinEuropearisingoutofthiswar.ThepeopleofEurope,Isay,atfirsttriedtomaintaincivilorderbythehelpofthepriest.Butafterawhile,thepriestcosttoomuchexpenseandtrouble.ThepeopleofEuropethen,afterthethirtyyearswar,sentawaythepriestandcalledinthepolicemanandsoldiertomaintaincivilorder.Butnowtheyfindthepolicemanandsoldierarecausingmoreexpenseandtroubleeventhanthepriests.NowwhatarethepeopleofEuropetodo?Sendawaythesoldierandcallbackthepriest?No,IdonotbelievethepeopleofEuropewillwanttocallbackthepriest.Besidesthepriestnowwouldbeuseless.ButthenwhatarethepeopleofEuropetodo?IseeProfessorLowesDickinsonofCambridgeinanarticleintheAtlanticMonthly,entitled"TheWarandtheWayout,"says:"Callinthemob."Iamafraidthemobwhenoncecalledintotaketheplaceofthepriestandsoldier,willgivemoretroublethaneventhepriestandthesoldier.ThepriestsandsoldiersinEuropehavecausedwars,butthemobwillbringrevolutionandanarchyandthenthestateofEuropewillbeworsethanbefore.NowmyadvicetothepeopleofEuropeis:Donotcallbackthepriest,andforgoodnesssakedon'tcallinthemob,_butcallintheChinaman;callintherealChinamanwithhisReligionofgoodcitizenshipandhisexperienceof,yearshowtoliveinpeacewithoutpriestandwithoutsoldier.InfactIreallybelievethatthepeopleofEuropewillfindthesolutionofthegreatproblemofcivilisationafterthiswar,_hereinChina.Thereis,Isayhereagain,aninvaluable,buthithertounsuspectedassetofcivilisationhereinChina,andtheassetofcivilisationistherealChinaman.TherealChinamanisanassetofcivilisationbecausehehasthesecretofanewcivilisationwhichthepeopleofEuropewillwantafterthisgreatwar,andthesecretofthatnewcivilisationiswhatIhavecalledtheReligionofgoodcitizenship.ThefirstprincipleofthisReligionofgoodcitizenshipistobelievethattheNatureofManisgood;tobelieveinthepowerofgoodness;tobelieveinthepowerandefficacyofwhattheAmericanEmersoncallsthelawofloveandjustice.Butwhatisthelawoflove?TheReligionofgoodcitizenshipteachesthatthelawoflovemeanstoloveyourfatherandmother.Andwhatisthelawofjustice?TheReligionofgoodcitizenshipteachesthatthelawofjusticemeanstobetrue,tobefaithful,tobeloyal;thatthewomanineverycountrymustbeself-lessly,absolutelyloyaltoherhusband,thatthemanineverycountrymustbeselflessly,absolutelyloyaltohissovereign,tohisKingorEmperor.InfactthehighestdutyinthisReligionofgoodcitizenshipIwanttosayfinallyhereistheDutyofLoyalty,loyaltynotonlyindeed,butloyaltyinspiritorasTennysonputsit,ToreverencetheKingashewereTheirconscienceandtheirconscienceastheirKing,TobreaktheheathenandupholdtheChrist.THESPIRITOFTHECHINESEPEOPLEAPaperthatwastohavebeenreadbeforetheOrientalSocietyofPekingLETmefirstofallexplaintoyouwhatIpropose,withyourpermission,thisafternoontodiscuss.ThesubjectofourpaperIhavecalled"TheSpiritoftheChinesepeople."!donotmeanheremerelytospeakofthecharacterorcharacteristicsoftheChinesepeople.Chinesecharacteristicshaveoftenbeendescribedbefore,butIthinkyouwillagreewithmethatsuchdescriptionorenumerationofthecharacteristicsoftheChinesepeoplehithertohavegivenusnopictureatalloftheinnerbeingoftheChinaman.Besides,whenwespeakofthecharacterorcharacteristicsoftheChinese,itisnotpossibletogeneralize.ThecharacteroftheNorthernChinese,asyouknow,isasdifferentfromthatoftheSouthernChineseasthecharacteroftheGermansisdifferentfromthatoftheItalians.ButwhatImeanbythespiritoftheChinesepeople,isthespiritbywhichtheChinesepeoplelive,somethingconstitutionallydistinctiveinthemind,temperandsentimentoftheChinesepeoplewhichdistinguishesthemfromallotherpeople,especiallyfromthoseofmodemEuropeandAmerica.PerhapsIcanbestexpresswhatImeanbycallingthesubjectofourdiscussiontheChinesetypeofhumanity,or,toputitinplainerandshorterwords,therealChinaman.Now,whatistherealChinaman?That,Iamsure,youwillallagreewithme,isaveryinterestingsubject,especiallyatthepresentmoment,whenfromwhatweseegoingonaroundusinChinatoday,itwouldseemthattheChinesetypeofhumanity_therealChinaman_isgoingtodisappearand,inhisplace,wearegoingtohaveanewtypeofhumanity_theprogressiveormodernChinaman.InfactIproposethatbeforetherealChinaman,theoldChinesetypeofhumanity,disappearsaltogetherfromtheworldweshouldtakeagoodlastlookathimandseeifwecanfindanythingorganicallydistinctiveinhimwhichmakeshimsodifferentfromallotherpeopleandfromthenewtypeofhumanitywhichweseerisingupinChinatoday.Nowthefirstthing,Ithink,whichwillstrikeyouintheoldChinesetypeofhumanityisthatthereisnothingwild,savageorferociousinhim.Usingatermwhichisappliedtoanimals,wemaysayoftherealChinamanthatheisadomesticatedcreature.TakeamanofthelowestclassofthepopulationinChinaand,Ithink,youwillagreewithmethatthereislessofanimalityinhim,lessofthewildanimal,ofwhattheGermanscallRohheit,thanyouwillfindinamanofthesameclassinaEuropeansociety.Infact,theoneword,itseemstome,whichwillsumuptheimpressionwhichtheChinesetypeofhumanitymakesuponyouistheEnglishword"gentle."BygentlenessIdonotmeansoftnessofnatureorweaksubmissiveness."ThedocilityoftheChinese,"saysthelateDr.D.J.Macgowan,"isnotthedocilityofabroken-hearted,emasculatedpeople."Butbytheword"gentle"Imeanabsenceofhardness,harshness,roughness,orviolence,infactofanythingwhichjarsuponyou.ThereisinthetrueChinesetypeofhumanityanair,sotospeak,ofaquiet,sober,chastenedmellowness,suchasyoufindinapieceofwell-temperedmetal.IndeedtheveryphysicalandmoralimperfectionsofarealChinamanare,ifnotredeemed,atleastsoftenedbythisqualityofgentlenessinhim.TherealChinamanmaybecoarse,butthereisnogrossnessinhiscoarseness.TherealChinamanmaybeugly,butthereisnohideousnessinhisugliness.TherealChinamanmaybevulgar,butthereisnoaggressiveness,noblatancyinhisvulgarity.TherealChinamanmaybestupid,butthereisnoabsurdityinhisstupidity.TherealChinamanmaybecunning,butthereisnodeepmalignityinhiscunning.InfactwhatIwanttosayis,thateveninthefaultsandblemishesofbody,mindandcharacteroftherealChinaman,thereisnothingwhichrevoltsyou.ItisseldomthatyouwillfindarealChinamanoftheoldschool,evenofthelowesttype,whoispositivelyrepulsive.IsaythatthetotalimpressionwhichtheChinesetypeofhumanitymakesuponyouisthatheisgentle,thatheisinexpressiblygentle.WhenyouanalysethisqualityofinexpressiblegentlenessintherealChinaman,youwillfindthatitisthetheproductofacombinationoftwothings,namely,sympathyandintelligence.IhavecomparedtheChinesetypeofhumanitytoadomesticatedanimal.Nowwhatisthatwhichmakesadomesticatedanimalsodifferentfromawildanimal?Itissomethinginthedomesticatedanimalwhichwerecogniseasdistinctivelyhuman.Butwhatisdistinctivelyhumanasdistinguishedfromwhatisanimal?Itisintelligence.Buttheintelligenceofadomesticatedanimalisnotathinkingintelligence.Itisnotanintelligencewhichcomestohimfromreasoning.Neitherdoesitcometohimfrominstinct,suchastheintelligenceofthefox,_thevulpineintelligencewhichknowswhereeatablechickensaretobefound.Thisintelligencewhichcomesfrominstinct,ofthefox,all,_evenwild,animalshave.Butthis,whatmaybecalledhumanintelligenceofadomesticatedanimalissomethingquitedifferentfromthevulpineoranimalintelligence.Thisintelligenceofadomesticatedanimalisanintelligencewhichcomesnotfromreasoningnorfrominstinct,butfromsympathy,fromafeelingofloveandattachment.Athorough-bredArabhorseunderstandshisEnglishmasternotbecausehehasstudiedEnglishgrammarnorbecausehehasaninstinctfortheEnglishlanguage,butbecausehelovesandisattachedtohismaster.ThisiswhatIcallhumanintelligence,asdistinguishedfrommerevulpineoranimalintelligence.Itisthepossessionofthishumanqualitywhichdistinguishesdomesticatedfromwildanimals.Inthesameway,Isay,itisthepossessionofthissympatheticandtruehumanintelligence,whichgivestotheChinesetypeofhumanity,totherealChinaman,hisinexpressiblegentleness.Ioncereadsomewhereastatementmadebyaforeignerwhohadlivedinbothcountries,thatthelongeraforeignerlivesinJapanthemorehedislikestheJapanese,whereasthelongeraforeignerlivesinChinathemorehelikestheChinese.IdonotknowifwhatissaidoftheJapanesehere,istrue.But,Ithink,allofyouwhohavelivedinChinawillagreewithmethatwhatisheresaidoftheChineseistrue.Itiswell-knownfactthattheliking_youmaycallitthetastefortheChinese_growsupontheforeignerthelongerhelivesinthiscountry.ThereisanindescribablesomethingintheChinesepeoplewhich,inspiteoftheirwantofhabitsofcleanlinessandrefinement,inspiteoftheirmanydefectsofmindandcharacter,makesforeignerslikethemasforeignerslikenootherpeople.ThisindescribablesomethingwhichIhavedefinedasgentleness,softensandmitigates,ifitdoesnotredeem,thephysicalandmoraldefectsoftheChineseintheheartsofforeigners.Thisgentlenessagainis,asIhavetriedtoshowyou,theproductofwhatIcallsympatheticortruehumanintelligence_anintelligencewhichcomesnotfromreasoningnorfrominstinct,butfromsympathy_fromthepowerofsympathy.NowwhatisthesecretofthepowerofsympathyoftheChinesepeople?Iwillhereventuretogiveyouanexplanation_ahypothesis,ifyouliketocallitso_ofthesecretofthispowerofsympathyintheChinesepeopleandmyexplanationisthis.TheChinesepeoplehavethispower,thisstrongpowerofsympathy,becausetheylivewholly,oralmostwholly,alifeoftheheart.ThewholelifeofChinamanisalifeoffeeling_notfeelinginthesenseofsensationwhichcomesfromthebodilyorgans,norfeelinginthesenseofpassionswhichflow,asyouwouldsay,fromthenervoussystem,butfeelinginthesenseofemotionorhumanaffectionwhichcomesfromthedeepestpartofournature_theheartorsoul.IndeedImaysayherethattherealChinamanlivessomuchalifeofemotionorhumanaffection,alifeofthesoul,thathemaybesaidsometimestoneglectmorethanheoughttodo,eventhenecessaryrequirementsofthelifeofthesensesofamanlivinginthisworldcomposedofbodyandsoul.ThatisthetrueexplanationoftheinsensibilityoftheChinesetothephysicaldiscomfortsofuncleansurroundingsandwantofrefinement.Butthatisneitherherenorthere.TheChinesepeople,Isay,havethepowerofsympathybecausetheylivewhollyalifeoftheheart_alifeofemotionorhumanaffection.Letmehere,firstofall,giveyoutwoillustrationsofwhatImeanbylivingalifeoftheheart.Myfirstillustrationisthis.SomeofyoumayhavepersonallyknownanoldfriendandcolleagueofmineinWuchang_knownhimwhenhewasMinisteroftheForeignOfficehereinPeking_Mr.LiangTun-yen,Mr.Liangtoldme,whenhefirstreceivedtheappointmentoftheCustomsTaotaiofHankow,thatwhatmadehimwishandstrivetobecomeagreatmandarin,toweartheredbutton,andwhatgavehimpleasuretheninreceivingthisappointment,wasnotbecausehecaredfortheredbutton,notbecausehewouldhenceforthberichandindependent,_andwewereallofusverypoortheninWuchang,_butbecausehewantedtorejoice,becausethispromotionandadvancementofhiswouldgladdentheheartofhisoldmotherinCanton.ThatiswhatImeanwhenIsaythattheChinesepeoplelivealifeoftheheart_alifeofemotionorhumanaffection.Myotherillustrationisthis.AScotchfriendofmineintheCustomstoldmeheoncehadaChineseservantwhowasaperfectscamp,wholied,who"squeezed,"andwhowasalwaysgambling,butwhenmyfriendfellillwithtyphoidfeverinanout-of-the-wayportwherehehadnoforeignfriendtoattendtohim,thisawfulscampofaChineseservantnursedhimwithacareanddevotionwhichhecouldnothaveexpectedfromanintimatefriendornearrelation.IndeedIthinkwhatwasoncesaidofawomanintheBiblemayalsobesaid,notonlyoftheChineseservant,butoftheChinesepeoplegenerally:_"Muchisforgiventhem,becausetheylovemuch."TheeyesandunderstandingoftheforeignerinChinaseemanydefectsandblemishesinthehabitsandinthecharacteroftheChinese,buthisheartisattractedtothem,becausetheChinesehaveaheart,or,asIsaid,livealifeoftheheart_alifeofemotionorhumanaffection.Nowwehavegot,Ithink,acluetothesecretofsympathyintheChinesepeople_thepowerofsympathywhichgivestotherealChinamanthatsympatheticortruehumanintelligence,makinghimsoinexpressiblygentle.Letusnextputthisclueorhypothesistothetest.LetusseewhetherwiththiscluethattheChinesepeoplelivealifeoftheheartwecanexplainnotonlydetachedfactssuchasthetwoillustrationsIhavegivenabove,butalsogeneralcharacteristicswhichweseeintheactuallifeoftheChinesepeople.FirstofallletustaketheChineselanguage.AstheChineselivealifeoftheheart,theChineselanguage,Isay,isalsoalanguageoftheheart.Nowitisawell-knownfactthatchildrenanduneducatedpersonsamongfore