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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-内蒙古农业大学考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Theinternationalsituationhasbeengrowing()difficultforthelastfewyears.

问题1选项

A.invariably

B.presumably

C.increasingly

D.dominantly

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项invariably“不变地”;B选项presumably“大概,推测起来”;C选项increasingly“越来越多地”;D选项dominantly“有统治权地”。句意:最近几年里,国际形势日益严峻。选项C符合句意。

2.单选题

Thepresidenthassaidthattherearenoplansto()taxes.

问题1选项

A.raise

B.rise

C.arise

D.soar

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。raise“提高;筹集”;rise“上升;增强”;arise“出现;上升;起立”;soar“高飞,高耸”。句意:总统称没有增加税收的计划。选项A符合题意。

3.翻译题

Still,theideaofanimalsfeelingemotionsremainscontroversialamongmanyscientists.Researchers’skepticismisfueledinpartbytheirprofessionalaversiontoanthropomorphism(动物人格化),theverynonscientifictendencytoattributehumanqualitiestononhumans.Manyscientistsalsosaythatitisimpossibletoproveanimalshaveemotionsusingstandardscientificmethods—repeatableobservationsthatcanbemanipulatedincontrolledexperiments—leadingthemtoconcludethatsuchfeelingsmustnotexist.Today,however,amidmountingevidencetothecontrary,“thetideisturningradicallyandrapidly,”saysBekoff,whoisattheforefrontofthismovement.

Eventhemostharshskepticsofanimalpassionagreethatmanycreaturesexperiencefear—whichsomescientistsdefineasa“primary”emotionthatcontrastswith“secondary”emotionssuchasloveandgrief.Unlikethesemorecomplexfeelings,fearisinstinctiveandrequiresnoconsciousthought.

Butbeyondsuchinstinctiveemotionsandtheirpredictablebehavioralresponses,thepossibilityofmorecomplexanimalfeelings—thosethatentailmentalprocessing—isdifficulttodemonstrate,becausefeelingsareintangible,andsotoughtostudyscientifically.

Thenewcaseforanimalemotionscomesinpartfromthegrowingacceptabilityoffieldobservations,particularlywhentheyaretakeninaggregate.Thelatestcontributiontothisbodyofknowledgeisanewbook.TheSmileofaDolphin,whichpresentspersonalreportsfrommorethan50researcherswhohavespenttheircareersstudyinganimals—fromcats,dogs,andchimpstobirdsandfish,editedbyBekoff,whosaysitwillfinally“legitimize”researchonanimalemotions.

【答案】【参考译文】

但是,许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。研究人员之所以表示怀疑,部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论,因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向。许多科学家还认为用标准的科学方法无法证明动物是有情感的——在受控实验环境下可进行重复观察——这使他们得出结论,认为这些所谓的动物情感一定不存在。但是如今出现越来越多相反的证据。站在这场运动前沿的贝科夫说道:“这场运动的潮流正在根本性地迅速转向。”

甚至连那些对动物情感论持绝对怀疑态度的人也认为,许多动物有恐惧感——有的科学家认为,恐惧是与爱和悲伤等“中级”情感相对的“初级”情感。与较为复杂的“中级”情感相比,恐惧是一种本能,它不需要任何有意识的思维。

但是,除了这些具有本能性质的情感及其可预见的行为反应之外,科学家很难证明动物可能存在更为复杂的情感,即那些需要有心理活动过程的情感,因为感情是无形的,很难用科学的方法进行研究。

动物情感方面出现新主张,部分原因是越来越多的人愿意接受研究人员取得的实地观察结果,特别是把这些观察结果汇总到一起时。新书《海豚的微笑》对这一知识体系做出了最新贡献。该书收录了50多名研究人员撰写的个人报告,这些研究人员将自己的整个职业生涯都倾注在对动物的研究——猫、狗、熊、黑猩猩、鸟和鱼等动物。该书的编辑贝科夫认为,这本书最终会使动物情感的研究“合法化”。

4.单选题

Fibersofhairandwoolarenotcontinuousandmustnormallybespunintothread______wovenintotextilefabrics.

问题1选项

A.asarethey

B.whentobe

C.thattheyare

D.iftheyaretobe

【答案】D

【解析】考查状语从句。句意:毛发和羊毛纤维是无法连续不断,如果要织成纺织织物,通常必须纺成线。横线到句尾部分为条件状语从句。betodo可用于条件状语从句,意为“如果想……”;根据fibers和weave的被动关系确定用被动语态,D选项iftheyaretobe符合题意。因此D选项正确。

5.单选题

______forhisillness,hewouldhavecometohelpyoupaintyourhouse.

问题1选项

A.Notbeing

B.Nothavingbeen

C.Haditnotbeen

D.Havingitnotbeen

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。当主句结构为:主语+would(shouldcouldmight)+have+动词的过去分词时,从句结构应为:If+主语+had+动词的过去分词。当虚拟句中的if省略时,主句中的had要提前。原句应为:Ifithadnotbeenforhisillness...,省略if后had提前,句子变为:Haditnotbeenforhisillness...。句意:如果不是因为他生病,他就会来帮你粉刷房子了。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

Ithinkweshould______thematterfurtherbeforesigningthecontract.

问题1选项

A.lookinto

B.lookupon

C.lookafter

D.lookup

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项lookinto“调查;观察;窥视;浏览;看”;B选项lookupon“看待;视作;看作;对待”;C选项lookafter“照顾;照料;照看”;D选项lookup“仰望;查阅;尊敬;拜访;改善”。句意:我认为在签订合同之前我们应该进一步考虑这个问题。因此B选项正确。

7.问答题

ThequestionIamaskedmostoftennowadaysisthis:arewebackto2008andanotherglobal

A

financialcrisisandrecession?Myanswerisastraightforwardno,butthattherecentepisodeof

B

C

globalfinancialmarketturmoilisliketobemoreseriousthananyperiodofvolatilityandrisk-off

D

behaviorsince2009.

【答案】试题答案:D;likely

【解析】考查固定搭配。belikelyto意为“可能”。

8.单选题

Knowntoeveryman,woman,andchildinthetown,().

问题1选项

A.friendswereneverlackingtomygrandfather

B.mygrandfatherwasnotlackingtowardhisfriends

C.mygrandfatherwasnotlackingnofriends

D.mygrandfatherneverlackedfriends

【答案】D

【解析】考查语态和时态。根据固定搭配belackinginsth(缺少……;缺乏……)可知A选项以及B选项错误;C选项双重否定表示肯定,语境错误且搭配不对;D选项中lacked做谓语动词,时态和前文的known对应,语法正确且句意完整,因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Centuriesofwindandrainhadwornawaythe()onthegravestones.

问题1选项

A.descriptions

B.prescriptions

C.inscriptions

D.conscriptions

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。description“描述,描写”;prescription“药方;指示”;inscription“题词,铭文”;conscription“征兵,征用”。句意:几百年的风风雨雨早已把墓碑上的铭文侵蚀掉了。选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

Everyyearthousandsofpeoplearearrestedandtakentocourtforshop-lifting.InBritainaloneaboutHK$3,000,000’sworthofgoodsarestolenfromshopseveryweek.ThisamountstosomethinglikeHK$150millionayear,andrepresentsabout4percentoftheshops’totalstock.Asaresultofthis"shrinkage"astheshopscallit,thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices.

Shop-lifterscanbedividedintothreemaincategories:theprofessionals,thedeliberateamateur,andthepeoplewhojustcan'thelpthemselves.Theprofessionalsdonotposemuchofaproblemforthestoredetectives,who,assistedbyclosedcircuittelevision,two-waymirrorsandvariousothertechnologicaldevices,canusuallycopewiththem.Theprofessionalstendtogoforhighvaluegoodsinpartsoftheshopswheresecuritymeasuresaretightest.And,inanycase,theyaccountforonlyasmallpercentageofthetotallossesduetoshop-lifting.

Thesameappliestothedeliberateamateurwhois,sotospeak,aprofessionalintraining.Mostofthemgetcaughtsoonerorlater,andtheyaredealtwithseverelybythecourts.

Therealproblemisthepersonwhogiveswaytoasuddentemptationandisinallotherrespectsanhonestandlaw-abidingcitizen.Contrarytowhatonewouldexpect,thiskindofshop-lifterisrarelypoor.Hedoesnotstealbecauseheneedsthegoodsandcannotaffordtopayforthem.Hestealsbecausehesimplycannotstophimself.Andtherearecountlessotherswho,becauseofage,sicknessorplainabsent-mindedness,simplyforgettopayforwhattheytakefromtheshops.Whencaught,allareliabletoprosecution,andthedecisionwhethertosendforthepoliceornotisinthehandsofthestoremanager.

Inordertopreventthequiteincrediblegrowthinship-liftingof-fences,somestores,infact,aredoingtheirbesttoseparatethethievesfromtheconfusedbyprohibitingcustomersfromtakingbagsintothestore.However,whatismostworryingaboutthewholeproblemis,perhaps,thatitisyetanotherinstanceoftheinnocentmajoritybeingpenalizedandinconveniencedbecauseoftheactionsofasmallminority.Itistheaircrafthijacksituationinanotherform.Becauseofthepossibilityofonepassengerinamillionboardinganaircraftwithaweapon,theother999,999passengersmustsubjectthemselvestosearchesanddelays.Unlessthesituationintheshopsimproves,intenyears'timewemayallhavetosubjectourselvestoabody-searcheverytimewegointoastoretobuyatinofbeans!

1.Whydoesthehonestpublichavetopayhigherpriceswhentheygototheshops?

2.Thethirdgroupofpeoplestealthingsbecausethey(

).

3.Accordingtothepassage,law-abidingcitizens

).

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutthemaintypesofshop-lifting?

5.Theaircrafthijacksituationisusedinordertoshowthat(

).

问题1选项

A.Thereisa“shrinkage”inmarketvalues.

B.Manygoodsarenotavailable.

C.Goodsinmanyshopslackvariety.

D.Therearemanycasesofshop-lifting.

问题2选项

A.arementallyill

B.arequiteabsent-minded

C.cannotresistthetemptation

D.cannotaffordtopayforgoods

问题3选项

A.canpossiblystealthingsbecauseoftheirpoverty

B.canpossiblytakeawaygoodswithoutpaying

C.haveneverstolengoodsfromthesupermarkets

D.aredifficulttobecaughtwhentheystealthings

问题4选项

A.Abigpercentageofthetotallossesarecausedbytheprofessionals.

B.Thedeliberateamateurswillbepunishedseverelyiftheygetcaught.

C.Peoplewouldexpectthatthosewhocan'thelpthemselvesarepoor.

D.Theprofessionalsdon’tcausealotoftroubletothestoredetectives.

问题5选项

A."theprofessionalsdonotposemuchofaproblemforthestores"

B.somepeople"simplyforgettopayforwhattheytakefromtheshops"

C."thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices"

D.thethirdtypeofshop-liftersaredangerouspeople

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Asaresultofthis"shrinkage"astheshopscallit,thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices.(由于商店所说的“收缩”,诚实的公众不得不支付更高的价格)可知是“shrinkage”是原因,“shrinkage”是指前面的shop-lifting(店内盗窃)导致商场的损失,为了

弥补损失,因此诚实的顾客需要比以前付出更高的价格,因此选D。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Shop-lifterscanbedividedintothreemaincategories:theprofessionals,thedeliberateamateur,andthepeoplewhojustcan'thelpthemselves.(店内盗窃可分为三大类:专业窃贼,深思熟虑的业余窃贼和那些无法控制自己的窃贼)可知C选项“抵挡不住诱惑”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的Andtherearecountlessotherswho,becauseofage,sicknessorplainabsent-mindedness,simplyforgettopayforwhattheytakefromtheshops.(还有数不清的其他人,由于年龄、疾病或明显的心不在焉,干脆忘了为他们从商店拿走的东西买单)可知B选项“可能没付钱就拿走商品”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Theprofessionalstendtogoforhighvaluegoodsinpartsoftheshopswheresecuritymeasuresaretightest.And,inanycase,theyaccountforonlyasmallpercentageofthetotallossesduetoshop-lifting.(专业窃贼倾向于在安全措施最严格的部分商店购买高价值商品。而且,在任何情况下,它们只占因盗窃而造成的总损失的一小部分)可知A选项“总损失的大部分是由专业窃贼造成的”不正确,注意题干中问的是“NOTtrue”,因此选A。

5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的thatitisyetanotherinstanceoftheinnocentmajoritybeingpenalizedandinconveniencedbecauseoftheactionsofasmallminority.Becauseofthepossibilityofonepassengerinamillionboardinganaircraftwithaweapon,theother999,999passengersmustsubjectthemselvestosearchesanddelays.(这是又一个例子,无辜的大多数因为少数人的行为而受到惩罚和不便。由于每百万名乘客中就有一名乘客携带武器登上飞机,因此其他999,999名乘客必须接受搜查和延误)可知此处指“店内盗窃”与“飞机劫持事件”所带来的后果在本质上一样的,耽误了多数守法的人的时间,损害了他们的利益,因此选C。

11.单选题

Inourearthsciencelab,wehadtodeterminewhichfossilsweregenuineandwhichwere______.

问题1选项

A.spurious

B.insuperable

C.ominous

D.querulous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项spurious“假的,伪造的”,B项insuperable“不能克服的,无敌的”,C项ominous“预兆的,不吉利的”,D项querulous“易怒的,暴躁的”。由determine(决定)和whichfossilsweregenuine(哪些化石是真的)可知,空格说是另外一个结果,跟“真的”对应的是“假的”,A项符合。句意:在我们的地球科学实验室,我们必须确定哪些化石是真的,哪些是假的。因此,该题选择A项。

12.单选题

Ifyoureinstateold-fashionedvaluesaboutmoneyandwork,youcangiveyourchildrenapreciousgift:thekeytoself-sufficiency.

问题1选项

A.resolve

B.resort

C.redress

D.restore

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项resolve“决定;溶解;决心要做……”;B选项resort“求助;诉诸;采取某手段或方法(其一般需后接介词to)”;C选项redress“救济;赔偿;纠正”;D选项restore“恢复;修复;归还”。句意:如果你……旧式的金钱和工作价值观,你可以给你的孩子一份珍贵的礼物:自给自足的钥匙。根据后面的宾语old-fashionedvalues“老式的价值观”,If引导的虚拟句,根据后面的结果来看能够给孩子一份珍贵的礼物,保证自给自足。由此可知,这一旧式的金钱和工作价值观是可取的。所以需要将过时的事物重新拾起,进行运用。因此D选项符合题意。

13.单选题

Peoplelikebeingtrusted.Theyareannoyed,angry,orfeelhurtiftheyareregardedwith(1).Theythinkthattheyare(2)aninjustice.Theylikebeingtrustedfortworeasons:(l)Itisatributetotheirhonesty,truth,strength,(3),kindnessandgoodcharacter;(2)Theyfinditeasiertocheatothers.Thesetwo(4)Suggestwhatourattitudetowardstrustin(5)shouldbe.Itisnotasimpleattitude.Wemustkeepabalancebetweentwo(6)oversuspiciousnessandinfantilenaivety.

Aparalleltoourtrustinpeoplecouldbeourtrustinnatural(7).Howevercarefulweare,wecannotguarantee(8)safetyforourselvesinthephysicalworld,yetweactas(9)wecantrustanorderedseriesofphysicalevents.Wetakethebustoworkinthemorning(10)thatwewillarrivesafelyatourofficeorschool.Wehaveno(11)thatwewill.Thebuscouldbe(12)inanaccident.

Ifwewereto(13)everyaccidentthatmighthappentouswewouldneverdoanything.

Wewouldjustremainsittingathome.Eventhenwecouldneverbeabsolutely(14)thattheceilingwouldnotcollapseonus.(15)wearetodoanythingatall,wemusttakerisks.Ofcoursewetrytoreduceriskstoa(16)。

Similarlywithregardtopeople,trustingtheminvolvestakingtherisksofbeing(17).Nottrustingthemplacesusoutsidetheareaofcommunityactivity,(18)trustisanessentialbondincommunityliving.Inacompetitive,materialisticworlditwouldbe(19)totrusteveryoneineverything.However,weshouldwidentheareaoftrustasfaraspossible.Wecannoteliminateallrisksinsuchtrust(20)weshouldlessenthemasfaraspossiblebyrelianceonintelligenceandexperienceworthourownandthoseofadultswhosereliabilityhasbeenproven.

问题1选项

A.superstition

B.supervision

C.suspicion

D.suspension

问题2选项

A.suffering

B.challenging

C.releasing

D.offending

问题3选项

A.occupation

B.performance

C.recommendation

D.intelligence

问题4选项

A.reasons

B.examples

C.facts

D.truths

问题5选项

A.another

B.others

C.other

D.anyone

问题6选项

A.ends

B.extremes

C.spots

D.sides

问题7选项

A.matters

B.occasions

C.events

D.situations

问题8选项

A.mechanical

B.material

C.relevant

D.absolute

问题9选项

A.if

B.that

C.as

D.long

问题10选项

A.given

B.provided

C.such

D.so

问题11选项

A.measurement

B.calculation

C.guarantee

D.optimism

问题12选项

A.evolved

B.enclosed

C.engaged

D.involved

问题13选项

A.makeuseof

B.takeadvantageof

C.takeaccountof

D.makecertainof

问题14选项

A.certain

B.doubtful

C.suspicions

D.indifferent

问题15选项

A.Unless

B.If

C.Lest

D.Before

问题16选项

A.dilemma

B.minimum

C.maximum

D.reduction

问题17选项

A.flattered

B.assured

C.deceived

D.convinced

问题18选项

A.however

B.so

C.therefore

D.because

问题19选项

A.evident

B.unwise

C.creative

D.romantic

问题20选项

A.but

B.or

C.and

D.also

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

第6题:B

第7题:C

第8题:D

第9题:A

第10题:D

第11题:C

第12题:D

第13题:C

第14题:A

第15题:B

第16题:B

第17题:C

第18题:D

第19题:B

第20题:A

【解析】(1)形近词辨析。前一句句意:人们乐于得到别人的信任,因此推断此句意为:而当不被信任时.人们会感到气恼、生气或受到伤害”,故该空应填trust的反义词。结合选项考虑,应填suspicion。toberegardedwithsuspicion表示“受到猜疑,不被人信任”。

(2)动词辨析。此处应填一个谓语动词的现在分词形式。句意为:他们觉得自己了不公正待遇。Suffer遭受;challenge挑战;release释放;offend冒犯。故选A。

(3)名词辨析。该句提到,“赋予信任是对人们的诚实、求真、能力、、善良和好性格的尊敬”,据此推测这个空也应相应选择intelligence。occupation职业;performance表现;recommendation推荐;intelligence智力。

(4)语义连接。根据上文中的“Theylikebeingtrustedfortworeasons”推测此处选A项。

(5)代词辨析。句意:这两个原因说明了我们对他人的信任所应持有的态度。another另一个人;other不加复数时必须跟名词,或者与any,another连用。anyone—般用在否定句与疑问句中。因此选B项others。

(6)名词辨析。句意:我们必须在过度猜疑和天真幼稚这两个极端之间保持平衡。

(7)名词辨析。我们对人们的信任可以和我们对自然的信任类比。下文提示:Wecantrustanorderedseriesofphysicalevents。因此推测此处选C项events。

(8)形容词辨析。句意:不管我们多么小心,我们也无法保证我们在世界中的安全。mechanical机械的;material物质的;relevant相关的;absolute绝对的。

(9)固定搭配。asif表示“似乎”,“我们表现得似乎”。

(10)连词辨析。句意:我们早上坐公车,安全达到办公室或学校,这里应该填一个连词。given作连词指“考虑到”;provided表示“如果”,是一种假设,such不能这样用,因此D项正确,表示“因此,以便”。

(11)名词辨析。参照第18空的那句话:我们无法保证…,因此此处为“保证”的名词形式。measurement为尺寸,度量calculation计算;guarantee保证;optimism乐观。

(12)固定搭配。tobeinvolvedinsth.指“牵扯到,卷入到”,一般指不好的事件。

(13)短语辨析。如果我们每一场可能的发生在我们身上的事故,那我们什么都不能做了。”显然应当是“考虑、担心”,takeaccountof固定短语,指“考虑,将...并入到考虑范围内”。其他选项maleuseof,takeadvantageof都是“利用”的意思,takeaccountof考虑,将...并入到考虑范围内;makecertainof确定。因此C项符合句意。

(14)形容词辨析。我们不能老是对危险惴惴不安,否则我们得一直待在家里。即使待在家里,也不能屋顶不会塌下来。Certain确定,肯定。

(15)逻辑分析。句意:我们想做点什么事,任何事,都必须承担风险。因此B项if(如果)符合句意。

(16)名词辨析。句意:我们得承担风险,但是可以将风险降到最低。

(17)动词辨析。句意:与人打交道类似,相信别人可能有被的风险。flattered被奉承,assure是确定,一般不用在被动语态,过去分词assured作形容词,指“确定的,确信的”;deceived被欺骗;convinced确信。故C项符合句意。

(18)逻辑分析。句意:不相信别人会让我们被排除在大家的活动之外,信任是大家一起生活至关重要的纽带。前后为因果关系,故选D。

(19)形容词辨析。信任所有人所有事是明显。evident明显的,unwise理智的,creative创新的,romantic浪漫的。故B项符合句意。

(20)逻辑分析。句意:我们不能消除所有风险,我们可以尽可能减少。前后为转折关系,故选A。

14.单选题

Despitethefactthatthetwocouncilmembersbelongedtodifferentpoliticalparties,they(

)theissueofhowtofinancethetowndebt.

问题1选项

A.agreedon

B.complicated

C.attestedto

D.avoided

【答案】A

【解析】动词和词组辨析。句意‘尽管两位委员会成员属于不同的政党,但他们就如何为该镇的债务融资达成一致’A选项“对…取得一致意见”;B选项“使复杂化”,原型是complicate;C选项“证明,证实”;D选项“躲开,避免”;根据关键词despite和belongedtodifferentpoliticalparties可以推断出填入空白处的词是要和前面的意思形成对比或转折,所以A选项正确。

15.单选题

BeforeanamendmentcanbeaddedtotheConstitution,itmustberatifiedbythree-fourthsofthestatelegislatures.

问题1选项

A.discussed

B.endorsed

C.proposed

D.revised

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。ratify表示“批准,认可”。A项discuss“讨论”,B项endorse“签字,签署”,表示认可的意思,C项propose“打算,计划”,D项revise“修改”;句意:修正案必须得到四分之三的国家立法机关的批准,才能被添加到宪法中。根据句意该题选B。

16.单选题

InmostearthquakestheEarth’scrustcrackslikeporcelain.Stressbuildsupuntilafractureformsatthedepthofafewkilometersandthecrustslipstorelievethestress.Someearthquakes,however,takeplacehundredsofkilo¬metersdownintheEarth'smantle,wherehighpressuremakesrocksoductilethatitflowsinsteadofcracking,evenunderstresssevereenoughtodeformitlikeputty.Howcantherebeearthquakesatsuchdepths?

Thatsuchdeepeventsdooccurhasbeenacceptedonlysince1927,whentheseismologistKiyooWadaticon¬vincinglydemonstratedtheirexistence.Insteadofcomparingthearrivaltimesofseismicwavesatdifferentlocations,asearlierresearchershaddone,Wadatireliedonalimedifferencebetweenthearrivalofprimary(P)wavesandtheslowersecondary(S)waves.BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds;theintervalbe¬tweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orarupturepoint.

Formostearthquakes,Wadatidiscovered,theintervalwasquiteshortneartheepicenter,thepointonthesur¬facewhereshakingisthestrongestforafewevents,however,thedelaywaslongenoughattheepicenter.Wadatisawasimilarpatternwhenheanalyzeddataontheintensityofshaking.Mostearthquakeshadasmallareaofintenseshaking,whichweakenedrapidlywithincreasingdistancefromtheepicenter,butotherswerecharacterizedbyalow¬erpeakintensity,feltoverabroaderarea.BoththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,andthedeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith().

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatiftheSwavesfromanearthquakearriveatagivenlocationlongaf¬terthePwaves,whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingmusttakeplaceinorderforanyearthquaketooccur?

4.Theauthor’sexplanationofhowdeepeventsoccurwouldbemostweakenedifwhichofthefollowingwerediscoveredtobetrue?

问题1选项

A.demonstratingwhythemethodsofearlyseismologistswereflawed

B.defendingarevolutionarytheoryaboutthecausesofearthquakesandmethodsofpredictingthem

C.discussingtheevidencefortheexistenceofdeepeventsandtheconditionsthatallowthemtooccur

D.comparingtheeffectsofshalloweventswiththoseofdeepevents

问题2选项

A.Theearthquakewasadeepevent.

B.Theearthquakewasashallowevent

C.Theearthquakefocuswasdistant.

D.Theearthquakehadalowpeakintensity.

问题3选项

A.Stressmustbuildup.

B.Coolrockmustdescendintothemantle.

C.Afracturemustoccur.

D.BothAandC.

问题4选项

A.Deepeventsarefarlesscommonthanshallowevents.

B.Deepeventsoccurinplacesotherthanwherecrustalplatesmeet.

C.Mantlerockismoreductileatadepthofseveralhundredkilometersthanitisat50kilometers.

D.ThespeedsofbothPandSwavesareslightlygreaterthanpreviouslythough.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段,“Howcantherebeearthquakesatsuchdepths…”,首先提出了问题,“这么深的地方是如何发生地震的”,文章第二段介绍了地震学家证明了这种深层地震的存在,根据第三段,“BoththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes”,地震学家继续论证了P-S间隔和强度模式表明存在两种地震。选项C符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第三段,“andthedeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown.”,可推断P-S间隔很长的就被称作deepevents,选项A符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句,“Stressbuildsupuntilafractureformsatthedepthofafewkilometers”,可知地震形成的条件包括压力的断裂。选项D符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章第三段,“themorecommonshallowevents,”,可知A选项是原文已经提到了,可排除。根据第一段,“intheEarth'smantle,wherehighpressuremakesrocksoductile”,可知选项C是原文中提到的,可排除。根据文章第三段,“theP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatterns”,P-S间隔会对不同类型的地震形成有影响,P和S的速度同时增加不会形成间隔,所以D选项可排除。选项B符合题意。

17.单选题

Tomajorinastrophysicsyouneedanextramathcourse.

问题1选项

A.Togethighergradesinastrophysics.

B.Tofinishyourastrophysicspaper.

C.Tospecializeinastrophysics.

D.Tobetterunderstandtheastrophysicscourse.

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语词义辨析。题目中majorin表示“主修;专攻”,A选项为“在天体物理学上取得更高的成就”;B选项为“完成你的天体物理学论文”;C选项为“以天体物理学为专业;专攻天体物理学”;D选项为“更好地了解天体物理学课程”。句意:要主修天体物理学,你就得再选择一个数学课。因此,正确答案是C项。

18.单选题

AccordingtoarecentpublicationoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,atthepresentrateofprogress,itwilltakeforty-threeyearstoendjobdiscrimination—hardlyareasonabletimetable.

Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.Wearebehindasaresultofdiscriminationanddenialofopportunity.Thereisonewhiteattorneyforevery680whites,butonlyoneblackattorneyforevery4,000blacks;onewhitephysicianforevery659whites,butonlyoneblackphysicianforevery5,000blacks;andonewhitedentistforevery1,900whites,butonlyoneblackdentistforevery8,400blacks.Lessthan1percentofallengineersorofallpracticingchemistsisblack.Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.

Actually,intheU.S.context,“reversediscrimination”isillogicalandacontradictioninterms.Neverinthehistoryofmankindhasamajority,withpower,engagedinprogramsandwrittenlawsthatdiscriminateagainstitself.Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.

Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,asnewsaccountsmakeitseem.Thereare49percentmorewhitesinmedicalschooltodayand64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolthantherewerewhenaffirmativeactionprogramsbegansomeeightyearsago.

Inarecentcolumn,WilliamRaspberryraisedaninterestingquestion.CommentingontheBakkecase,heasked,“Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe100?”That,hesuggested,wouldnotinterferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave.Hethenwentontopointoutthatthis,infact,isexactlywhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools.In1968,theyearbeforeaffirmativeactionprogramsbegantogetunderway,9,571whitesand282membersofminoritygroupsenteredU.S.medicalschools.In1976,thefigureswere14,213and1,400respectively.Thus,underaffirmativeaction,thenumberof“whiteplaces”actuallyroseby49percent;whiteaccesstomedicaltrainingwasnotdiminished,butsubstantiallyincreased.Thetrendwasevenmoremarkedinlawschools.In1969,thefirstyearforwhichreliablefiguresareavailable,2,933minority-groupmemberswereenrolled;in1976,thenumberwasupto8,484.Butduringthesameperiod,lawschoolenrollmentforwhitesrosefrom65,453to107,064anincreaseof64percent.Inshort,itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.

AllanBakkedidnotreallychallengepreferentialtreatmentingeneral,forhemadenochallengetothepreferentialtreatmentaccordedtothechildrenoftherich,thealumniandthefacultyortoathletesortheverytalentedonlytominorities.

1.Theauthorisforaffirmativeaction().

2.Itrequires()toclosethegapsbetweenthewhitesandtheblacksintheU.S.

3.Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,accordingtotheauthor,because().

4.WilliamRaspberry,whilecommentingontheBakkecase,suggests().

5.WhatAllanBakkechallengedwas().

问题1选项

A.becausethereisdiscriminationanddenialofopportunityintheU.S.

B.ifweaimateducationalandeconomicequityandparity

C.becauseitwilltake43yearstoendjobdiscrimination

D.whenthereisnoreasonabletimetableintheU.S.

问题2选项

A.oneblackattorneyforever4,000blacks

B.alotmoreblackengineersandchemists

C.educationandeconomicdevelopment

D.creativejusticeandcompassion

问题3选项

A.whatwhitegiveupisonlyunfairadvantage

B.thereare49percentmorewhiteinmedicalschooltodayalready

C.whites,themajorityintheU.S.,willneverdiscriminateagainstthemselves

D.thereare64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolstoday

问题4选项

A.tooffer100slotstowhitesand16toblacks

B.tooffer84slotstowhitesand16toblacks

C.tofollowwhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools

D.tointerferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave

问题5选项

A.themyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense

B.unfairtreatmentaccordedtoblacks

C.preferentialtreatmentingeneral

D.preferentialtreatmenttominority-groupmembers

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据第二段第一句“Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.”如果我们的目标是教育和经济公平与平等,那么我们就需要积极地开展平权行动。选项B符合原文。

2.根据第二段最后两句“Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.”残酷无情的不公正造成了这样的差距。我们需要创造性的公正和同情来消除差距。选项D符合原文。

3.根据第三段最后一句“Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.”白人因为平权法案而放弃的唯一一件事是不公平的优势,这在一开始是不必要的。选项A符合原文。

4.根据关键词“WilliamRaspberry”定位到倒数第二段,根据“Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe100?”“如果我们不是在100个位置中留出16个位置,而是在100个位置中增加16个位置,那会怎么样?”他表示,这不会影响白人已经拥有的东西。所以选项A正确。

5.根据原文内容可知,AllanBakke挑战的是“itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.”选项A正确。

19.翻译题

今天,阿拉木图(Alma-Ata)宣言的目标比起25年前反而离实现更为遥远了。深刻的经济不平等和社会不公正继续拒绝给许多人提供良好的健康,继续扮演全球持续性健康受益的障碍。全世界的国家间及国家内部在健康成就的步伐上和等级上仍有巨大的差异。一个可能的解释是开始于20世纪80年代作为世界银行结构性调整计划一部分的健康部门的改革还没有显示出改进不平等的结果;在某些情况下,它们反而让这些不平等更为严重了。

现在我们面临健康研究中的四大挑战:道德价值、公平和美德、可持续的健康研究体系、良好

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