考研考博-英语-兰州现代职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-兰州现代职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

我们不能肯定什么是“智力”,也不能肯定智力表达什么。但这一事实并不妨碍我们认为智力是一种非常有用的概念,也不妨碍我们对智力测验给予相当程度的信赖。在一次智力测验中,我们取样测验一个人解决各种各样难题和问题的能力。如果我们取了代表性样本,就可以成功地预测此人在各种职业中将获得何种程度的成就。

英国议会1944年通过的教育法案使普及中等教育成为法律条文。除少数独立基金学校以外,中等学校将对全民开放。由于全国中等学校的数目最多能容纳11岁以上儿童总数的25%左右,所以只好做某种选拔。严格的学术性考试和测验被认为对那些在高质量小学就读和家庭学术气氛浓厚的儿童很有利。因此,智力测验被设计出来,以抵消这种狭隘的专业化教学内容,其方法是引入一些并非以书本知识为基础的问题。换言之,智力测验主要通过给儿童提供一些在其能力与理解力范围内的不同真实情景,尝试评价儿童思考、推理、判断、分析和综合的总体能力。

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.

【答案】Thefactthatwearenotsurewhat"intelligence"is,norwhatispassedon,doesnotpreventusfromfindingitaveryusefulworkingconcept,andplacingacertainamountofrelianceontestswhichmeasureit.Inanintelligencetestwetakeasampleofanindividual'sabilitytosolvepuzzlesandproblemsofvariouskinds,andifwehavetakenarepresentativesample,itwillallowustopredictsuccessfullythelevelofperformancehewillreachinawidevarietyofoccupations.

Thisbecameofparticularimportancewhen,asaresultofthe1944EducationAct,secondaryschoolingforallbecamelaw,andgrammarschools,withtheexceptionofasmallnumberofindependentfoundationschools,becameavailabletothewholepopulation.Sincethenumberofgrammarschoolsinthecountrycouldaccommodateatmostapproximately25percentofthetotalchildpopulationofeleven-plus,somekindofselectionhadtobemade.Narrowlyacademicexaminationsandtestswerefelt,quiterightly,tobeheavilyweightedinfavourofchildrenwhohadhadtheadvantageofhighly-academicprimaryschoolsandacademicallybiasedhomes.Intelligencetestsweredevisedtocounteractthisnarrowspecialization,byintroducingproblemswhichwerenotbasedonspecificallyscholastically-acquiredknowledge.Theintelligencetestisanattempttoassessthegeneralabilityofanychildtothink,reason,judge,analyzeandsynthesizebypresentinghimwithsituations,bothverbalandpractical,whicharewithinhisrangeofcompetenceandunderstanding.

2.单选题

Thedetectivewatchedandsawthesuspect______ahotelatthecorneroftheStreet.

问题1选项

A.gettingoffthetaxiandwalkinginto

B.gotoffthetaxiandwalkedinto

C.getoffthetaxiandwalkinto

D.gotoffthetaxitowalkinto

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：侦探看着嫌疑犯下了出租车，走进了街角的一家旅馆。本句谓语动词是watchedandsaw，横线处是非谓语动词，在这里指“看见他下出租车和进旅馆”的整个过程。watch/seesb.doingsth.“看见某人正在做（瞬间）”，watch/seesb.dosth.“看见某人做了某事（全过程）”，C选项getoffthetaxiandwalkinto符合题意。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Trysomeofthiscake,whichI（）especiallyforyou.

问题1选项

A.boiled

B.baked

C.burned

D.roasted

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。boil“煮沸”；bake“烤，烘焙”；burn“燃烧，烧毁”；roast“烤”。句意：吃一点这种蛋糕吧，这是我特意为你烘焙的。烤蛋糕用bake,故B项正确。

4.单选题

Sincetheauthor’sunflatteringreferencestoherfriendswereso________,shewassurprisedthather______wererecognized.

问题1选项

A.laudatory...styles

B.obvious...anecdotes

C.oblique...allusions

D.critical...eulogies

【答案】C

【解析】形容词和名词词义辨析。laudatory“赞美的”；obvious“明显的”；oblique“不光明正大的”；critical“批判的”。style“风格”；anecdote“轶事，奇闻”；allusion“暗示，提及”；eulogy“悼词，颂词”。句意：作者间接地指出了她的朋友们的不当之处，但是使她惊讶的是，这种暗示得到了大家的认可。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

ThehighestmountainpassinEuropeis______.

问题1选项

A.of2,473meters

B.at2,473metershigh

C.2,473highmeters

D.2,473metershigh

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法。表示某物的长、高、宽时，英语中的表达是“名词+be动词+数量+形容词”，故D项正确。A项为beof结构，后面一般跟抽象名词，表示“某物/某人具有某种品质、性质或特点”；B项介词at使用不正确；C项meters应该紧跟在数字后面。句意：欧洲最高的山脉海拔2473米。因此，该题选择D项正确。

6.单选题

ResalepriceMaintenanceisthenameusedwhenaretaileriscompelledtosellatapricefixedbythemanufacturerinsteadofchoosingforhimselfhowmuchtoaddontothewholesalepricehepaysforhissupplies.Thispracticeisassociatedwiththesaleof“branded”goods,whichnowformaveryconsiderableproportionofconsumers’purchases,andithasledtoagreatdealofcontroversy.

Generallysucharticlesarepackedandadvertisedbythemanufacturers,whotrytocreateaspecial“image”inthemindsofpossiblepurchasers—animagemadeupofdielookofthearticle,itsuse,itspriceandeverythingelsewhichmightleadpurchaserstoaskforthatbrandratherthananyother.Ifaretailerisallowedtochoiceanypricehelikeshemayfinditworthwhiletosellonebrandat“cut”priceseventhoughthisinvolvesaloss,becausehehopestoattractcustomerstotheshopwheretheymaybepersuadedtobuymanyothertypesofgoodsathigherprices.Themanufacturerofthebrandthathasbeen“cut”fearsthattheretailermaybetemptedtoreducetheservicesonthisarticle;butevenifhedoesnotthereisadanger;thatthecustomerbecomesunsettled,andisunwillingtopaythe“standard”priceofthearticlebecausehefeelsthatheisbeing“done”.Thismay,andindeedoftendoes,affectthereputationofthemanufacturerandlosehimhismarketinthelongrun.

Itissometimessaidalsothatthehousewife—whoistheprincipalbuyerofmostofthesegoods—prefersafixedpricebecausesheknowswheresheisandissavedthebotherofgoingfromshoptoshopinsearchoflowerprices.Ifoneshopcutallthepricesofitsbandedgoodsshewouldundoubtedlyhaveanadvantageinshoppingthere.Butthisdoesnothappen.Astoreusuallythepriceofoneortwoofitsarticleswhichactasadecoyandmakesupitslossesonothers,andchangesthecut-pricearticlesfromweektoweeksoastoattractdifferentgroupsofcustomers.Andsothehousewifemayfeelratherguiltyifshedoesnotspendtimetrackingdownthecheapergoods.Howfarthisistrueisamatteroftemperamentanditisimpossibletoestimatewhatproportionifpurchaserspreferapricethattheycanrelyonwherevertheychoosetobuyandwhatproportionenjoythechallengeinvolvedinfindingthestorethatoffersthemabargain.

ThosewhoopposeResalePriceMaintenance,ontheotherhand,pointoutthattherearenowagreatmanydifferentchannelsofdistribution—chainstores,departmentstores,cooperativestores,independentorunitshops,supermarkets,mail-orderhouses,andsoon.Itwouldbeabsurdtoassumethatallofthemprice?Iftheywereallowedtochooseforthemselves,themoreefficientretailerswouldsellatlowerpricesandconsumerswouldbenefit.Asitis,theretailpricemustbesufficienttocoverthecostsoftheefficientavenuesofdistributionandthismeanstheothersmakeabiggerprofitthannecessaryattheexpenseofthepublic.Thesupportersofthefixespricearguethatthisisonlyhalfthestory.Theefficienttradercanstillcompetewithoutloweringhisprices.Hecanofferbetterservice—longcredit,orquickdeliveryorapleasantshopdecororhelpfulassistants—andcandothiswithoutimperilingthelong-terminterestsofthemanufacturer.

1.Manufacturersopposeretailerscuttingpricesontheirgoodsmainlybecausetheythink（）.

2.Supportersofthefixedpriceboldthatanefficienttradercanstillmakemoneywithoutloweringpricesby（）.

3.Bysaying“Hefeelsthatheisbeing‘done’,theauthormeansthatcustomerthinks（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSEaccordingtothepassage?

5.Thesentence“Sheknowswheresheis"inthethirdparagraphcanbeparaphrasedas（）

问题1选项

A.retailersmayeventuallystopsellingtheirproducts

B.itmayreducecustomersconfidenceintheirproducts

C.customersmayfeeluneasywhenpricesvary

D.itmaysometimesleadtopoorservice

问题2选项

A.allowingcustomerstimetopay

B.hiringassistantsforlonghoursandlowwages

C.advertisingformoreeffectively

D.establishinglong-termrelationswithmanufacturers

问题3选项

A.someoneisdespisinghim

B.someoneismaltreatinghim

C.someoneisblackmailinghim

D.someoneischeatinghim

问题4选项

A.Goodserviceotherthanpriceisimportantinattractingcustomers

B.AnarticlewithoutabrandnameisnotsubjecttoResalePriceMaintenance

C.Manufacturersattempttoinfluencepossiblepurchasersbymakingtheirproductseasytoidentity.

D.Housewivespreferfixedpricesbecausefixedpricesaremuchlesslikelytofluctuate.

问题5选项

A.Sheknowsherplace

B.Sheknowsherstuff

C.Shefeelssecure

D.Shefeelsintoxicated

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:文章第二段第三句话Themanufacturerofthebrandthathasbeen‘cut’fearsthattheretailermaybetemptedtoreducetheservicesonthisarticle,生产商担心那个商品降价会导致零售商降低对该商品顾客的服务，所以选项D符合题意。

第2题:文章最后一段最后一句话Hecanofferbetterservice—longcredit,orquickdeliveryorapleasantshopdecororhelpfulassistants，零售商为顾客提供更优质的服务，比如延长支付时间，快速送货或者把店面装饰得很漂亮，或者找一些有用的助手，选项A符合题意。

第3题:sb.isbeingdone“某人被欺骗”，所以选项D符合题意。

第4题:文章第一段提到thispracticeisassociatedwiththesaleof“branded”goods，这种做法是跟品牌货物相连的，所以可以推论不是名牌的商品不受固定价格的约束，所以选项B排除；第二段generallysucharticlesarepackedandadvertisedbythemanufacturers,whotrytocreateaspecialimageinthemindsofpossiblepurchasers…，生厂商希望在潜在的顾客心中塑造一个特别的形象，所以选项C排除；第三段itissometimessaidalsothatthehousewifewhoistheprincipalbuyerofmostofthesegoodsprefers…，家庭主妇们会感到安全，避免为了寻找更低的价格从一家商店跑到另一家，所以选项D排除。因此选项A符合题意。

第5题:根据上下文可知家庭主妇喜欢固定的价格是因为这样可以不用在不同商店之间来回比价格，并且还说到如果没有去价格更便宜的商店买东西，她们会感到懊恼，所以可以判断sheknowswheresheis是感到安全的意思。选项C符合题意。

7.单选题

Johnsaidthathispresentjobdoesnotprovidehimwithenough______forhisorganizingability.

问题1选项

A.scope

B.space

C.capacity

D.range

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.scope（做或实现某事的）机会，能力；（题目、组织、活动等的）范围B.space（可利用的）空地，空间

C.capacity容量；容积；容纳能力D.range（变动或浮动的）范围，界限

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词organizingability（组织能力）可知，enough______指的是“（发挥组织能力的）足够空间”，而scope是指实现某事或者做某事的机会或能力，符合句意，故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】

B项牛津释义是anamountofanareaorofaplacethatisemptyorthatisavailableforuse（空的或可供使用的区域或地方），不符合句意；

C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】约翰说他目前的工作不能为他的组织能力提供足够的施展空间。

8.单选题

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.

1.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat______.

2.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat______.

3.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(line1,inparagraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat______.

4.Dr.Myersandotherresearcherholdthat______.

5.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’______.

问题1选项

A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment

B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday

D.slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

问题2选项

A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%

B.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago

C.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount

D.thenumberoflargepredatordroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold

问题3选项

A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

B.thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded

C.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

D.thedatecollectedsofarareoutofdate

问题4选项

A.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan’tworkforalongertime

B.fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass

C.theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreitsoriginallevel

D.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation

问题5选项

A.managementefficiency

B.biomasslevel

C.catch-sizelimits

D.technologicalapplication

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“大型史前动物的灭绝暗示什么？”。第一段最后一句Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans（现在类似的事情可能正在海洋中发生），由此推断，文中提到史前动物的灭绝是暗示海洋生物也会面临同样的问题。A项“大型动物很容易受到环境的影响”，B项“小物种幸存下来而大物种消失了”和D项“生长缓慢的鱼比生长迅速的鱼更长寿”都不是大型动物灭绝暗示的现象，所以该题C项正确。

2.【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“我们从Dr.MyersandDr.Worm’s的论文中可以推测出什么？”。根据本题关键词“Dr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaper”定位到本文第二段最后一句AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen（根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文，在新渔场开始捕捞的15年内，大型捕食动物（杀死并吃掉其他动物的动物）的生物量平均减少了80%。在一些长期捕鱼的地区，从那时起，它又减少了一半），由此推断，文中提到大型捕食动物平均减少80%，所以可以推测出在一些老的渔场，已经减少了90%。B项“这里的渔场数量只有15年前的一半”说法错误，文中没有渔场数量15年之间的对比；C项“新渔场的渔获量只有原来的20%”说法错误，是指平均下降80%，没有说就只有20%，该说法过于绝对；D项“新渔场的大型捕食者的数量比旧渔场下降得更快”说法错误，根据第二段最后一句可知，应该是旧渔场下降得更快。所以该题A项正确。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“通过说这些数字是保守的（第三段第一行），Worm博士的意思是？”。根据本题直接定位到本文第三段第四句Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes（这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕捞，所以现在和过去之间的真正差异可能比捕捞规模变化所记录的更糟糕），由此可知因为科技的进步给捕鱼带来的巨大的方便，但是这些数字是保守估计是因为海洋生物遭受了更大的破坏。A项“捕鱼技术进步很快”是给捕鱼带来了方便，但不符合本题题意；B项“捕鱼量实际上比记录的要小”该说法没有原文依据，原文只提到海洋生物遭受了更大的破坏；D项“到目前为止收集到的日期已经过时了”与本题无关。所以该题C项正确。

4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“迈尔斯博士和其他研究人员认为？”。根据本题关键词“Dr.Myers”定位到本文最后一段第一句Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount（迈尔斯和沃姆博士认为，他们的工作给出了一个正确的基线，未来的管理工作必须加以考虑），由此可知应该要调整捕鱼的基线来改变当前的状态。A项“人们应该寻找一个长期不起作用的基准”说法错误，是要寻找一个有效的基线；B项“渔业应将产量保持在生物量的50%以下”，该说法错误，根据倒数第二句可知应当是保持在50%，而不是50%之下；C项“海洋生物量应该恢复到原来的水平”说法不全面，是要恢复到原始水平的50%。所以该题D项正确。

5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者似乎主要关注大多数渔业的什么？”。A项“管理效率”；B项“生物量水平”；C项“捕获的大小限制”；D项“技术应用”。整篇文章都是围绕海洋生物的量展开的，而且文章中反复出现了“biomass”，所以可知，作者大多关注海洋生物总量的变化。所以该题B项正确。

9.单选题

Whenitcomestothetruthofthecase,his（）answeris“nocomment”.

问题1选项

A.invariable

B.investigative

C.invalid

D.invasive

【答案】A

【解析】词义辨析题。invariable不变的,

始终如一的；investigative调查研究的；invalid无效的；invasive侵略性的。句意：说到案件的真相,

他始终如一的回答是“无可奉告”。选项A符合句意。

10.单选题

Thedoctors（）themedicinestothepeoplethefloodarea.

问题1选项

A.distributed

B.packed

C.prayed

D.undertook

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项.distributed“分配，分开”。B选项packed“损失，代价”。C选项prayed“祈祷”。D选项undertook“保证，承担”。句意：医生们把药品分发给水灾地区的人们。因此A选项符合题意。

11.单选题

Ingeneral,theeffectsofradiationcanbedividedintothosewhichaffecttheindividualsexposedandthosewhichaffecttheir（）.

问题1选项

A.succession

B.descendants

C.descent

D.successors

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项succession“继任，继承”；B选项descendant“后代，晚辈”；C选项descent“下降，血统，袭击”；D选项successor“继承人”。根据individual可知，空格处应填入某一或某类人物，故A、C选项不符合题意，排除。successor一般是说某个家庭的继承人，而descendant泛指人类的子孙后代，所以本题选B更加贴切。句意：总的来说，辐射的危害可以分为对辐射接收者本人的影响以及对其子孙后代的影响。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

12.单选题

Werealizedthathewasundergreat（）,sowetooknonoticeofhisbadtemper.

问题1选项

A.excitement

B.stress

C.crisis

D.nervousness

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项excitement“兴奋”；B选项stress“压力”；C选项crisis“危机”；D选项nervousness“紧张”。句意：我们知道他压力很大，所以我们没在意他的坏脾气。A，C，D都不能与under搭配，只有undergreatstress为固定搭配，表示“在巨大的压力下”。因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagesintheschemeproposed,but（）Ithinkweshouldbenefitbyadoptingit.

问题1选项

A.inbalance

B.offbalance

C.onbalance

D.outofbalance

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定结构。inbalance“保持”；onbalance“总的来说”；outofbalance“失去平衡”。本句意为“总的来说，我认为采用它对我们有好处”，用“总的来说”顺承“提出的方案有优点也有缺点”。C选项符合题意。

14.翻译题

Mytopictodayis“TheCarandAirPollution.”Inparticular,Iwantfirstlytodiscussthewaysinwhichthecarcausesairpollution;andsecondly,howwecancontrolorreduceairpollutionfromthecar.

First,then,howdoesthecarcauseairpollution?1.Whathappensisthatthecar’sinternalcombustionengineisakindofchemicalfactoryonasmallscale.Itusesamixtureofpetrolandair,andthismixtureexplodesandburns,toproducetheenergywhichpropelsthecar.2.Butwhilethisishappening,manycomplicatedchemicalreactionsaretakingplace.Inparticular,partofthepetrol-airmixtureisnotcompletelyburnedup,andsotheexhaustgasesfromtheenginecontainsomeverydangerouschemicals,suchascarbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,leadandhydrocarbons.

Thisisthesituation,then,andit’sgoingtogetmuchworse,unlesswedosomethingaboutit.Solet’sfocusourattentionnowonwaysofcontrollingorreducingtheamountofairpollutioncausedbythecar.

First,wecandiscouragetheuseofcars.Forexample,wecanputhighertaxesonpetrol,andoncarsthemselves,especiallyonlargeronesthatusealotofpetrol.

3.Second,wecanencouragealternativemethodsoftransport,bothbetweenandwithinurbanareas.Forinstance,wecanmaketrainandbusservicescheaperandmoreconvenient.Andwecanbuildamasstransitsysteminlargecities,particularlyanundergroundrailwaysystem.

Next,wecanuseadifferentandcleanerfuelfortheinternalcombustionengine.

Fourth,wecanreplacetheinternalcombustionenginewithotherdesigns.Thereareseveralpossibilitiesbeingresearchedatpresent,suchaselectric,gasturbine,and“steam”enginesgasturbine,andsteamengines.However,eachofthesedesignshasitsowndisadvantages.

4.Lastbutnottheleast,wearetryingtocontroltheemissionsfromtheinternalcombustionenginemuchmorestrictly.This,forexample,isacatalytic(催化式)converter,whichconvertsthemostdangerousingredientsofthecarexhaustintowaterandharmlessgases.

AsI’msureyoucansee,thereareproblemswitheachoftheseways;butatleastthey’reastepintherightdirection.Probablythebestanswerisasynthesisofallfive.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】（1）汽车导致空气污染是因为汽车内燃机实际上是一座小型化工厂。内燃机所用的燃料是汽油和空气的混合物。这种混合物燃爆后产生驱动力。

（2）但是，汽油同空气燃爆时，许多复杂的化学反应也同时发生。特别值得注意的是，汽油和空气混合物不能完全燃烧，发动机产生的各种废气含有一些非常有害的化学物质。

（3）第二，我们可以鼓励在城市内部和城市之间使用替代的交通工具。比如，我们可以使火车和公共汽车服务更加廉价和便利。我们可以在大城市建立公交系统，特别是地铁系统。

（4）最后，我们正在尝试更加严格地控制内燃机释放的气体。比如，催化式排气净化器，它将汽车废气中最危险的成分转变成水和无害气体。

15.单选题

ThepresentcontractisdoneinChineseandEnglish,bothtextsbeingequally（

）.

问题1选项

A.valid

B.warrant

C.ration

D.effect

【答案】A

【解析】valid正当的，合法的，有效的；warrant根据，证明，委任状；ration定量，配给量；effect影响，效果，作用。句意：本合同有中英文两个版本，它们具有同等效力。选项A符合句意。

16.单选题

EvenifyouhaveneverseenaJarmanfilmorpainting,orgarden,youcan______thepassionandgraceofhiswriting.

问题1选项

A.assess

B.pursue

C.savor

D.testify

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.assess评估；评定

B.pursue追求；致力于

C.savor品味；体会D.testify（尤指出庭）作证；证明

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键信息thepassionandgraceofhiswriting（他作品中的激情和优雅）可知，空格处表示“品味，体会”符合句意，故该题选择C项恰当。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。

【句意】即使你从未看过贾曼的电影、绘画或花园，你也能品味到他作品中的激情和优雅。

17.单选题

Themoreanation'scompanies（）factoriesabroad,thesmallerthatcountry'srecordedexportswillbe.

问题1选项

A.lie

B.locate

C.spot

D.stand

【答案】B

【解析】句意：一个国家的企业在海外设厂越多，该国的出口记录就会越小。locate为及物动词，符合句意。其他选项做及物动词时都和位置没有关系。

18.单选题

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical______.

问题1选项

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项facility“设施，设备”，指可供使用的设备或设施；B项appliance“器具，器械”，C项instrument“乐器，仪器”，D项equipment“装备，设备”，多指成套的或重型的设备或装备，不光包括电子设备，还包含相关的工具。根据关键词housework“家务”可知，空格部分表示“家用电器”合适，B项最符合语境。句意：今天，家用电器使家务变得容易多了。因此，该题选择B项正确。

19.单选题

Thefactory’swastewasfoundtobedetrimentaltotheenvironment.

问题1选项

A.harmful

B.helpful

C.harmless

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】考查词义辨析。detrimental表示“不利的，有害的”；A项harmful“有害的”，B项helpful“有帮助的”，C项harmless“无害的”，D项harsh“严厉的，严酷的”。句意：人们发现这家工厂的废物对环境有害。因此A项正确。

20.单选题

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountyhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,andhence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?

2.Theauthoruses“labormarketproblems”inlines1-2torefertowhichofthefollowing?

3.Theauthorcontraststhe1930’swiththepresentinordertoshowthat（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

5.Theauthorstatesthatthemitigatingeffectofsocialprogramsinvolvingincometransfersontheincomeleveloflow-incomepeopleisoftennotfeltby（）.

问题1选项

A.Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering?

B.Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty?

C.Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceofhardshipthatisduetounemployment?

D.Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpictureofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities?

问题2选项

A.Theoverallcausesofpoverty.

B.Deficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforce.

C.Traderelationshipsamongproducersofgoods.

D.Shortagesofjobsprovidingadequateincome.

问题3选项

A.morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930’s

B.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

C.socialprogramsaremoreneedednow

D.therenowisagreaterproportionofelderlyandhandicappedpeopleamongthoseinpoverty

问题4选项

A.Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.

B.Acompromiseshouldbefoundbetweenthepositionsofthosewhoviewjoblessnessasanevilgreaterthaneconomiccontrolandthosewhoholdtheoppositeview.

C.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.

D.Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.

问题5选项

A.theemployedpoor

B.dependentchildreninsingle-earnerfamilies

C.workerswhobecomedisabled

D.retiredworkers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。第一段作者提出在很多方面，我们的社会统计夸大了失业的困苦程度。而在第二段又指出然而我们的社会统计也在很多方面低估了劳动力市场相关的困苦。文章主要是针对这俩方面进行分析。因此D项“社会统计如何就由低工资和不充足的雇佣机会导致的困苦程度给出一个不清楚的描写”比较能概括文章大意。

第2题:判断推理题。文章开头提出:Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?(有多少人真的因为劳务市场问题而受苦？)。第二段又指出:Yet