考研考博-英语-北京吉利学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京吉利学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

Fromthelistbelowchoosethemostsuitabletitleforthereadingpassageabove.WritetheappropriateletterA-Einbox28ontheAnswerSheet.（

）

问题1选项

A.Environmentalmanagement

B.Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply

C.Soilerosion

D.Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward

E.Farmsubsidies

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段，可知文章的主要内容为政府在农业方面的相关政策对农业环境的影响。紧接着下文运用很多国家的例子说明了政府运用各种不同的政策来减少农业活动对环境带来的各种破坏，使土壤和环境得到保护。分别讨论了在富裕的国家和贫穷的国家，相关政策对环境保护带来的影响和效果。可判断出本文内容主要是围绕环境管理开展的。Environmentalmanagement“环境管理”；Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply“增加世界粮食供应”；Soilerosion“土壤侵蚀”；Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward“化肥和杀虫剂——未来之路”；Farmsubsidies“农业补贴”。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Yearsofresearchhadeducatedmeabouthowsugar,fat,andsaltchangethebrain.Iunderstoodsomeoftheparallelsbetweenhyperpalatablefoodsanddrugsofabuse,andaboutthelinksamongsensorystimulation,cues,andmemory.I’dmetenoughpeoplelikeClaudiaandMariatounderstandhoweventhethoughtoffoodcouldcausethemtolosecontrol.

ButIwasn’tfullypreparedforthediscoveriesImadeaboutirresistibilityandwhoosh,theMonsterThickburgerandBaked!CheetosFlamin’Hot,aboutindulgenceandpurplecows.Withoutnecessarilyunderstandingtheunderlyingscience,thefoodindustryhasdiscoveredwhatsells.

IwassittingatChili’sGrill&BarinChicago’sO’HareAirportwaitingforalate-nightflight.Atanearbytableacoupleintheirearlyfortieswasdeepintoameal.Thewomanwasoverweight,withabout180poundsonherfive-foot-four-inchframe.TheSouthwesternEggrollsshehadorderedwerelistedasastartercourse,buttheenormousplatterinfrontofherhadbeenheapedwithfood.Thedishwasdescribedonthemenuas"smokedchicken,blackbeans,com,Jackcheese,redpeppers,andspinachwrappedinsideacrispyflourtortilla,"anditwasservedwithacreamyavocado-ranchdippingsauce.Despiteitsname,thedishlookedmorelikeaburritothananeggroll,anonly-in-Americafusionapproach.

Iwatchedasthewomanattackedherfoodwithvigorandspeed.Sheheldtheeggrollinonehand,dunkeditintothesauce,andbroughtittohermouthwhileusingtheforkinherotherhandtoscoopupmoresauce.Occasionallyshereachedoverandspearedsomeofhercompanion’sFrenchfries.Thewomanatesteadily,workingherwayaroundtheplatewithscantpauseforconversationorrest.Whenshefinallypaused,onlyalittlelettucewasleft.

Hadsheknownsomeonewaswatchingher,I’msureshewouldhaveeatendifferently.Hadshebeenaskedtodescribewhatshehadjusteaten,sheprobablywouldhavesubstantiallyunderestimatedherconsumption.Andshewouldprobablyhavebeensurprisedtolearnwhattheingredientsinhermealreallywere.

Thewomanmighthavebeeninterestedinhowmyindustrysource,whohadcalledsugar,fat,andsaltthethreepointsofthecompass,describedherentree.Deep-fryingthetortilladrivesdownitswatercontentfrom40percenttoabout5percentandreplacestherestwithfat.“Thetortillaisreallygoingtoabsorbalotoffat,”hesaid.“Itlookslikeaneggrollissupposedtolook,whichiscrispyandbrownontheoutside.”

Thefoodconsultantreadthroughotheringredientsonthelabel,keepinguparunningcommentaryashedid.“Cookedwhitemeatchicken,binderadded,smokeflavor.Peoplelikesmokyflavor—it’sthecavemaninthem.”

“There’sgreenstuffinthere,”hesaid,notingthespinach.“ThatmakesmefeellikeI’meatingsomethinghealthy.”

“ShreddedMontereyJackcheese...Theincreaseinper-capitaconsumptionofcheeseisoffthechart.”

Thehotpeppers,hesaid,“addalittlespice,butnottoomuchtokilleverythingelseoff.”Hebelievedthechickenhadbeenchoppedandformedmuchlikeameatloaf,withbindersadded,whichmakesthosecalorieseasytoswallow.Ingredientsthatholdmoisture,includingautolyzedyeastextract,sodiumphosphate,andsoyproteinconcentrate,furthersoftenthefood.Inoticedthatsaltappearedeighttimesonthelabelandthatsweetenersweretherefivetimes,intheformofcom-syrupsolids,molasses,honey,brownsugar,andsugar.

“Thisishighlyprocessed?”Iasked.

“Absolutely,yes.Allofthishasbeenprocessedsuchthatyoucanwolfitdownfast...choppedupandmadeultrapalatable...Veryappealinglooking,veryhighpleasureinthefood,veryhighcaloricdensity.Rulesoutallthatstuffyouhavetochew.”

Byeliminatingtheneedtochew,modernfoodprocessingtechniquesallowustoeatfaster.“Whenyou’reeatingthesethings,you’vehad500,600,800,900caloriesbeforeyouknowit,”saidtheconsultant.“Literallybeforeyouknowit.”Refinedfoodsimplymeltsinthemouth.

36.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sdescriptionofthewomaneatinginparagraphfour?

37.Accordingtothepassage,themainreasonwhypeopleovereatisthat（）.

38.ThefollowingareallingredientsintheeggrollsEXCEPT（）.

39.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?

40.InthefirstsentenceofParagraphfour,theword“vigor”mostnearlymeans（）.

问题1选项

A.ThewomanpreferstoeatatChili’svs.otherrestaurants.

B.Thewomantrulyenjoysthefoodsthatshechoosestoeat.

C.Thewoman’sefficiencyatcleaningherplateaddstoherdiningexperience.

D.Theauthorisdisgustedbythewoman’sconsumption.

问题2选项

A.saltandsweeteners,likecorn-syrupsolidsandbrownsugar,areaddedtothefood

B.wedon’thavetochewourfoodverymuch

C.peoplelikesmokyflavor

D.sugar,fatandsaltchangethebrain

问题3选项

A.darkmeatchicken

B.salt

C.binders

D.honey

问题4选项

A.Ifyoueattoomuchfoodtooquickly,you’llgainweightandbecomeunhealthy.

B.Becauserefinedfoodisirresistibleandeasytoeat,itmaskshowunhealthyitis,leavingpeopleunawareofthepoorfoodchoicesthey’remaking.

C.Chili’sisoneoftherestaurantsintheU.S.servingunhealthyfoodtoconsumerstoday.

D.FoodconsultantsandauthorsaremakingAmericansawareoftheirunhealthyeatinghabits,thus,creatinghealthiergenerationsforyearstocome.

问题5选项

A.pleasure

B.flamboyance

C.lethargy

D.energy

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】36.细节推断题。本题采用排除法。将信息点定位为文章第四段。即可排除A、B、C三项。又根据第五段首句Hadsheknownsomeonewaswatchingher,I’msureshewouldhaveeatendifferently.（如果她知道有人在看着她，我肯定她会吃得不一样）得出本题答案。

37.

细节推断题。根据题干中的overeat，将信息点定位到文章最后一段，从而得出本题答案。选项A、C和D文中都有提及，但这些并不是引起暴饮暴食的原因。

38.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词eggrolls，将信息点定位为原文第七段。选项A中的darkmeatchicken与原文第七段第二句Cookedwhitemeatchicken,binderadded,smokeflavor.Peoplelikesmokyflavor—it’sthecavemaninthem.中的whitemeatchicken表达意思相反，从而得出本题答案。

39.

文章主旨题。原文的第一段第一句为本文的主题句，指出sugar、fat和salt改变了人们的大脑，然后列举了一些例子，并且在文章最后一段对这些例子进行了总结，指出这种情况产生的结果。从而得出本题答案。

40.语义题。根据题干，将信息定位为文章第四段。结合上下文语意，原句中attacked（攻击）这个词不能与pleasure（快乐）同时发生，排除；因为woman并没有意识到谁在关注她，排除flamboyance（华丽）；lethargy“昏睡”意味着懒惰，与主题无关，排除。D项符合句意，与后文提到的calories（卡路里，热量单位）对应。从而得出本题答案。

3.不定项选择题

“Theideaofdeath,thefearofit,hauntsthehumananimallikenothingelse,”wroteErnestBeckerinhisbook.Butwedon’tneedtoworrysomuch,accordingtonewresearchcomparingourperceptionofwhatit’sliketodiewiththeaccountsfrompeoplefacingimminentdeath.Researchersanalyzedthewritingsofregularbloggerswitheitherterminalcancerwhoalldiedoverthecourseofthestudy,andcomparedittoblogpostswrittenbyagroupofparticipantswhoweretoldtoimaginetheyhadbeendiagnosedwithterminalcancerandhadonlyafewmonthstolive.Theylookedforgeneralfeelingsofpositivityandnegativity,andwordsdescribingpositiveandnegativeemotionsincludinghappiness,fearandterror.Blogpostsfromtheterminallyillwerefoundtohaveconsiderablymorepositivewordsandfewernegativeonesthanthoseimaginingtheyweredying—andtheiruseofpositivelanguageincreasedastheygotclosertodeath.

LisaIverach,aresearchfellowattheUniversityofSydney,explainedthatthestudyhighlightshowtheparticipantsmayhavebeenlessnegativebecausethemysteryarounddeathwasremoved.“Individualsfacingimminentdeathhavehadmoretimetoprocesstheideaofdeathanddying,andtherefore,maybemoreacceptingoftheinevitabilityofdeath.”Butnotallofuswillknowhow,orwhen,we’regoingtodieinadvance,andthereforewillmissoutonanybenefitstobehadbyuncoveringitsuncertainty.

HaviCarel,ProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofBristol,agreeswiththestudy’sfindingsonhowadaptableweare.“Theinitialshockafterreceivingapoorprognosisishorrific,butaftermonthsoryearsoflivingwiththisknowledge,thedreadsubsides,”shesaid.However,Carelalsopointedoutthatthere’sanimportantdistinctionbetweenpositiveresponsesandpleasantness,andthattherearesomeunpleasantandpainfuleventswe’dstillbepositiveabout,suchaschildbirth.

InWesternculture,wetendtopretenddeathdoesn’texist,whereasresearchhasindicatedthattheEastAsianyinandyangphilosophyofdeath—wherelifecan’texistwithoutdeath—allowsindividualstousedeathasaremindertoenjoylife.“IthinktheUKandtheUSaredeath-denyingcultures,inthatdeathismostlyavoidedasatopic.”Heflicksaid.“Whileavoidingtalkingaboutdeathcanreducediscomfortintheshortterm,itprobablymakesmostofusmuchmoreanxiousaboutdeathinthelongterm.”

36.AccordingtoErnestBecker,peopleusually________.

37.Accordingtotheresearchers,peoplefacedwithimminentdeath________thanthosewhoimaginedtheyhavecancer.

38.AccordingtoLisaIverach,peoplewhohavebeendiagnosedwithcanceraremorepositive,because________.

39.AccordingtoHaviCarel,thepositivefeelingandunpleasantfeeling________.

40.InAsianculture,peopletakedeathassomething________.

41.PeopleinWesternculturesavoidtalkingaboutdeathbecause________.

问题1选项

A.havemixedfeelingsaboutdeath

B.regarddeathasanadventure

C.arepuzzledbytherealmeaningofdeath

D.dreaddeathmostcomparedwithotherthings

问题2选项

A.aremorethoughtful

B.aremorepositive

C.morefrightened

D.aremoreconcernedwiththeirlaterlife

问题3选项

A.peopleuncoverthemysteryofdeath

B.peoplelearntokeeppeacefulminds

C.peoplefocustheirmindsonthefamily

D.peoplehavetomanagetheirtimemeaningfully

问题4选项

A.aredifficultforpeopletodistinguish

B.areeasyforpeopletogetusedto

C.maybeunderstoodbetterbywomen

D.couldbeexperiencedatthesametime

问题5选项

A.sensitive

B.deniable

C.toremindpeopletotreasuretheirlife

D.tobedealtwithmoreseriously

问题6选项

A.theywanttoreducetheiranxiety

B.theyenjoyeverydayoftheirlives

C.theyvaluethepresentmorethanthefuture

D.theyprefertoprocesstheideaindividually

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

第6题:A

【解析】36.【选项释义】

AccordingtoErnestBecker,peopleusually________.根据欧内斯特•贝克尔的说法，人们通常________。

A.havemixedfeelingsaboutdeathA.对死亡有不同的感受

B.regarddeathasanadventureB.视死亡为一种冒险

C.arepuzzledbytherealmeaningofdeathC.对死亡的真正含义感到困惑

D.dreaddeathmostcomparedwithotherthingsD.与其他事物相比，最害怕死亡

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词ErnestBecker可以定位到文章第一段第一句“欧内斯特•贝克尔在他的书中写道：‘死亡的想法和对其的恐惧，无与伦比地（likenothingelse）萦绕着人类。’”，说明欧内斯特•贝克尔认为死亡是人类最害怕的事物。因此D选项“与其他事物相比，最害怕死亡”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“对死亡有不同的感受”，B选项“视死亡为一种冒险”和C选项“对死亡的真正含义感到困惑”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。

37.【选项释义】

Accordingtotheresearchers,peoplefacedwithimminentdeath________thanthosewhoimaginedtheyhavecancer.根据研究人员的说法，面对即将到来的死亡的人比那些想象自己患有癌症的人________。

A.aremorethoughtfulA.更加深思熟虑

B.aremorepositiveB.更加积极

C.morefrightenedC.更加惊慌失措

D.aremoreconcernedwiththeirlaterlifeD.更关心自己的晚年生活

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】由题干关键词imagined可以定位到文章第一段最后一句“他们发现，与那些想象自己即将死亡的人（imaginingtheyweredying）相比，身患绝症的人的博客文章中有更多积极的词汇（morepositivewords），而消极的词汇则更少，而且随着他们离死亡越来越近，他们使用的积极语言也越来越多。”，说明研究人员发现即将面临死亡的人比想象自己患有癌症即将死去的人更加积极、乐观。因此B选项“更加积极”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“更加深思熟虑”和D选项“更关心自己的晚年生活”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“更加惊慌失措”，文章中描述他们是积极乐观的，而不是慌张的，属于反向干扰。

38.【选项释义】

AccordingtoLisaIverach,peoplewhohavebeendiagnosedwithcanceraremorepositive,because________.根据丽莎•伊维拉奇的说法，被诊断出患有癌症的人更加积极，因为________。

A.peopleuncoverthemysteryofdeathA.人们揭开了死亡的神秘面纱

B.peoplelearntokeeppeacefulmindsB.人们学会保持平和的心态

C.peoplefocustheirmindsonthefamilyC.人们把心思放在家庭上

D.peoplehavetomanagetheirtimemeaningfullyD.人们要有意义地管理自己的时间

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词LisaIverach可以定位到文章第二段第一句“悉尼大学的研究人员丽莎•伊维拉奇解释说，这项研究强调了参与者可能因为死亡的神秘感被消除（themysteryarounddeathwasremoved）而变得不那么消极。”，说明丽莎•伊维拉奇对于参与者更加积极这种现象的解释是他们可能因为消除了围绕死亡的神秘感而减少了负面情绪。因此A选项“人们揭开了死亡的神秘面纱”正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“人们学会保持平和的心态”，C选项“人们把心思放在家庭上”和D选项“人们要有意义地管理自己的时间”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。

39.【选项释义】

AccordingtoHaviCarel,thepositivefeelingandunpleasantfeeling________.根据哈维•卡瑞尔的说法，________积极的感觉和不愉快的感觉。

A.aredifficultforpeopletodistinguishA.人们很难区分

B.areeasyforpeopletogetusedtoB.人们容易习惯

C.maybeunderstoodbetterbywomenC.女性可能更容易理解

D.couldbeexperiencedatthesametimeD.可以同时体验

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词HaviCarel可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句“布里斯托尔大学哲学教授哈维•卡瑞尔同意这项关于人类适应力的研究结果。她说：‘在得知对病情的不良预断后，最初的震惊是可怕的，但在了解了这种情况的几个月或几年之后（aftermonthsoryearsoflivingwiththisknowledge），这种恐惧就会消退（thedreadsubsides）。’”，说明哈维•卡瑞尔认为最初得知自己即将面临死亡的震惊是可怕的，这是一种不愉快的感觉，但在与这种感觉一起共存几个月或几年之后，人们会变得积极起来，也就是说积极和不愉快的感觉可以同时存在。因此D选项“可以同时体验”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“人们很难区分”，文章中说的是积极的回应（positiveresponses）和愉悦（pleasantness）之间的区别，而不是积极的感觉和不愉快的感觉，属于曲解原文；

B选项“人们容易习惯”和C选项“女性可能更容易理解”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。

40.【选项释义】

InAsianculture,peopletakedeathassomething________.在亚洲文化中，人们把死亡视为一种________的东西。

A.sensitiveA.敏感

B.deniableB.可以否认

C.toremindpeopletotreasuretheirlifeC.提醒人们要珍惜生活

D.tobedealtwithmoreseriouslyD.要更认真地对待

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Asianculture可以定位到文章第四段第一句“东亚的阴阳死亡哲学（EastAsianyinandyangphilosophyofdeath）——没有死亡，生命就不存在——允许个人将死亡作为享受生命的提醒（usedeathasaremindertoenjoylife）。”，说明亚洲文化认为没有死亡，生命就不可能存在，所以个人会用死亡来提醒自己去享受、珍惜生活。因此C选项“提醒人们要珍惜生活”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“敏感”，文章中说到西方文化倾向于假装死亡不存在，说明对西方人来说死亡是敏感的，不属于亚洲文化对死亡的理解，属于张冠李戴；

B选项“可以否认”，文章中说到英国和美国是否认死亡的文化，因为死亡基本上是一个被回避的话题，说明是英美文化认为死亡可以否认，而不是亚洲文化，属于张冠李戴；

D选项“要更认真地对待”，文章中说的是通过死亡提醒自己要认真对待生命、享受生活，属于偷换概念。

41.【选项释义】

PeopleinWesternculturesavoidtalkingaboutdeathbecause________.西方文化中的人们避免谈论死亡，因为________。

A.theywanttoreducetheiranxietyA.他们想减少自己的焦虑

B.theyenjoyeverydayoftheirlivesB.他们享受生命中的每一天

C.theyvaluethepresentmorethanthefutureC.他们更重视现在而不是未来

D.theyprefertoprocesstheideaindividuallyD.他们喜欢单独处理这个想法

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Westerncultures可以定位到文章第四段第一句和最后一句“在西方文化（Westernculture）中，我们倾向于假装死亡不存在。虽然避免谈论死亡（avoidingtalkingaboutdeath）可以在短期内减少不适，但从长远来看，它可能会让我们大多数人对死亡更加焦虑（anxious）。”，说明西方人对于死亡的态度是避免谈论死亡，假装死亡并不存在，因为这样可以在短期内减少心理不适，也就是焦虑。因此A选项“他们想减少自己的焦虑”正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“他们享受生命中的每一天”，通过死亡的提醒来享受生命是东方文化的态度，属于张冠李戴；

C选项“他们更重视现在而不是未来”和D选项“他们喜欢单独处理这个想法”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。

4.单选题

Airpollution（

）tomanykindsofdiseases.

问题1选项

A.confirms

B.communicates

C.consumes

D.contributes

【答案】D

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。confirm“确认；确定；证实”；communicate“传达；感染；显露”；consume“消耗，消费”；contribute“贡献，捐献”。contributeto“有助于，捐献”。句意：空气污染导致各种疾病。

5.单选题

Heisverymuchlookingforward（）visitingyourcountry.

问题1选项

A.by

B.with

C.to

D.at

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查固定搭配。lookingforwardto“期待，盼望”，句意：他非常期待访问贵国。因此，C选项符合句意。

6.单选题

“Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise,”saidDr.HansSelye,thefirstphysiciantodocumenttheeffectsofstressonthebody.Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.

Ina2001studyof158hospitalnurses,thosewhofacedconsiderableworkdemandsbutcopedwiththechallengeweremorelikelytosaytheywereingoodhealththanthosewhofelttheycouldn’tgetthejobdone.

Stressthatyoucanmanagemayalsoboostimmunefunction.InastudyattheAcademicCenterforDentistryinAmsterdam,researchersputvolunteersthroughtwostressfulexperiences.Inthefirst,atimedtaskthatrequiredmemorizingalistfollowedbyashorttest,subjectsbelievedtheyhadcontrolovertheoutcome.Inthesecond,theyweren'tincontrol:Theyhadtositthroughagory(血淋淋的)videoonsurgicalprocedures.ThosewhodidwellonthememorytesthadanincreaseinlevelsofimmunoglobulinA,anantibodythat’sthebody’firstlineofdefenseagainstgerms.Thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibody.

Stresspromptsthebodytoproducecertainstresshormones.Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovingmemoryfunction.“Theycanhelpnervecellshandleinformationandputitintostorage,”saysDr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversityinNewYork.Butinthelongrunthesehormonescanhaveaharmfuleffectonthebodyandbrain.

‘'Sustainedstressisnotgoodforyou,”saysRichardMorimoto,aresearcheratNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisstudyingtheeffectsofstressonlongevity.“It’stheoccasionalburstofstressorbriefexposuretostressthatcouldbeprotective.”

1.Thepassageismainlyabout（

）.

2.Theword“shun’’(LineI,Para.1)mostprobablymean

（

）.

3.Wecanconcludefromthestudyofthe158nursesin2001that

（

）.

4.IntheexperimentdescribedinParagraph3，thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibodybecause

（

）.

5.Dr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversitybelievesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.thebenefitsofmanagementstress

B.howtoavoidstressfulsituations

C.howtocopewithstresseffectively

D.theeffectsofstresshormonesonmemory

问题2选项

A.cutdownon

B.stayawayfrom

C.runoutof

D.putupwith

问题3选项

A.peopleunderstresstendtohaveapoormemory

B.peoplewhocan’tgettheirjobdoneexperiencemorestress

C.doingchallengingworkmaybegoodforone’shealth

D.stresswillweakenthebody’sdefenseagainstgerms

问题4选项

A.thevideowasnotenjoyableatall

B.theoutcomewasbeyondtheircontrol

C.theyknewlittleaboutsurgicalprocedures

D.theyfeelnopressurewhilewatchingthevideo

问题5选项

A.aperson’smemoryisdeterminedbythelevelofhormonesinhisbody

B.stresshormoneshavelastingpositiveeffectsonthebrain

C.shortburstsofstresshormonesenhancememoryfunction

D.aperson’smemoryimproveswithcontinuedexperienceofstress.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章主要讲述了……”。文章的中心句是第一段第二句话“虽然持续的压力是有害的，但有几项研究表明，你能够应付的具有挑战性的情况对人是有好处的”（Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou），接下来围绕这个中心句阐述，因此选项A“压力管理的好处”符合题意。

2.词义题。题目问的是“单词shun的意思是……”。文章第一段第一句提到“人类不应该像躲避食物，爱情或锻炼那样去逃避压力”（Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise），根据anymorethan可知shun与avoid是同义词，因此选项B符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“从2001年对158护士的研究中，我们可以得出……”。文章第二段提到相比那些感觉自己不能应付大量工作额护士，能应付大量工作的护士更有可能说自己身体健康，由此可知选项C“做具有挑战性工作可能对身体健康有益”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第三段描述的试验中，视频观看者经历抗体下降的原因是……”。文章第三段提到在第二个试验中，他们无法控制结果（Inthesecond,theyweren'tincontrol），选项B“结果超过控制”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题目问的是“Rockefeller大学的布鲁斯认为……”。文章第四段第二句话提到“这些荷尔蒙在短时间内有正面效应，包括提高记忆力”（Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovingmemoryfunction），所以选项C“短时间内的压力荷尔蒙能对身体或人的大脑带来伤害”符合题意。

7.单选题

Hebasedhisconclusiononwhathe（

）fromtheevidence,notonwhatheactuallyobserved.

问题1选项

A.intuited

B.imagined

C.inferred

D.implied

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。intuit“由直觉知道”；imagine“设想，猜想”；infer“推断，猜想”；imply“暗指，暗含”；根据句意‘他的结论是基于自己对证据（

）结果，而不是基于自己实际观察到的。’确定C选项正确。

8.单选题

Eveniftheyareonsale,theserefrigeratorsareequalinpriceto,ifnotmoreexpensivethan,（）attheotherstore.

问题1选项

A.anyone

B.theothers

C.theones

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查不定代词。句意：即使减价出售，这些冰箱的价格即使不比另一家商店的贵，价格也是一样的。根据句意可知填空处所指代的应