考研考博-英语-北京理工大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京理工大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Aftertheheavyrain,abuilderwascalledtorepairtheroof,whichwas（）.

问题1选项

A.leaking

B.trickling

C.prominent

D.noticeable

【答案】A

【解析】句意:大雨过后，叫来一位建筑工人修理在漏水的房顶。

考查形容词辨析。leaking渗漏的，泄漏的(leak的现在分词)；tricklingtrickle(滴，细细地流，慢慢地移动)的现在分词；prominent突出的，显著的，杰出的，卓越的；noticeable显而易见的，显著的，值得注意的。因此A符合句意。

2.单选题

JimFixhadbeenaheavysmokerandweighed214poundswhenhetookuprunninginthe1960s.Hesoon_51_thebenefitsfromrunning.Hisweightdecreasedby60poundsbythetimehisbookTheCompleteBookofRunningwaspublished.Hisbook_52_millionsofpeople.Inhisbookandontelevisiontalkshows.Hepraisedthebenefitsofphysicalexerciseandhowit_53_andincreasedtheaveragepeople’slifeexpectancy.Hisreadersandaudiencebecamemorehealth-conscious.However,totheirshock,Fixdiedattheageof52afterhisdailyrun.Manywhoopposedhisbeliefssaidthiswas_54_thatrunningwasharmful.However,hissupporters_55_thattherealcauseofFix’sdeathwasaheartattack.Hecamefromafamilywheremenhadpoorhealthstories.Hisfather_56aheartattackattheageof35anddiedofoneat42.GivenFix’sunhealthylifestyleuntilhetookuprunning,manyarguedthatrunningaddedmanyyearstohislife.

“Runningdoeshaveitsshortcomings,”_57_heartspecialistPaulThomas,inarecentmedicaljournal.“The_58_canbehardonyourknees.Runnersaremoreatriskduringtheirtraining,_59_iftheyrunmarathons._60_,thenewsforrunnersisn’tallbad.Evidencesuggestsinspiteofitsshortcomings,moderateamountofrunningexercisecanactuallyresultinalonger,improvedlife.”

问题1选项

A.praised

B.favored

C.reaped

D.applied

问题2选项

A.inspired

B.disappointed

C.awarded

D.rewarded

问题3选项

A.compatibly

B.disappointed

C.awarded

D.rewarded

问题4选项

A.endurance

B.evidence

C.supplement

D.allowance

问题5选项

A.rewrote

B.revised

C.reversed

D.revealed

问题6选项

A.obtained

B.sustained

C.suffered

D.surpassed

问题7选项

A.acknowledges

B.pledges

C.communicates

D.apologizes

问题8选项

A.consequence

B.impact

C.weight

D.press

问题9选项

A.explicitly

B.particularly

C.commonly

D.singularly

问题10选项

A.However

B.Furthermore

C.Moreover

D.Also

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:B

第10题:A

【解析】51.考查逻辑关系。由前面句意“JimFix在20世纪60年代开始跑步时，曾是一名烟民，体重214磅”和后面句意“他的体重减少了60磅”可知此处表示跑步带来的好处，因此填reap（取得（成果），收获）。

52.考查逻辑关系。由前面可知JimFix在出版书时，通过跑步体重减少了60磅，这是一件正面积极的事，可知此处表示他的书鼓励了其他人，因此选A。

53.考查逻辑关系。由空格后的andincreasedtheaveragepeople’slifeexpectancy（并提高人的平均寿命）可知D选项最为恰当，表示“运动是怎样回报人的，以及增加人均寿命”。

54.考查名词辨析。endurance意为“忍耐力，耐久力”；evidence意为“证据，迹象”；supplement意为“补充”；allowance意为“津贴，补贴”。此处表示很多反对他的人说他的死是证明跑步有害的证据，因此选B。

55.考查动词辨析。rewrite意为“重写，改写”；revise意为“修改（意见或计划），修订（书刊）”；reverse意为“颠倒，使反转”；reveal意为“揭示，显示”。此处表示“他的支持者揭示出他的真正死因是心脏病”，因此选D。

56.考查动词辨析。obtain意为“获得，得到”；sustain意为“维持，保持”；suffer意为“遭受”；surpass意为“超过”。此处表示“他的父亲在35岁时遭受心脏病”，因此选C。

57.考查动词辨析。acknowledge意为“承认”；pledge意为“保证，誓言”；communicate意为“沟通，交流”；apologize意为“道歉，认错”。此处表示“PaulThomas承认跑步的不足之处”，因此选A。

58.考查名词辨析。consequence意为“结果，成果”；impact意为“影响”；weight意为“重量”；press意为“压，按”。此处表示“对膝盖的影响会比较大”，因此选B。

59.考查副词辨析。explicitly意为“明白地，明确地”；particularly意为“特别，尤其”；commonly意为“通常地”；singularly意为“非常地”。此处表示“跑步的人在训练中的风险更大，尤其是如果他们跑马拉松的话”，因此选B。

60.考查逻辑关系。由空格后的thenewsforrunnersisn’tallbad（对于跑步者来说，这个消息并不全是坏消息）以及空格前提到跑步的不好之处，可知此处表示对比，因此选A，however意为“然而”，可表示转折关系。

3.单选题

Youhavemadethemistakeofthinkingthathisbehavioris（

）;actually,veryfewofhisgroupbehavethatwayhedoes.

问题1选项

A.generic

B.viable

C.idiosyncratic

D.soporific

【答案】A

【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。generic“一般的”；viable“可行的，能养活的”；idiosyncratic“特殊的，特质的”；soporific“催眠的”。句意：你认为他的行为很普通，实际上，他们小组其他成员都不会像他那样做。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

Only5minutesafterittookoff,theaircraftdownto（

）earthforthedamagedengine.

问题1选项

A.fluctuated

B.vibrated

C.plummeted

D.mutated

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项fluctuate“波动，动摇”；B选项vibrate“振动；颤动；摇摆”；C选项plummet“坠落，掉下”；D选项mutate“突变”。填入动词过去式做谓语，其主语是theaircraft，由关键信息thedamagedengine“损坏的发动机”可知plummet“坠落，掉下”符合题意，句意为：因为发动机损坏，飞机起飞后5分钟就降落到地面上。故答案选C。

5.单选题

Inspiteofthe（

）economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.

问题1选项

A.gloomy

B.miserable

C.shadowy

D.obscure

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。gloomy暗淡的，悲观的；miserable悲惨的；shadowy朦胧的，有阴影的；obscure模糊的，晦涩的。句意：尽管经济前景暗淡，但是制造业产量却略有上升。由inspiteof及risen可知，前后为让步关系，故该空应与risen意思相反，并且能修饰经济前景的只有A项。答案A

6.单选题

Paperclips,drawingpinsandsafety-pinswere（）alloverthefloor.

问题1选项

A.sprayed

B.separated

C.dispersed

D.scattered

【答案】D

【解析】spray喷雾,喷射；separate分离,隔开；disperse分散,多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散；scatter指人或物向四处散开,或把物随意撒开。句意：回形针、图钉和安全别针散落在地板上。所以选项D正确。

7.单选题

LAPDChiefCharlieBeck'stenurehashelpedanswerquestionsthatlingeredaftertheRampartconsentdecreeendedandoutsiderChiefWilliamJ.Brattonsteppeddown:HasL.A.'spolicingculturepermanentlychanged?Orwithoutsiderchiefsandfederalmonitorsgone,willtheLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentreturntoitsbrutal,secretiveandracially-tingedpast?

Adepartmentveteranwho,underBratton'stutelage,becameatruebelieverindata,transparencyandchange,Beckhelpedinstillamoreopen,reform-orientedculture.Hewassuccessfulinpartbecausehe'ssmartandhisheartwasintherightplace,butalsobecauseheisold-schoolLAPD,sonofacop,siblingtoandfatherofcops.Hisembraceofdepartmentalreforminthepost-Ramparterawasastrongsignaltotherank-and-file,tothecity'spoliticalleadersandtocommunitiesthatoftensufferedbrutalpolicingtacticsthatthenewthinkingandnewpracticesweretheretostay.

BeckannouncedFridaythathewouldstepdowninJune,beforetheendofhissecondandfinalfive-yearterm.

Eventhoughheisnotelected,heisasavvypoliticianwhocorrectlyreadwhatthemayor,thePoliceCommissionandthepeopleofLosAngeleswantedfromhimandwhattoanextenthewasabletodeliver:lowcrime,noscandals,littlecontroversy.Hebecameadeptattheregularradiointerviewandthesoundbiteonimmigrationenforcementandcriminaljusticereform.

AtatimeofnationalawakeningandoutrageoverpoliceshootingsofunarmedAfricanAmericanmenandboys,BeckandtheLAPDoftenlookedgoodincomparison,atleastforawhile.

Buttherehavebeentroublingexceptions.JustdaysafterapoliceofficerfatallyshotMichaelBrowninFerguson,Montana.,LAPDofficersshotanotherunarmedAfricanAmericanman,EzellFord,inLosAngeles.Beckconcludedthattheshootingwasjustifieddespitehispolicecommission'sfindingtothecontrary.Hisaction,andDistrictAttorneyJackieLacey'sdecisionayearagonottoprosecute—alongwithnumerousotherofficer-involvedshootings—haveexacerbatedtensionbetweenthedepartmentandmanyofthecommunitiesitpatrols.

Beck'sdecisionwastorespondtoanincreaseinviolentcrimeinSouthLosAngeleswithincreasedpatrolsandwhatamountstoanL.A.-stylestop-and-friskpolicy(automobilestopsforarguablypretextualreasonssuchasbrokentaillights,inordertosearchforweapons).

Didthetacticwork?Theviolenceeventuallyabated,butnotbeforepolicereopenedoldwoundsandreinvigoratedanti-policesentimentincommunitiesthatfeltover-patroled.Activists'callsforBeck'sfiringbecameacommonfeatureatweeklycommissionmeetings.

Meanwhile,althoughLosAngelescontinuestoenjoyhistoricallylowcrimerates,thedeclinesbeganaslightbuttroublingreversein2015.Thescandal-freeledgerwastaintedbythe2013rampageoffiredofficerChristopherDorner,whopostedamanifestoofchargesagainstthedepartment,thenkilledfourpeopleandwoundedthreeothersbeforedyingaspoliceclosedinonhim.LAPDofficerswoundedthreeinnocentbystandersintheirsometimesfreneticquesttotrackdownDorner.Therewasascandalofanothersortwhenpolicecadets,aidedbyanofficer,stolecruisersandotherequipment.Theirexploitswentundetectedforweeks.

BeckearnshighmarksformanaginganinherenttensionfacedinrecentdecadesbyeveryLAPDchief.Inacityinwhichpublicsafetyaccountsformorethan80%ofthecitybudget,hefacedstrongpressureinCityHallandmanycommunitiestoeconomize.Atthesametime,manyofthesamecriticswanthimtoprovidebetterpatrolsinlower-crimepartsofthecitywhilestillbeingabletorespondinforcetospatesofviolenceinhigh-crimecommunities,andwhileemployingamorecommunity-orientedapproachtopolicingcitywide.Accomplishingallofthosegoalssimultaneouslyissimplynotpossible.

BeckisthefourthLAPDchieftobeappointedunderakeychangethatfollowedthe1992riots,whichweresparkedbyacquittalsofofficersinthebrutalbeatingofAfricanAmericanmotoristRodneyKing.Afterdecadesinwhichchiefscouldretaintheirjobsvirtuallyforlife,leadersofthedepartmentarenowappointedtoasinglefive-yeartermandcanbeappointedtoasecond—butnomore.ChiefsWillieWilliamsandBernardParksweredeniedsecondterms.Brattonwonasecondbutleftearlyforotheropportunities.Beck'sJunedeparturedateleavesplentyoftimeforthecommissionandMayorEricGarcettitoconsiderahostofwould-bereplacementsamongtheyoungerbrasswhomBeckhasmentored.

1.TowhatextenthastheLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentchangedunderBeck?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

3.Whydoyouthinkactivists'callsforBeck'sfiringbecameacommonfeatureatweeklycommissionmeetings?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethelastsentenceofthepassage?

5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardCharlieBeckaschiefofLosAngelesPoliceDepartment?

问题1选项

A.Permanently.

B.Untilhestepsdown.

C.Notatall.

D.Temporarily.

问题2选项

A.CharlieBeck'sprotectingLAPDofficersaggravatedtherelationshipbetweenthedepartmentandthecommunities.

B.CharlieBeck'spolicyofincreasingpatrolsandthestop-and-friskpolicyhavebeencontroversialamongthelocalpeople.

C.ChristopherDornerwasangrywiththeLAPDandabreactedhisdissatisfactionbykillinginnocentpeople.

D.TheLAPDwillreturntoabrutal,secretive,andracially-tingedpastafterChiefsWillieWilliamsandBernardParks'retirement.

问题3选项

A.Hewasmaladroitinradiointerviewandthesoundbiteonimmigrationenforcementandcriminaljusticereform.

B.WhenAmericanswereoutragedoverpoliceshootingsofunarmedAfricanAmericans,LAPDunderBeck'sleadershipdidwell.

C.BeckearnshighmarksformanaginganinherenttensionfacedinrecentdecadesbyeveryLAPDchief.

D.Theincreasedpatrolofthepolicearousedananti-policesentimentincommunities.

问题4选项

A.It'simperativethatBeck'ssuccessorbesomeonewhocanbuildonhislegacyandcontinuemovingthedepartmentdownthepathofreform.

B.AfterannouncingonFridaythathewouldstepdowninJunebeforecompletinghissecondtermonthejob,BeckreflectedonhisLAPDcareerofmorethan40years.

C.CharlieBeck,whoseowncareerwiththeLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentspannedfourdecades,willretirethissummer,endinganeight-yeartenureaspolicechief.

D.CharlieBeckwascreditedwithmajorreformsinthedepartmentandageneraldeclineinhomicidesbutalsohadsomemissteps.

问题5选项

A.Cynical.

B.Neutral.

C.Prejudiced.

D.Critical.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。题干：洛杉矶警察局在贝克的领导下发生了多大程度的变化？

A选项意为“永久地”；B选项意为“直到他下台”；C选项意为“根本不”；D选项意为“暂时地”。由文章第四段中的lowcrime,noscandals,littlecontroversy（低犯罪率，没有丑闻，很少争议）可知贝克在任职期间取得了很大的成就，同时警察射击案和贝克的反应，以及他打击犯罪采取的一些措施，已引起一些民众的强烈不满，因此选D，洛杉矶警察局在贝克的领导下暂时发生了一些变化，但这些变化不能保证是永久的。

第2题:2.推理判断题。题干：下列哪种说法是不正确的？

由文章第六段中的Hisaction······haveexacerbatedtensionbetweenthedepartmentandmanyofthecommunitiesitpatrols.（他的行为······加剧了警察局与其巡逻的许多社区之间的紧张关系）可知A选项正确；由倒数第四段中的Activists'callsforBeck'sfiringbecameacommonfeatureatweeklycommissionmeetings.（活动人士要求贝克下台已成为每周委员会会议上的一个共同特点）可知B选项正确；由倒数第三段中的ChristopherDorner,whopostedamanifestoofchargesagainstthedepartment,thenkilledfourpeople（ChristopherDorner发表了一份针对洛杉矶警察局的指控宣言，随后杀死了四人）可知C选项正确；通过排除法可知选D。

第3题:3.细节事实题。题干：为什么你认为积极分子要求贝克被解雇的呼声在每周的委员会会议上成为一种常见的特征？

文章倒数第四段中内容为：战术有效吗？暴力事件最终平息了，但在警察重新打开旧伤口，并在感觉过度巡逻的社区恢复了反警察情绪之前，情况并非如此。活动人士要求贝克下台已成为每周委员会会议上的一个共同特点。可知在过度巡逻的社区中已引起了反警察情绪，因此选D。

第4题:4.推理判断题。题干：以下哪一项可以是文章的最后一句话？

文章最后一句Beck'sJunedeparturedateleavesplentyoftimeforthecommissionandMayorEricGarcettitoconsiderahostofwould-bereplacementsamongtheyoungerbrasswhomBeckhasmentored.（贝克的六月离任日期给委员会和市长EricGarcetti留下了足够的时间来考虑在贝克指导的年轻高层中寻找一批潜在的替代者）可推测接下来所说的内容与此相关，符合文章的连贯性，因此选A。

第5题:5.观点态度题。题干：作者对查理•贝克担任洛杉矶警察局局长的态度如何？

文章前面五段的内容主要讲述了贝克任职期间的成就；第六段至第九段主要讲述了贝克在职期间的一些举措引起的不好的影响；因此作者的观点是中立的。

8.单选题

Theyplanto（

）therun-downhouseinayear’stime.

问题1选项

A.revive

B.renovate

C.replace

D.remove

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。revive意为“复兴，复苏，重新使用”；renovate意为“翻新，修复，整修”；replace意为“替换”；remove意为“开除”。

句意：他们计划一年时间内修复这栋破旧的房子。

9.单选题

Everybodylikeshim.Heisvery（

）withallhiscolleagues.

问题1选项

A.popular

B.familiar

C.close

D.vulgar

【答案】A

【解析】根据句意可知，大家都很喜欢他，说明他很受欢迎。选项A最符合语境。

10.单选题

Heistheonlypersonwhocan（）inthiscasebecausetheotherwitnesseswerekilledmysteriously.

问题1选项

A.testify

B.charge

C.accuse

D.rectify

【答案】A

【解析】testify作证；charge负责；accuse指控；rectify改正。句意：句意：他是唯一能为这个案件作证的人，因为其他证人都被神秘杀害了。选项A符合句意。

11.翻译题

Thenumberskeeprising,thesuperlativeskeepglowing.Eachyear,selectivecollegespromotetheirapplicationtotals,alongwiththevirtuesoftheirapplicants.

Forthisfairsfreshmanclass,thestatisticsreachedremarkablelevels.Stanfordreceivedarecord32,022applicationsfromstudentsitcalled’’simplyamazing”andaccepted7percentofthem.Brownsawanunprecedented30,135applicants,wholefttheadmissionsstaff"deeplyimpressedandattimesawed."Ninepercentwereadmitted.

ThebiggestboastcamefromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Inanewsrelease,UCLAsaiditsacceptedstudentshad"demonstratedexcellenceinallaspectsoftheirlives."Citingitsrecord57,670applications,theuniversityproclaimeditself"themostpopularcampusinthenation.”

Suchannouncementstellastoryinwhichcollegesgetbetter——andstudentsgetmoreamazing-everyyear.Inreality,thenarrativeisfarmorecomplex,andtheimplicationsfarlesssunnyforstudentsaswellascollegescaughtupinthecruelcycleofselectivity

ToSomedegree,theincreasesareinevitable:thecollege-boundpopulationgrown,andso,too,hasthenumberofapplicationsstudentsfile,thanksinparttoonlinetechnology.

Butwhereveritisrainingapplications,collegeshavehelpedseedthecloudsbyrecruitingwidelyandaggressivelyforevermoreapplicants.

Admissionsofficersarechasingnotsomuchamoreperfectstudentasamoreperfectclass.Inagivenyear,thiselusiveidealmightrequiremoreviolinists,goalies,aspiringengineersorstudentswhocanpaythefullcostofattendanceCollegeseverywherewantmoreminoritystudents,moreout-of-statestudentsandmorestudentsfromoverseas.

Thepursuitrevealsthedualityofthemodemcollege:it’saplacethatservesthepublicinterestandabusinesswithabottomline.

Althoughthetensionbetweenmissionandmarketinghaslongdefinedadmissions,manybelievethebalancehastiltedtoofartowardthelatter.ManycollegeshavemadeapplyingassimpleasupdatingaFacebookpage.Somedeansandguidancecounselorscomplainthatit’stooeasy.Theyquestiontheethicsofintenserecruitmentbycollegesthatrejecttheoverwhelmingmajorityofapplicants.

"It’slikeneedinganewstereoandbuyingthewholeRadioShack,saysMarkSpeer,directorofcollegecounselingattheColumbiaGrammarandPreparatorySchoolinNewYork."Withthesebiggerpools,collegesaregettingalotofstudentswhohavenochance."

FredHargadon,formerdeanofadmissionsatPrincetonandStanford,doubtsthatmoreandmoreapplicantsmakeforastrongerclass,

“Icouldn’tpickabetterclassoutof30000applicantsthanoutof15.000hesays,"I’djustenduprejectingmultiplesofthesamekid.”

【答案】斯坦福大学收到了创纪录的32,022份来自学生的申请，斯坦福称这些申请“简直太棒了”，并接受了其中7%的申请。

在现实中，故事要复杂得多，对于陷入残酷的选择性循环的学生和大学来说，其含义也远没有那么光明

但是，只要有大量的申请，大学就会通过广泛而积极地招收更多的申请者，为申请埋下伏笔。

这种追求揭示了现代大学的两面性:它是一个为公众利益服务的地方也是一个有底线的企业。

“在3万名申请者中，我找不到比15.000名更好的了,”他说道，我只是最终拒绝同样的孩子。

12.单选题

CambridgeUniversitywaseasily___,andhereturnedtheretobeginhismajorresearchactivities.

问题1选项

A.accessible

B.attributable

C.attainable

D.attachable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项accessible“易接近的；可进入的；可理解的”；B选项attributable“可归于……的；可归属的”；C选项attainable“可得到的；可达到的；可到达的”；D选项attachable“可附上的；可连接的；可逮捕的；可没收的”。句意：剑桥大学很容易进入，他回到那里开始了他的主要研究活动。根据句意可知A选项正确。

13.单选题

Thepersonheinterviewedwas（）hisformerschoolmate.

问题1选项

A.nootherthan

B.nomorethan

C.noneotherthan

D.nonetheless

【答案】C

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项nootherthan“不是别的…；正是…”；B选项nomorethan“不过；仅仅”；C选项noneotherthan“不是别的…；正是…”；D选项nonetheless“仍然，还是”。句意：他采访的人正是他以前的同学。因此A和C都符合句意，但在现代英语中nootherthan不太常用，且多用于指物，而常用noneotherthan来指人，故本题选C。

14.单选题

Morethanone-thirdoftheChineseintheUnitedStatesliveinCalifornia,（

）inSanFrancisco.

问题1选项

A.previously

B.predominantly

C.practically

D.permanently

【答案】B

【解析】previously以前，预先；predominantly主要地，显著地；practically实际地，事实上；permanently永久地。句意：在美国，超过三分之一的华人居住在加州，主要居住在旧金山。选项B符合句意。

15.单选题

Modempersuasionadvertisingblossomedasafunctionofmarketsthatwerelesscompetitivebyeconomists'standards,andaregenerallyreferredtoasoligopolies.Thesearemarketswhereahandfuloffirmsdominateoutputorsalesintheindustry,andwheretheyhavesufficientmarketpowerthattheycansetthepriceatwhichtheirproductsells.Thekeytoanoligopolyisthatitisverydifficultfornewcomerstoenterthemarket,nomatterhowprofitableitmaybe,becauseofthepoweroftheexistingplayers.Underoligopolythereisstrongdisincentivetoengageinpricewarfaretoexpandone'smarketshare,becauseallthemainplayersarelargeenoughtosurviveapricewarandallitwoulddoisshrinkthesizeoftheindustryrevenuepiethatthefirmsarefightingover.Indeed,thepriceinanoligopolisticindustrywilltendtogravitatetowardwhatitwouldbeinapuremonopolysothecontendersarefightingforslicesofthelargestpossiblerevenuepie.

Atfirstblush,thisisaprettyaccuratepictureoftheU.S.economyofthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies.Theeconomyhasbecomefarmoremonopolisticoverthepastthirtyyears.Itisalsoagoodway,thoughbynomeanstheonlyway,tounderstandtheemergenceanddominanceofadvertising.Althoughfirmsarenotinwhateconomiststermcompetitivemarkets,theyaremostdefinitelyengagedinmonopolisticcompetitionwitheachothertomaximizetheirprofits.Advertisingemergesfrontandcenterasamajorwaytoincreasemarketsharewithoutengagingindestructiveprofit-damagingpricecompetition.

Theelectionrealm,issimilartotheeconomyinthatittendstobeaduopolyingeneralelections,meaningthereareusuallyonlytwooptionsthatcouldconceivablywin,and,asinanoligopoly,theseduopolistshaveusedtheir"marketpower"—inthiscasecontroloverelectionlawstomakeitallbutimpossibleforathirdpartytosuccessfullyestablishitselfasalegitimatecontender.Evenprimaryelectionsarealmostalwaysamatterofnomorethantwoorthreeviableentrantsexceptinaverysmallnumberofraces.Ineconomictheorythisleadstoaninterestingconclusion:asJ.Schorhasputit,thesmartplayforafirminaduopolyistoactliketheotherfirm,nottodifferentiateitself.

Macphersonwasamongthefirsttounderstandmodemelectoralpolitics-thetwo-partysystem-intermsofoligopolisticandduopolisticmarketpractices.“Wheretherearesofewsellers,"Macphersonwroteconcerningpoliticalparties,"theyneednotanddonotrespondtobuyers'demandsastheymustdoinafullycompetitivesystem."Thismeansthattheparties,likeoligopolisticfirms,can"createthedemandforpoliticalgoods"andlargelydictatethe"demandscheduleforpoliticalgoods."InMacpherson'sargument,aduopolisticpartysysteminamodemcapitalistsocietyliketheUnitedStateswilltendtogravitatetoprovidinga"competitionbetweenelites,"whicharethedrivingforceand”formulatetheissues."Thebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyareagreeduponbythetwopartiesandoffthetableforpublicdebateordiscussion.InMacpherson'sview,thetwo-partysystemwasidealfortheproductionofcitizenapathyandde-politicizationandforthemaintenanceofeliterule;i.e.whatwouldbecalleda“weakdemocracy”.

1.Withwhatthemeisthepassagemainlyconcerned?

2.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingparagraph1and2isto（）.

3.Whatdoesthephrase“frontandcenter”inparagraph2mean?

4.Thehighlightedsentence“Thebasics...ordiscussion”inthelastparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat（）.

5.Whatistheauthorlikelytotalkaboutintheparagraphfollowingthispassage?

问题1选项

A.PoliticalAdvertising.

B.OligopolyMarket.

C.WeakDemocracy.

D.ModemElectoralPolitics.

问题2选项

A.statewhypoliticaladvertisingappearedinthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturiesinAmerica.

B.emphasizethatitisarealpictureoftheU.S.economyofthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies.

C.statethatthesituationinAmericanelectionrealmisthesameastheoneinitseconomicrealm.

D.explainthattheoligopolymarketeconomyhasaspecialfunctionintheU.S.economicrealm.

问题3选项

A.Infront.

B.Attheforefront.

C.Inthecenter.

D.Inthemiddle.

问题4选项

A.Thetwopartieswoulddiscussthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyinsecret.

B.Thetwopartieswoulddiscussthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyinpublic.

C.Thetwopartieswouldnotaskthepublictodiscussthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomy.

D.Thetwopartieshavethesameideaaboutthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomysotheywouldnotdiscussthemanymore.

问题5选项

A.HeislikelytoanalyzetheissuesformulatedbyaduopolisticpartysystemintheUnitedStates.

B.HeislikelytoexplainAmericancitizenapathyanddepoliticizationindetail.

C.Heislikelytogivesomesupportingevidenceofa"weakdemocracy".

D.Heislikelytoprovidesomeexamplesofa"competitionbetweenelites"

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨题。纵观全文，文章前半部分主要提到了与经济相关的规律，垄断经济形势对经济带来了重大影响。文章后半部分将垄断经济层面延伸至政治层面，提出在政治选举中也出现了相似的垄断统治规律，这样的民主实际上不是真正的民主。所以，本文主要围绕现代社会的选举政治这个话题展开的。选项D符合题意。

2.推断题。文章一二段主要提到了在经济层面出现的一种垄断经济现象，导致供不应求。根据文章第三段，“Theelectionrealm,issimilartotheeconomyinthatittendstobeaduopolyingeneralelections”，可知选举领域和经济领域类似，在选举中往往是双头垄断。可推断出一二段提到的经济现象主要是为了引出政治层面存在的政治垄断现象。选项C符合题意。

3.词义理解题。Infront“在前面”；Attheforefront“最前沿”；Inthecenter“在中央，表具体位置”；Inthemiddle“在中间，表具体位置”。句意：广告作为一种增加市场份额的主要方式出现在市场的前端，不从事破坏性的、损益性的价格竞争。选项B符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“Thebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyareagreeduponbythetwopartiesandoffthetableforpublicdebateordiscussion.”，可知政治经济学的基础是两党一致同意的，不公开辩论或讨论。这里是说两党在政治方面垄断，因此并不是说他们对于政治经济基础有一致观点，而是完全由他们议定，不让公众或其他党派插手。因此C选项符合题意。

5.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“whatwouldbecalleda‘weakdemocracy’”，可知在文章末尾出现了Macpherson关于weakdemocracy的观点，可推断出，在接下来的文段中，可能会进一步对weakdemocracy进行讨论。选项C符合题意。

16.单选题

Theoldprofessorhashadthefluforalongtimebuthehasfinally（）andisbackintheoffice.

问题1选项

A.gotover

B.gotoverit

C.gotthrough

D.gotupit

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。getover“克服;恢复”，后面接宾语；getthrough“通过；到达”；getup“起床”由后半句“isbackintheoffice回到办公室”可知，教授的病好了，恢复了健康，故B项正确。句意：这位老教授患流感很长时间了，但是最终他恢复了，并且回到了办公室。

17.单选题

8.

问题1选项

A.Oneminute.

B.Fifteenminutes.

C.Halfanhour.

D.Fiveminutes.

【答案】B

【解析】W:Howlongdoesthepainlast?

M:Justashortwhile.

W:Aminute,5minute,halfanhour?

M:Oh,nothalfanhour.

W:Howlongdoesitlast?

M:Aboutaquarterofanhour.

Q:Howlongdoesthemansaythepainlast?

【解析】男人最后说的是“aquarterofanhour”,即15分钟。故选B。

18.单选题

Peoplearecriticizingtheeconomicpoliciesthathave____thedeclineofmanufacturingindustry.

问题1选项

A.assessed

B.accepted

C.accessed

D.accelerated

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.assessed对……进行评估B.accepted接受；相信

C.accessed接近；进入D.accelerated加速；促进

【答案】D

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】句意：人们对……制造业衰退的经济政策提出了批评。根据逻辑，因为是人们批评的，所以应该是人们认为有些经济政策会不利于制造业的发展，可能会加速制造业的衰退，对于这些经济政策人们提出批评。因此选D。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】人们对加速制造业衰退的经济政策提出了批评。

19.单选题

Whenan'inventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossible（1）ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheidea（2）,orpatentit.

A（3）patentistheresultofabargain（4）betweenaninventorandthestate,buttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod（5）.

Onlythemostexceptionalcircumstances（6）thelifespanofapatent（7）toalterthisnormalprocessofevents.

Thelongestextensionever（8）wastoGeorgesValensi:his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent'snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto（9）andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention.

Becauseapatentremainspermanently（10）afterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe（11）officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasdialarefreeforanyonetouseand,if（12）thanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyone（13）toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough（14）patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor'srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherform（15）invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionally（16）totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis（17）onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.

Anyoneclosely（18）inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,（19）makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate（20）thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.

问题1选项

A.work

B.possibility

C.measures

D.courses

问题2选项

A.open

B.covered

C.secret

D.improved

问题3选项

A.granted

B.granting

C.inventing

D.invented

问题4选项

A.striking

B.struck

C.tobestriking

D.tos