考研考博-英语-北京北大方正软件职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京北大方正软件职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

SamsungissuedanapologytoChineseconsumersonWednesdayafterChina’sstate-runmediacriticizedtheKoreanelectronicsgiantforsellinghandsetswithallegedlyfaultymemorychips.

ThecompanyofferedtoprovidefreerepairsandextendedwarrantiesonsevenmodelsafterabroadcastontheinfluentialChinaCentralTelevisiononTuesdayreportedhowSamsunghandsets,includingtheGalaxySandGalaxyNoteseries,crashseveraltimesadayduetothememorychips.Thereportsaidtheissuecouldberesolvedwitha$100chipupgradethatwasnotcoveredundercurrentwarranties.

InastatementpostedtoSamsung’sChinaWebsite,theelectronicsgiantapologizedfortheinconvenience,whichitblamedon“managementproblems”.Italsopledgedtorepairaffecteddevices,refundsonpreviouslyrepaireddevices,andreplacementhandsetsinsomecases

SamsungisnotthefirsttechcomingtocomeunderCCTVscrutinyforitswarrantypractices.InApril,AppleCEOTimCookissuedanapologyoveritswarrantypoliciesinChinaandpromisedimprovedservices.TheinitialreportclaimedApplerepairedonlybrokenorotherwisefaultypartswithinitsproductsforcustomersinChina,versusprovidingnewreplacementsinothercountries.

Cook’sapologycameduringApple’scontinuingeffortstolandaniPhonedistributiondealwiththeworld’slargestmobilecarrier.SupportfromChinaMobile,whichhasabout745millioncustomers,wouldopenupavastnumberofnewcustomersforApple.

Meanwhile.SamsunghopesitsapologygoesalongwaytowardhelpingitmaintainitsleadpositioninChina’ssmartphonemarket.Thecompanysold30milliondevicesinthecountrylastyearfora17.7percentmarketshare,outpacingthe11percentsharecommandedbyNo.3Apple.

【答案】三星在周三向中国消费者道歉，此前中国官方媒体批评这家作为韩国电子巨头销售据称内存芯片有问题的手机。

周二，在颇具影响力的中央电视台播出的一则报道称，包括GalaxyS和GalaxyNote系列在内的三星手机，由于内存芯片问题导致一天内多次死机之后，三星提出为七款手机提供免费维修服务并延长保修期。

三星并不是第一家因保修问题受到中央电视台审查的科技公司。

之前的报告称，苹果只为中国客户维修其产品中损坏的或其他有缺陷的部件，而在其他国家却对其提供更换手机服务。

与此同时。三星希望其道歉能在很大程度上帮助其保持在中国智能手机市场的领先地位。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish

美国的一位顶尖心理学家说，如果人们关注于六个具体要素就会感到幸福。这六个要素分别是：活在当下（M）,有好奇心（C），做喜欢的事（L）,为他人着想（T）,培养关系（N）,

照顾身体（B）。公式就是：感觉很棒=（活在当下x16+好奇心+做喜欢的事x2）+（为他人着想x5+培养关系x2+照顾身体x33）。

弗吉尼亚州乔治梅•森（Mason）大学的托徳-卡什丹博士（DrToddKashdan）对英国人幸福程度的全国性研究结果进行了评价。他说：“感觉幸福没有单一的诀窍，但当这六种成分都添加进来并正确配比后，你就会感觉人生很幸福。这六种成分的每一种都需要付出一点努力，你只要知道你的努力会给你带来极大的回报。”

委任这次研究的整形外科手术营销总监史蒂芬•泰勒（StephenTayler）说：“我们无比高兴地看到与卡什丹博士的合作创建了幸福感的真正公式：我们希望幸福公式将继续帮助提振精祌，让全英国人民的脸上都有笑容。”

【答案】Ifpeoplefocusonthesixspecificfactorsidentified,theywillfeelgood,accordingtoatopUSpsychologist.Thefactorsareliveinthemoment(M),becurious(C),dosomethingyoulove(L),thinkofothers(T),nurturerelationships(N),andcareofyourbody(B).AndtheformulaisFeelingGood=(MxI6+C+Lx2)+(Tx5+Nx2+Bx33)。

DrToddKashdan,ofGeorgeMasonUniversityinVirginia,reviewedtheresultsofnationwideresearchintohowBritishfeel.Hesaid:“Thereisnosinglesecrettofeelinggood,butwhenthesesixingredientsarecarefullyattendedto,intherightdoses,youwillbeontargetforahappylife.“Eachoftheingredientsrequiresabitofwork.Justknowthatyourhardworkwillleadtothegreatestrewardspossible.”

StevenTaylor,marketingdirectorofTransformCosmeticSurgery,whocommissionedtheresearch,said:“Wecouldn’tbemorepleasedthatthepartnershipwithDrKashdanledtothecreationofanactualformulatoFeelGood,WehopethattheFeelGoodFormulawillcontinuetohelpboostspiritsandputasmileonfacesacrosstheUK.”

3.单选题

Somehousesaredesignedtobesmart.Othershavesmartdesigns.AnexampleofthesecondtypeofhousewonanAwardofExcellencefromtheAmericanInstituteofArchitects.

LocatedontheshoreofSullivan’sIslandoffthecoastofSouthCarolina,theaward-winningcube-shapedbeachhousewasbuilttoreplaceonesmashedtopiecesbyHurricaneHugo10yearsago.InSeptember1989,HugostruckSouthCarolina,killing18peopleanddamagingordestroying36,000homesinthestate.

BeforeHugo,manynewhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina’sshorelinewerepoorlyconstructed,andenforcementofbuildingcodeswasn’tstrict,accordingtoarchitectRayHuff,whocreatedthecleverly-designedbeachhouse.InHugo’swake,allnewshorelinehousesarerequiredtomeetstricter,better-enforcedcodes.ThenewbeachhouseonSullivan’sIslandshouldbeabletowithstandaCategory3hurricanewithpeakwindsof179to209kilometersperhour.

Atfirstsight,thehouseonSullivan’sIslandlooksanythingbuthurricane-proof.Itsredwoodshellmakesitresemble“alargepartylantern”atnight,accordingtooneobserver.Butlookscanbedeceiving.Thehouse’swoodenframeisreinforcedwithlongsteelrodstogiveitextrastrength.

Tofurtherprotectthehousefromhurricanedamage,Huffraisedit2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilings—long,slendercolumnsofwoodanchoreddeepinthesand.Pilingsmightappearinsecure,buttheyarestrongenoughtosupporttheweightofthehouse.Theyalsoelevatethehouseabovestormsurges.Thepilingsallowthesurgestorununderthehouseinsteadofrunningintoit.“Theseswellsofwatercomeashoreattremendousspeedsandcausemostofthedamagedonetobeach-frontbuildings,”saidHuff.

Huffdesignedthetimberpilingstobepartiallyconcealedbythehouse’sground-to-roofshell.“Theshellmasksthepilingssothatthehousedoesn’tlooklikeit’sstandingwithitspantlegspulledup,”saidHuff.“Intheeventofastormsurge,theshellshouldbreakapartandletthewavesrushunderthehouse,”thearchitectexplained.

31.AfterthetragedycausedbyHurricaneHugo,newhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina’sshorelinearerequired______.

32.Theaward-winningbeachhouseisquitestrongbecause______.

33.Huffraisedthehouse2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilingsinorderto______.

34.Themainfunctionoftheshellis______.

35.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheshellshouldbe______.

问题1选项

A.tobeeasilyreinforced

B.tolooksmarterindesign

C.tomeetstricterbuildingstandards

D.tobedesignedintheshapeofcubes

问题2选项

A.itisstrengthenedbysteelrods

B.itismadeofredwood

C.itisintheshapeofashell

D.itisbuiltwithtimberandconcrete

问题3选项

A.withstandpeakwindsofabout200km/hr

B.anchorstrongerpilingsdeepinthesand

C.breakhugeseawavesintosmallerones

D.preventwaterfromrushingintothehouse

问题4选项

A.tostrengthenthepilingsofthehouse

B.togivethehouseabetterappearance

C.toprotectthewoodenframeofthehouse

D.toslowdownthespeedoftheswellingwater

问题5选项

A.fancy-looking

B.waterproof

C.easilybreakable

D.extremelystrong

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】31.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“飓风‘雨果’造成的悲剧发生后，南卡罗莱纳海岸沿线的新房屋被要求……”。定位第三段第二句InHugo’swake,allnewshorelinehousesarerequiredtomeetstricter,better-enforcedcodes.（“雨果”之后，所有新建的海滨房屋都必须符合更严格、更严格的法规）可知，C项“符合更严格的建筑标准”正确。A项“容易加固”和B项“在设计上更加美观”没有提到，属于无中生有。D项“设计成立方体的形状”是获奖的海滨别墅的特点，并不符合题干，该项属于张冠李戴。因此，该题选择C项。

32.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“这座屡获殊荣的海滨别墅非常坚固，因为……”。定位第四段Atfirstsight,thehouseonSullivan’sIslandlooksanythingbuthurricane-proof.Itsredwoodshellmakesitresemble“alargepartylantern”atnight,accordingtooneobserver…Thehouse’swoodenframeisreinforcedwithlongsteelrodstogiveitextrastrength.（乍一看，沙利文岛上的房子一点也不像防飓风的。据一位观察者说，它的红木外壳让它在晚上看起来像一个“大型派对灯笼”……房子的木框架用长钢条加固，以增加它的强度。）可知，这座获奖的海滨别墅非常坚固，是因为房子的木框架用长钢条加固了，故A项“它是用钢条加固的”正确。B项“它是红木做的”属于曲解原文，文中只提到了外壳是红木做的。C项“它是一个贝壳的形状”和D项“它是用木材和混凝土建造的”没提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择A项。

33.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“赫夫用木桩把房子抬高了2.7米，以便……”。定位到第五段Tofurtherprotectthehousefromhurricanedamage,Huffraisedit2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilings—long,slendercolumnsofwoodanchoreddeepinthesand…Thepilingsallowthesurgestorununderthehouseinsteadofrunningintoit.（为了进一步保护房子免受飓风的破坏，赫夫用木桩把它抬高了2.7米，木桩又长又细，深嵌在沙子里……这些木桩使海浪从房子下面流过，而不是冲进房子里）可知，赫夫用木桩把房子抬高了2.7米是为了让海水从房子下面流过，以免海水冲进房子里，D项“防止水冲进房子”正确。A项“能承受每小时200公里的大风”并不是抬高木桩的原因，属于出处错位。B项“将更坚固的桩锚入深沙中”不符合文意，属于曲解原文。C项“将巨大的海浪分解成较小的海浪”没有提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择D项。

34.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“外壳的主要作用是……”。定位第四段第三句Butlookscanbedeceiving.（但外表可能具有欺骗性），以及最后一段Huff所说的第一句话Theshellmasksthepilingssothatthehousedoesn’tlooklikeit’sstandingwithitspantlegspulledup.（外壳掩盖了桩，这样房子就不会看起来像裤腿被拉起来的房子），综合可知，Huff设计了这个外壳的作用是遮住长长的木桩，这样这个房子看起来就比较美观，所以B项“给房子一个更好的外观”正确。A项“加固房屋的桩”、C项“为了保护房子的木框架”和D项“减缓水膨胀的速度”没有提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择B项。

35.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，外壳应该是……”。定位最后一段最后一句Intheeventofastormsurge,theshellshouldbreakapartandletthewavesrushunderthehouse（在风暴潮发生时，外壳会破裂，然后让海浪从房子下面冲过去）可知，当风暴来临，海浪拍打外壳，外壳会破裂然后让海水从房子下面流过去，那么可以推断外壳应该是很容易破裂的，C项“很容易被毁坏”正确。A项“外观奇特的”属于文章中的细节，不需要推断，所以该项不选。B项“防水的”和D项“非常坚固”与原文相反，属于反向干扰。因此，该题选择C项。

4.单选题

Hispicturesofthesnowevokeitscontradictions,thewayitbothconcealsand________.

问题1选项

A.reveals

B.addresses

C.sustains

D.confesses

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.reveals揭示，显示B.addresses写地址，致函

C.sustains维持，保持D.confesses坦白，承认

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】由“contradictions（矛盾）”可知，空格处和上文的“conceals（遮掩）”应该是相对立的，遮掩的反义词是揭示，说明他的照片既遮掩着事物，又揭示着事物，所以展现出矛盾的个性。reveal指让隐藏的事物被看见或被人所知，因此A选项reveals“揭示，显示”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项addresses“写地址，演讲”指在信封上写下收信人的名字、地址等，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

C选项sustains“维持，保持”指提供某人或某物生存或存在所需的足够的东西，不能和“conceals（遮掩）”相对立；

D选项confesses“坦白，承认”指正式承认做了错事或非法的事，不符合题干的语义逻辑。

【句意】他的雪景照片映射出矛盾的个性，既遮掩着事物，又揭示着事物。

5.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpartintoEnglish.

西藏在中国的西南部。居住在这里的藏族先民，远在公元前就与生活在中原的汉族有联系。到了唐朝(公元618-907年)，藏汉双方通过王室间的联姻、会盟，在政治上形成了团结友好的亲谊关系，在经济和文化上建立了密切的联系，为最终建立统一的国家奠定了深厚的基础。十三世纪中叶，西藏正式归入中国元朝版图。自此以后，尽管中国经历了几代王朝的兴替，但西藏一直处于中央政权的管辖之下。

【答案】TibetislocatedinSouthwestChina.ThepeoplewholivedtherestruckuplinkswiththeHanintheCentralPlainslongbeforetheChristianera.BytheTangDynasty(AD618-907),theTibetansandHanshas,throughmarriagesbetweenroyalfamiliesandotheralliances,cementedunityandpoliticalfriendshipandformedcloseeconomicandculturalrelations.Thiscreatedasolidfoundationfortheultimatefoundingofaunifiednation.Inthemid-13thcentury,TibetwasofficiallyincorporatedintotheterritoryofChina’sYuanDynasty.Sincethen,althoughChinaexperiencedseveraldynasticchanges,TibethasremainedunderthejurisdictionofthecentralgovernmentofChina.

6.填空题

Ourresearchteamis（1）tocompleteamajorproject.Ourfindingswillbe（2）inaseriesofarticlesscheduledtoappearnextyear.Iwillalso（3）theresultsataconferencebeing（4）inSydneylaterthisyear.

句意:我们的研究小组将要完成一个重点项目。我们的研究成果将发表在一系列计划明年出现的文章中。随后我也将在今年的悉尼会议上公布这些成果。

【答案】1.going

2.published

3.announce

4.held

【解析】1.固定搭配。Begoingtodo将要。

2.语义题。发表用publish,此处为被动语态，故用published。

3.语义题。此处表示“公布成果”。

4.固定搭配。holdaconference举办会议。这里是被动语态故用held。

7.写作题

Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionwithnolessthan50words.RemembertowriteyouranswerclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.（5%）

WhoisConfucius（孔子）？

【答案】略

8.单选题

Igrewupinmyparents'pubinEnglandwheretherewasalwaysalotofdrama,andallthedrama—fights,flirting,tears,tantrums—revolvedaroundlove.Ialsowatchedmyparentsdestroytheirownloveforeachother.SincethattimeI'vebeenonamissiontofigureoutexactlywhatloveis.Mymotherdescribeditas“afunnyfiveminutes.”It'salsobeencalledamysteriousmixofsentimentandsex,oracombinationofinfatuationandcompanionship.Well,it'smorethanthat.

Mypersonalinsights,gleanedfromresearchingandcounselingmorethanathousandcouplesover35years,havenowmergedwithagrowingbodyofscientificstudies,tothepointwhereIcannowsaywithconfidencethatweknowwhatloveis.It'sintuitiveandyetnotnecessarilyobvious:It'sthecontinualsearchforabasic,secureconnectionwithsomeoneelse.Throughthisbond,partnersinlovebecomeemotionallydependentoneachotherfornurturing,soothing,andprotection.

Wehaveawired——inneedforemotionalcontactandresponsivenessfromsignificantothers.It'sasurvivalresponse,thedrivingforceofthebondofsecurityababyseekswithitsmother.Thisobservationisattheheartofattachmenttheory.Agreatdealofevidenceindicatesthattheneedforsecureattachmentneverdisappears;itevolvesintotheadultneedforasecureemotionalbondwithapartner.Thinkofhowamotherlovinglygazesatherbaby,justastwoloversstareintoeachother'seyes.

Althoughourculturehasframeddependencyasabadthing,aweakness,itisnotbeingattachedtosomeoneprovidesourgreatestsenseofsecurityandsafety.Itmeansdependingonapartnertorespondwhenyoucall,toknowthatyoumattertohimorher,thatyouarecherished,andthathewillrespondtoyouremotionalneeds.

Themostbasictenetofattachmenttheoryisthatisolation——notjustphysicalisolationbutemotionalisolation——istraumatizingforhumanbeings.Thebrainactuallycodesitasdanger.GloriaSteinemoncesaidawomanneedsamanlikeafishneedsabicycle.That'snonsense.

ThedramaoflovethatIsawplayedoutatthebareachnightasachildisallaboutthehumanhungerforsafeemotionalconnection,asurvivalimperativeweexperiencefromthecradletothegrave.Oncewedofeelsafelylinkedwithourpartner,wecantoleratethehurtstheywillinevitablyinflictuponusinthecourseofdailylife.

1.Theword“drama”(line1&2,paragraph1)canbebestreplacedby（）.

2.Wecaninferthat

（）.

3.Theneedforemotionalcontactandresponsivenessfromsignificantothersis（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,（）.

5.Thispassage（）.

6.WecaninferthattheBritishculture（）.

7.Accordingtotheauthor,therehasbeenagreatdealofevidencethattheneedforsecureemotionalattachmentis（）.

8.Whenwefeelsafelylinkedwithourpartner（）.

问题1选项

A.highlyemotionalevents

B.dramaticworksperformedonastage

C.literaryworksactedonastage

D.dramaticarguments

问题2选项

A.theauthor'sparentsweredivorced

B.theauthorismarried

C.loveforacoupleexistsonlyfor5minutes

D.loveisinfatuationandcompanionship

问题3选项

A.strong

B.sometimesweak

C.regular

D.developedovertime

问题4选项

A.loveismarkedintuition

B.dependencyisnotaweakness

C.attachmenttheorycanexplaineverythingaboutlove

D.isolationistolerableforlovers

问题5选项

A.clarifiesthemisconceptionsaboutlove

B.describesthemostbasictenetoflove

C.studieslovefromtheperspectiveofscience

D.redefinestheconceptoflove

问题6选项

A.discouragesphysicalisolation

B.encouragesemotionalattachment

C.issupportiveofdependency

D.endorsesindependence

问题7选项

A.short-lived

B.everlasting

C.lessintense

D.fadingwaygradually

问题8选项

A.wewillnotarguewithhimorher

B.whateverourpartnersaysordoesmattersalottous

C.thephysicalandemotionalisolationisbearable

D.wewilltoleratethehurtstheywillinflictonus

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:B

第8题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“allthedrama—fights,flirting,tears,tantrums—revolvedaroundlove.”可知,这些都是和情绪相关的时间,所以选项A正确。

2.根据第一段第二句“Ialsowatchedmyparentsdestroytheirownloveforeachother.”可推测,作者的父母离婚了。选项A正确。选项B在文中没有信息提及。选项C和D是作者母亲的看法。

3.根据第三段第一句“Wehaveawired——inneedforemotionalcontactandresponsivenessfromsignificantothers.”可知,这种需求是强烈的,选项A正确。

4.根据第四段第一句“Althoughourculturehasframeddependencyasabadthing,aweakness,itisnot,beingattachedtosomeoneprovidesourgreatestsenseofsecurityandsafety.”可知,作者认为依赖不是弱点,选项B正确。选项A表述不完整；选项C表述太绝对；选项D也不正确。

5.作者在第一段提出母亲对爱的看法,下文给出了自己的见解,这是对爱的概念重新进行定义,所以选项D最恰当。

6.根据第四段第一句“Althoughourculturehasframeddependencyasabadthing,aweakness,...”可知,这里的文化指的就是英国文化,他们认为依赖是一件坏事,是一个弱点。也就是说他们认可独立自主,选项D符合原文。

7.根据第三段第四句“Agreatdealofevidenceindicatesthattheneedforsecureattachmentneverdisappears...”大量证据表明,对安全感的需求从未消失,也就是持久的,选项B正确。

8.根据最后一段最后一句“Oncewedofeelsafelylinkedwithourpartner,wecantoleratethehurtstheywillinevitablyinflictuponusinthecourseofdailylife.”可知选项D与原文表述一致。

9.单选题

Justastheauthor’sbookoneelsisoftenakeytextforcoursesinmarinevertebratezoology,theirideasonanimaldevelopmentandphylogeny（）teachinginthisarea.

问题1选项

A.prevent

B.defy

C.replicate

D.inform

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项prevent“预防，防止；阻止；妨碍，阻止”；B选项defy“藐视；公然反抗；挑衅；使落空”；C选项replicate“复制；折叠；重复；折转”；D选项inform“通知；告诉；报告；告发；告密”。句意：就像作者关于鳗鱼的书经常是海洋脊椎动物学课程的关键文本一样，他们关于动物发展和系统发育的观点也影响着这一领域的教学。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Iknowyou’vegotasmoothtongue,sodon’ttalkme（）buyingit.

问题1选项

A.away

B.down

C.out

D.into

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项talkaway“不断的谈”；B选项talkdown“说服，驳倒”；C选项talkout“讲出来”；D选项talkinto“说服某人做某事”。句意：我知道你很会说话，所以不要劝我买这个。选项D符合语境。

11.单选题

Bridesareincreasinglyshunningsummerweddingsandgettingmarriedduringwinter______tocutcostsamidtheeconomicgloom,figuressuggest.

问题1选项

A.insteadof

B.otherwise

C.instead

D.ratherthan

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。空格处词语需要修饰后面动词不定式，词性限制为副词。insteadof“代替；而不是”是介词短语，A选项排除；otherwise“否则；另外”；instead“代替；相反”；ratherthan“而不是”。句意：数据显示，为了在经济低迷时期削减成本，越来越多的新娘避开夏季婚礼……在冬季结婚。因此选项C符合题意。

12.单选题

Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentsandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirms,buthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.However,ifthisweretrue,thenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies.

OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixties,capitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.Furthermore,bythelateseventies,theamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapan,ithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity.

AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively:theymadecriticalchangesinUnitedStatesprocedures.Forinstance,themass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensive,component-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachines,therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofJapaneseautomobileworkers?

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?

4.Whatistheproblemthatisassociatedwiththeproductionofhugelotsofcarsiswhichofthefollowing?

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyinformationstatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.presentthemajorstepsofaprocess

B.clarifyanambiguity

C.chronicleadispute

D.correctmisconceptions

问题2选项

A.TheirproductivitylevelsdidnotequalthoseofUnitedStatesautomobileworkersuntilthelateseventies.

B.Theirhighefficiencylevelsareadirectresultofculturalinfluences.

C.Theyoperatecomponent-specificmachinery.

D.Theyaretrainedtodomorethanonejob.

问题3选项

A.Atopicalthemeispresentedfollowedbysupportingexamples.

B.Opposingviewsarepresented,classifiedandthenreconciled.

C.Afactisstated,andanexplanationisadvancedandthenrefuted.

D.Atheoryisproposed,consideredandthenamended.

问题4选项

A.Theneedtomanufactureflexiblemachineryandequipment

B.Theneedtostoreextracomponentsnotrequiredforimmediateuse

C.Theneedforexpensivetrainingprogramsforworkers,whichemphasizethedevelopmentoffacilityinseveralproductionjobs.

D.Theneedtoalterconventionalmass-productionprocesses

问题5选项

A.JapaneseandUnitedStatesautomakersdifferintheirapproachtoproductionprocesses.

B.Japaneseautomakershaveperfectedtheuseofsingle-functionequipment.

C.JapaneseautomakersinvestmorecapitalperemployeethandoUnitedStatesautomakers.

D.UnitedStates-ownedfactoriesabroadhavehigherproductionlevelsthandoJapaneseownedplantsintheUnitedStates.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章开头提出了话题:在世界汽车行业中日本公司的生产效率最高。第一段、第二段分别探讨了针对此话题的两种观点并一一驳斥。第三段再提出正确观点。因此，D项“更正错误的想法”比较能概括文章目的。

第2题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs(日本汽车制造商选择通过引入几项与美国不同的做法，使小批量生产成为可能，包括使用灵活的设备，这些设备可以很容易地改变，以完成几项不同的生产任务，并培训从事多种工作的工人)，因此，D项“他们（即日本汽车工人）被培训去做不止一项工作”正确。

第3题:判断推理题。第一段先陈述事实:日本企业在世界汽车企业生产效率中达到最高水平，随后针对这个事实进行解释，最后反驳:情况不是这样。因此，C项“陈述一个事实；接着进行解释，然后进行反驳”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive(从而消除了去储存额外部件缓冲库存的需要，而该需求产生于特定的设备和工人被保持不断工作时)。因此，B项“需要储存不被立刻需要的额外部件”正确。

第5题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively:theymadecriticalchangesinUnitedStatesprocedures(一个更有成效的解释可能在于日本人的生产技术。日本汽车生产商并没有简单地更有效地实施传统流程：他们在美国的做法上进行了重大的变革)，由此可知A项“日本和美国汽车制造商在他们的生产流程上有差异”正确。

13.不定项选择题

Thereisnothingthatmanfearsmorethanthetouchoftheunknown.Hewantstoseewhatisreachingtowardshim,andtobeabletorecognizeoratleastclassifyit.Manalwaystendstoavoidphysicalcontactwithanythingstrange.Eveninsleep,whenheisfarmoreunguarded,hecanalltooeasilybedisturbedbyatouch.

Allthedistanceswhichmencreateroundthemselvesaredictatedbythisfear.Theyshutthemselvesinhouseswhichnoonemayenter,notonlythefearofbeingrobbed,butalsothefearofasuddenandunexpectedclutchoutofthedarkness.Thefearofbeingtouchedremainswithuswhenwegoaboutamongpeople;thewaywemoveinabusystreet,inrestaurants,trainsorbuses,isgovernedbyit.Evenwhenwearestandingnexttothemandareabletowatchandexaminethemclosely,weavoidactualcontactifwecan.Ifwedonotavoidit,itisbecausewefeelattractedtosomeone;andthenitiswewhomaketheapproach.

Itisonlyinacrowdthatmancanbecomefreeofthisfearofbeingtouched.Thatistheonlysituationinwhichthefearchangesintoitsopposite.Thecrowdheneedsisthedensecrowd,inwhichbodyispressedtobody;acrowd,too,whosephysicalconstitutionisalsodense,orcompact,sothathenolongernoticeswhoitisthatpressesagainsthim.Assoonasamanhassurrenderedhimselftothecrowdheceasestofearitstouch.

Ideallyallareequalthere;nodistinctionscount,noteventhatofsex.Themanpressedagainsthimisthesameashimself.Hefeelshimashefeelshimself.Suddenlyitisasthougheverythingwerehappeninginoneandthesamebody.Thisisperhapsoneofthereasonswhyacrowdseekstocloseinonitself:itwantstorideachindividualascompletelyaspossibleofthefearofbeingtouched.Themorefiercelypeoplepresstogether,themorecertaintheyfeelthattheydonotfeareachother.Thisreversalofthefearofbeingtouchedbelongstothenatureofcrowds.Thefeelingofreliefismoststrikingwherethedensityofthecrowdisgreatest.

1.Peoplefearburglarsbecause（）.

2.Inpublic,accordingtotheauthor,we（）.

3.Whichisthepossiblemeaningofthephrase“maketheapproach”inParagraph3?

4.Thewaywefeelwheninacrowdispresentedasa(n)（）.

5.Onceformed,crowdsalwaystendto（）.

问题1选项

A.theyarrivesuddenlyandunexpectedly

B.theygrabyouinthedark

C.theytakeawayyourmosttreasuredpersonalpossessions

D.theyattackpeopleintheassumedsafetyoftheirhome

问题2选项

A.alwaysavoidcontactwithpeople

B.donotobjecttosomeoneattractivetouchingus

C.feelveryuneasy

D.trynottobetouched

问题3选项

A.runaway

B.makeone’sway

C.layouttheroad

D.trytogetnearer

问题4选项

A.absurdity

B.logicalconclusion

C.opposite

D.paradox

问题5选项

A.becomeuncomfortable

B.contract

C.expand

D.splitup

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:判断推理题。文中第一句话Thereisnothingthatmanfearsmorethanthetouchoftheunknown.“没有什么比接触未知更让人害怕的了。”以及第二段第二句Theyshutthemselvesinhouseswhichnoonemayenter,notonlythefearofbeingrobbed,butalsothefearofasuddenandunexpectedclutchoutofthedarkness.“他们把自己关在一所不让人进去的房子里，不仅怕被抢劫，而且也怕突然地、意外地从黑暗中钻出来。”有提到，人们害怕未知事物是因为怕黑暗中的突然意外。A选项“他们来得突然，出乎意料”这是窃贼的特点，但不是人们害怕的理由；B选项“他们在黑暗中抓住你”，跟原文表达的意思是一样的；C选项“它们会带走你最珍贵的个人财产”文中有提及，但表示深层原因；D选项“他们在人们认为安全的家里攻击他们”跟“黑暗中被抓住”意思有出入。因此B选项符合题意。

第2题:判断推理题。文章第二段提到…weavoidactualcontactifwecan.Ifwedonotavoidit,itisbecausewefeelattractedtosomeone…“我们尽量避免实际接触。如果我们不回避它，那是因为我们被某人吸引了”，由此可知，在公共场合，作者认为我们不反对有吸引力的人对我们的碰触，所以B选项符合题意。A选项“总是避免与人接触”跟原文表述“尽量避免与人接触”还是有区别的，前者有些绝对化，人多的时候我们不可能避免接触，只是说尽量；C选项“感到十分不安”，文中没有提到关于心情方面；D选项“尽量不要被碰”也是比较绝对的说法。因此B选项正确。

第3题:语义推测题。由题意定位到文章第二段Ifwedonotavoidit,itisbecausewefeelattractedtosomeone;andthenitiswewhomaketheapproach.“如果我们不回避它，那是因为我们被某人吸引了；然后是我们来采取行动。”由此可知，maketheapproach意为“采取措施，采取行动”。A选项“逃跑”意思不对；B选项“让路，行走”也不符合题意；C选项“铺设道路”可排除；D选项“试着靠近”与approach（靠近）意思一致，比较符合题意。因此D选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干定位到