考研考博-英语-上海海洋大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海海洋大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.写作题

Directions:Forthispart,yowarerequiredtowriteacompositiononthetopicArtandLife.Youshouldwritatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(inChinese)below:

1.艺术表现生活的形式

2.艺术作用于生活的方式

3.艺术创新如何促进了社会进步

【答案】略

2.单选题

Thetoneofthearticle（）thewriter’smoodatthetime.

问题1选项

A.reproduced

B.reflected

C.imagined

D.imitated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项reproduce“复制，繁殖”；B选项reflect“反射，反应”；C选项imagine“想象，猜想”；D选项imitate“模仿，仿制”。句意：这篇文章的语气反映了作者当时的心情。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。

3.不定项选择题

Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalstimulation.Similarly,thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.

Educationhelpstoo.Researcherssaybecauseitinstillstheconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaie-Willisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor.

Flexibilitycountstoo.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychologicalterms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.

Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourstutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslatewhentheywereretested.

Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohonevisuo-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,andplayingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.

Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.

1.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses（）.

2.Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(paragraph1)refersto（）.

3.Accordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?

4.Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthat（）mighthelppreventmentaldeclines.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat（）.

问题1选项

A.theroleofmentalstimulationinpreventingmentalaging

B.graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalaging

C.therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskills

D.effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor

问题2选项

A.brainpower

B.cognitivedevelopment

C.mentalsimulating

D.intellectualfunction

问题3选项

A.Education

B.Chronicillness

C.Standardofliving

D.Alloftheabove

问题4选项

A.physicalexercises

B.socialinterconnections

C.rigiddailyroutines

D.ahealthydiet

问题5选项

A.wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperience

B.wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalagingstarted

C.wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchinductivereasoningandspatialskills

D.wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpower

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“thereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines有证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄有关的衰退”，可知A项与原文相符。A项“智力的刺激在防止智力老化方面的作用”；B项“随着年龄的增长心智能力逐渐丧失”，与原文不符；C项“智力功能和空间技能之间的关系”，与原文不符；D项“保持智力活力的有效方式”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe‘useitorloseit’philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.研究人员对‘要么使用它，要么失去它’的理论是否适用于认知老化持不同意见，但有证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄有关的衰退。”可推知it在这里指代“智力的能力”。A项“脑力”；B项“认知的发展”；C项“脑力的模拟”；D项“智力功能”，因此A选项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction幸运地没有患慢性疾病的人在智力功能方面可能进展得更好”可知B项“慢性疾病”与原文相符；由第一段中“thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter那些足够幸运的相对富裕的人也过得更好”可知C项“生活水平”与原文相符；由第二段中“Educationhelpstoo教育也有帮助”可知A项“教育”与原文相符，A、B、C选项均正确。A项“教育”；B项“慢性疾病”；C项“生活水平”；D项“以上所有各项”，因此D选项正确。

第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第五段中“Otherwaystostaysharp…playingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.还有其他保持思维敏捷的方法……比如靠记忆打桥牌，或者在家与电视游戏节目中的玩家斗智。”可知B项“社会联系”与原文相符。A项“身体锻炼”；B项“社会联系”；C项“固定的日常生活”；D项“健康的饮食”，因此B选项正确。

第5题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.虽然随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智能力，但你也会在一个关键领域获得收获：智慧。在40、50，甚至60岁，心智力都在不断增长。”，可知A项“智慧可以被认为是完全由生活经验发展而来的能力和知识的一种特殊形式”、B项“即使大脑开始老化，智慧仍然会增长”及D项“智慧是脑力的重要组成部分”均与原文相符；而C项“智慧的重要性高于归纳推理和空间技能等心理技能”原文并未提及，因此C选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Evidencecameup（）specificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungassixmonthsold.

问题1选项

A.what

B.which

C.that

D.whose

【答案】C

【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：有证据表明，婴儿在6个月大时就能识别特定的语音。结合此处语境，comeup意为“发生；出现”，则后文不接宾语，此外空格后是完整的句子，因此，后文是充当evidence的同位语，则C项that引导同位语从句。因此C为正确答案。

5.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

有些人把读书当作疲劳工作中的一种休息，并不是读一本书就预先想定读它要派何种用场，即“不为什么而读”。但日积月累，确实可以长知识、广见闻、有效益。

经过长期积累目前中国己成为全球第二大经济体和全球第一贸易大囯、全球第一外汇储备国，具备了对外输出资本的实力。

【答案】Somepeopleregardreadingasakindofrestduringtiringwork，andtheyhavenoideaofpracticaluseforthebookstheyaretoread,i.e.they“readfornopurpose”atall.Butgraduallyonecanbenefitfromreading,expandingtheirknowledge.

Chinahasbecomethesecondlargesteconomy,thefirsttradingpoweraswellasthe

firstforeignexchangereservesintheworldandhadthestrengthofoutputtingcapitalexternalafteralongterm’saccumulation.

6.单选题

BruceStephengrippedthe____wheelhardasthecarbouncedupanddown.

问题1选项

A.stirring

B.driving

C.steering

D.revolving

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析与上下文语义。A选项stirring“激动人心的，活跃的；搅动（stir的ing形式）”；B选项driving“起推动作用的；有巨大影响力”；开车（drive的ing形式）；C选项steering“驾驶，掌舵（stir的ing形式）”；D选项revolving“旋转的；旋转（revolve的ing形式）”。句意：在汽车上下颠簸的时候，BruceStephen紧紧地抓住方向盘。steeringwheel表示方向盘，C选项最符合句意。

7.单选题

Thegreat（）betweentheteamsdidnotmakeforanentertaininggame.

问题1选项

A.disparity

B.discomfit

C.discretion

D.dislocation

【答案】A

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项disparity“明显差异”；B选项discomfit“使难堪”；C选项discretion“自行决定权；审慎”；D选项dislocation“（制度、进程、生活方式）紊乱”。句意：两队之间的巨大（）并没有使比赛变得有趣。Dislocation形容制度等，不能和team搭配，disparity可以和team搭配，也符合生活中因为两个团队的巨大差异让比赛有看点的场景。因此A选项正确。

8.单选题

Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare（）.

问题1选项

A.outofwork

B.outofstock

C.outofreach

D.outofpractice

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。outofwork“失业的”；outofstock“无现货的，无库存的”；outofreach“够不着”；outofpractice“久不练习，荒废”。句意：很遗憾的告诉你，你预定的材料没有现货了。选项B符合题意。

9.翻译题

1.OneofthefastestgrowingareasinInternetapplicationsistheadoptionofInternettechnologiesforthedevelopmentofcorporatenetworks.ManypublicsectorsandcommercialorganizationsthroughouttheworldareacceleratingtheirpacesinbuildingcorporatenetworksbasedonInternettechnologies,allowingthemtorollouttheirprivate“Intranets”.TheseIntranetsareusedtosupportenterpriseapplicationsandcommunicationsbothinsideandoutsidethecorporatefirewall.

2.IntranetisthenewbuzzwordreferringtotheuseoffastgrowingandrelativelyinexpensiveInternettechnologiesforthedevelopmentofenterpriseinformationandcommunicationsystems.Itgenerallyinvolvestwokeytypesofsoftware:the“browser”whichallowsuserstoscanthenetworkforusefulinformationandthe“server”whichstoresandorganizestheinformation.MajorITvendorshaveannouncedorareplanningtoannounceproductsandserviceswhichwillhelptheircustomersinrealizingthecompetitiveadvantagesmadepossiblebythesenewtechnologies.Forexample,OracleandSybasehaveunveiledtheirplanstointroducebrowsersthatincludeapplicationdevelopmenttoolsbasedonJava,aprogramminglanguagelicensedfromSunMicrosystemsInc.Thesenewtoolsetswillallowdeveloperstowritenetwork-connection-ready,web-enabledapplicationsthatlinktocorporatedatabases.

ThecreationofprivateintranetsprovidesopportunitiesforcompaniestousetheWebasacomplementoranalternativefortraditionalinternalnetworking,applicationdevelopmenttoolsandgroupwareproducts.3.Forexample,MorganStanleyandTurnerBroadcastinghavesuccessfullyimplementedtheirownIntranetswhichallowtheiremployeestoshareinformation,collaborateonprojects,andtocreateveryeffectiveworkgroupsspreadingacrosslargegeographicalregions.

WithimprovedsecuritydesignontheIntranetwhichcanbebridgedintotheInternet,manycompaniesaredevelopingnewbusinessapplicationswhichwerenottechnicallyfeasiblenoreconomicallyviableinthepast.Forexample,shippingcompaniesandcouriercompaniescanbuildcargoandparceltrackingsystemswhichallowtheirinternationalcustomers,anywhereintheworld,tologontotheirlocalInternetnetworkstoaccesssecureddatabasestoretrievethelatestinformationabouttheirshipments.

OneofthemostoftenquotedcriticismsofInternetwhenbeingconsideredforseriousbusinessapplicationsisitssecurityrisk,oritsperceivedinadequacyofsecurityfeatures.ManyfeelthattheInternetisdistributedand“uncontrolled”.Byitsveryownnature,thereisnosingleorganizationowningtheInternet,runningitorcanbeheldresponsibleforitintheconventionalsense.Intrusionmaycomefromanywhereintheworld.Tofurthercomplicatethematter,legislationandlawenforcementconcerningelectroniccrimesvarygreatlyfromonecountrytoanother.ThispresentsgreatchallengesintheprosecutionofcrimescommittedusingtheInternet.

Whilesomeofthesefeelingsandobservationsarecorrect,manyInternettechnologyprovidersthroughouttheworldareworkingveryaggressivelyinsolvingtheproblemsconcerningInternetsecurity.Usingcryptographictechniquesandnetworkmanagementtechnologies,Internetcanbeassecuredasanyprivatenetworksusedinthefinancial,commercialandnationaldefenseapplications.

TheInternetisaglobaltechnology.Itwillaffect,inmanyaspects,thewaythatweinteractwithpeople,conductourbusinesstransactions.Itwillalsochangethewaythatweacquireandshareexperienceandknowledge.4.Itunavoidablywillalteroursenseofcommunityandremovesomeoftheconstraintspreviouslyassociatedwithgeographicalboundaries.TheInternetandIntranetarepresentingopportunitiesandchallengestoindividualsandenterprises.Theywillrewardthosewiththeabilityandvisiontoharnesstheirpower,realizingtheirconstraintsandcapableofdevelopingsolutionsinovercomingtheselimitations.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】（1）互联网应用中发展最快的一个领域采用互联网技术开发企业网络。全世界许多政府部门和商业机构正加快步伐，创建基于互联网技术的企业网络，允许它们推销秘密的“内联网”。

（2）“内联网”是一个时髦术语，指用发展迅速、相对廉价的互联网技术开发企业信息和通讯系统。内联网一般包含两种重要的软件：浏览器和服务器。前者允许用户浏览网络以获取有用信息，后者储存并整理信息。

（3）例如，摩根斯坦利金融公司和特纳广播公司成功地完成了各自的内联网，这些内联网使两家公司的雇员共享信息，共同承担项目并创建遍及各大洲的、效果明显的工作组。

（4）互联网必然会改变我们的社区意识并消除以往跟地理疆界联系在一起的种种限制。互联网和内联网给个人和企业带来机遇和挑战，这些网络奖赏有能力和远见的人利用自己的权力，在种种局限发生时，能找到克服局限性的方案。

10.单选题

MykidstellmethatIam“so20thcentury”,whichtroublesme.Apersonlikestofeelthatheis“withit”,asweusedtosayinthe20thcentury.

SoIhavebeenthinkinghowImightchangemyselfintoatrue21st-centuryman.Clearly,inmyadvancedstateofageIwouldbefoolishtoattemptsomewildleapintothecontemporaryfashion.Andanyway,mydistinctivetasteattractsmuchfavorablecomment.

Butifmyclothingistoocharacteristictochange,perhapsIshoulddosomethingaboutmylifestyle.SolastweekItookmyselftotheNECfortheSmartHomeShowwhichis“theexhibitiondedicatedtoallthelatesttrendsinsmarthometechnology”.Itwasashock.HowcouldIhavelivedforhalfacenturywithoutafingerprint-operatedfrontdoor?(“Neverlockyourselfoutofyourhomeagain!”)Orvacuumcleanersthatsuckduststraightintoadustbin,viaasystemofpipesinyourhousewalls?(Allyouhavetodoisrebuildyourentirehome.)Orautomaticgardensprinklerswhicharesosmartthattheyturnthemselvesoffwhenitstartstorain?Ofcourse,youcouldjustlookoutofthewindow,observethatit’srainingandturnthemoffyourself,butthatwouldbeso20thcentury.

Besides,thosewerejustthesimplerthings.Forthetruesmarthomeowner,aplasma(等离子)TVfireplaceisamust.Atfirstglanceit’sjustanelectricfirewithamantelpiece,butpressyourremoteandagiantTVscreenrisesfromthemantelpiece.“Thieveswon’tevenknowit’sthere,”aspokesmanclaimed.Justaswell.At65,280,itwouldbeapitytohaveitbroken.Buttherealrevolutionhashappenedinthebathroom.Neveragainneedyoufeelcutofffromworldeventsasyougoaboutyourwashing.ForgetthemirrorsthatturnintoTVscreens.They’reoldhat.Thebuzzinbathroomsnowisallaboutheatedtowel-racksthatturnintoTVs.

Enough!Iwasconvinced:Iwantasmarthome.There’sonlyoneproblem:Thecostyouarelookingat£18.000to£25,000foranaveragehome.Hmm.Iwon’tbeenteringthe21stcenturyjustyet,then.

1.Tobe“21stcentury”,theauthordecidedto（）.

2.Theauthor’scommentonthevacuumcleanerimpliesthat（）.

3.Whatisthemostrevolutionarysmarthometechnologyaccordingtotheauthor?

4.TheSmartHomeShow（）.

5.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbuyingthesmarthomeproducts?

问题1选项

A.movetoanewhouse

B.changethewayhelived

C.improvehisdressingstyle

D.talkinthemosttrendyfashion

问题2选项

A.hebelievedthatitwasuseless

B.hewantedtopurchaseonehimself

C.hehatedtocauseinconvenience

D.hethoughtthatitwasnotworththeeffort

问题3选项

A.TheplasmaTVfireplace.

B.Theautomaticgardensprinkler.

C.MirrorsthatturnintoTVscreens.

D.Heatedtowel-racksthatturnintoTVs.

问题4选项

A.seemedtoogoodtobetrue

B.wasatrueeye-openerfortheauthor

C.leftanegativeimpressionontheauthor

D.appealedlesstothemiddle-andold-aged

问题5选项

A.Hewasinterested,butfoundthemtooexpensive.

B.Hewasfascinated,anddeterminedtobuythem.

C.Hewasn’tattracted,andwouldn’tbuythem.

D.Hewasn’tsure,sohewouldratherwaitandsee.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题干意思是“要变得‘21世纪’，作者决定……”。文章第三段第一句提到Butifmyclothingistoocharacteristictochange,perhapsIshoulddosomethingaboutmylifestyle.（但如果我的服装太有特色而无法改变，也许我应该改变一下我的生活方式），由此可知B项“改变生活方式”符合题意。A项“搬进一个新房子”，文章最后一段提到There’sonlyoneproblem:Thecostyouarelookingat£18.000to£25,000foranaveragehome.（只有一个问题：一套普通住宅的成本大概在1.8万至2.5万英镑之间），由此可知作者搬进一个新房子的可能性不是很大；C项“改善着装风格”，文章作者提到服装太有特色而无法改变，所以C项错误；D项“以最时髦的方式交谈”文章没有提及。故该题选B正确。

第2题:细节推断题。题干意思是“作者对真空吸尘器的评论暗示着……”。根据题干定位到第三段第五句Orvacuumcleanersthatsuckduststraightintoadustbin,viaasystemofpipesinyourhousewalls?(Allyouhavetodoisrebuildyourentirehome.)（真空吸尘器是通过墙壁上的管道系统将灰尘直接吸进垃圾箱吗？你所要做的就是重建你的整个家），由此可知，要安装这个吸尘器还要把房子重新建造一遍，作者认为这个耗时又耗力，所以D项“觉得不值得这么做”符合题意。A项“相信真空吸尘器没有用处”，文章作者没有说这个吸尘器没有用处；B项“想要自己买一个”，内容与原文相反；C项“讨厌制造麻烦”为干扰项，根据原文中的内容，作者不是觉得吸尘器麻烦，而是觉得为了一个吸尘器来重建房子不值得。故该题选D正确。

第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为最具革命性的智能家居技术是什么？”。第四段最后两句提到Buttherealrevolutionhashappenedinthebathroom.Neveragainneedyoufeelcutofffromworldeventsasyougoaboutyourwashing.ForgetthemirrorsthatturnintoTVscreens…Thebuzzinbathroomsnowisallaboutheatedtowel-racksthatturnintoTVs.（但真正的革命发生在浴室；当你洗衣服的时候，你再也不需要感觉与世界事件隔绝了；忘掉那些变成电视屏幕的镜子吧；现在浴室里的话题都是加热毛巾架变成电视），由此可知D项“可以变成电视的加热毛巾架”正确；C项“可以变成电视屏幕的镜子”错误；A项“等离子电视壁炉”，根据At65,280,itwouldbeapitytohaveitbroken.（65,280英镑，如果它坏了就太可惜了）可知，作者觉得等离子电视壁炉太贵，A项不选；B项“花园自动洒水器”，第三段最后一句提到Ofcourse,youcouldjustlookoutofthewindow,observethatit’srainingandturnthemoffyourself,butthatwouldbeso20thcentury.（当然，你可以看着窗外，看到正在下雨，然后自己把洒水器关掉，但那是20世纪的事了），由此可知，B项也不正确。故该题选D正确。

第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“智能家居展……”。第三段第二句提到SolastweekItookmyselftotheNECfortheSmartHomeShowwhichis“theexhibitiondedicatedtoallthelatesttrendsinsmarthometechnology”.Itwasashock.（所以上周我带自己去NEC参加智能家居展，这是一个“致力于智能家居技术最新趋势的展览”，太令人震惊了），接着第四段和第五段都是智能家居展览中的一些智能家居的应用，根据作者对例子的表述和作者的语气可知B项“让作者大开眼界”符合题意。A项“看起来太好以至于不真实”，作者只是提到了很贵，所以A项错误；C项“给作者留下了负面的印象”和D项“对中老年人吸引力较小”内容与原文相反。故该题选B正确。

第5题:观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对购买智能家居产品有什么看法？”。根据文章最后一段Enough!Iwasconvinced:Iwantasmarthome.There’sonlyoneproblem:Thecostyouarelookingat£18.000to£25,000foranaveragehome.（够了！我被说服了：我想要一个智能家居；但只有一个问题：一套普通住宅的成本大概在1.8万至2.5万英镑之间）可知，作者对智能家居很感兴趣，但是价格太昂贵了，所以A项“他很感兴趣，但觉得太贵了”正确。B项“他被迷住了，决定买下它们”和C项“他没有兴趣，也不会买”内容与原文不符；D项“他不能肯定，所以他宁愿等着瞧”，文章中作者没有提到要等着瞧，D项错误。故该题选A正确。

11.单选题

The（）beautyofthemountainhasmadeitaworld-famousresort.Everyyearnumeroustouristsfromhomeandabroadcometovisitit.

问题1选项

A.perpetual

B.perplexed

C.preserved

D.perished

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析题。perpetual"永久的,不断的";perplexed"困感的,不知所措的";preserved"保存完好的";perished"消亡的,毁坏的"。句意：保存完好的山区风景使得它成为世界闻名的旅游胜地。每年都有许多来自国内外的游客来参观。选项C符合句意。

12.单选题

HistorianshavelongknownthatthereweretwosidestothePopulistmovementofthe1890s:aprogressiveside,embodyingtheprotestsofformersagainstbigbusiness,andadarkerside,markedbyadistrustofEasterners,immigrants,andintellectuals.Inthe1950s,oneschoolofU.S.socialthinkersconstructedaparallelbetweenthisdarksideofPopulismandthecontemporaryanti-CommunistcrusadespearheadedbyWisconsinSenatorJosephMcCarthy,whichattackedliberalism,Easternintellectuals,andcivillibertiesingeneral.ToSeymourMartinLipset,McCarthyismrepresented“thesourdregsofPopulism”;toEdwardShils,McCarthyism,likePopulism,exemplified“theambiguousAmericanimpulsetoward4directdemocracy.

NothingthatMcCarthyismandPopulismhadbothfoundtheirstrongestsupportintheagrarianMidwest,

LipsetarguedthatvoterswhobackedagrarianprotestmovementsduringearliereconomiccriseshadsupportedMcCarthyinthepost-WorldIIperiodofprosperity.IntheeyesofwriterslikeLipset,theappealofMcCarthyismextendedbeyondtheagrarianbaseofPopulismtoincludeurbangroupssuchasindustrialworkers.Lipsetclaimedthat“thelowerclasses,especiallytheworkers”hadbackedMcCarthy.Inamoresweepingfashion,LewisFeuerclaimedthat“itwastheAmericanlowerclass...whogavetheiroverwhelmingsupporttotheattacksinrecentyearsincivilliberties.”

Writingafewyearslater,politicalscientistMichaelPaulRoginchallengedthesesuperficiallyplausiblenotions,contendingthattheymerelyembodiedthewriters,ownassumptionsaboutthesupposedintoleranceoflowerclassgroups,ratherthanavalidinterpretationofMcCarthyism.Rogincriticallyexaminedtheirassertionsbythesimplemethodoftestingthemagainsttheevidence.HetestedLipset’sclaimsaboutthecontinuityofMcCarthyismandearlieragrarianprotestmovementsbybreakingdownstatewidevotingstatisticsonacounty-by-countybasis.HefoundthatWisconsincountiesthathadvotedstronglyforProgressivesbeforeWorldWarIIdidnotsupportMcCarthy;McCarthy’ssupportwasconcentratedinhishomeregionandinethnicGermanareasthathadbeentraditionallyconservative.TheoldProgressivevotehadinfactgonetoMcCarthy’sopponents,theDemocrats.

TotestLipset’sgeneralizationsaboutMcCarthy’ssupportamongclassgroups,Roginattemptedtodeterminewhetherindustrialworkershad,infact,backedMcCarthy.Correlatingincomeandemploymentstatisticswithvotingrecords,RoginfoundthatthegreatertheemploymentinindustryinagivenWisconsincounty,thelowerwasMcCarthy’sshareofthevote.Roginconcludedthatthethesisof“McCarthyismasPopulism”shouldbejudged“notastheproductofsciencebutasa...ventureintoconservativepoliticaltheory.’’

1.TheauthorwouldprobablyassertthePopulismandMcCarthyism（

）.

2.ItcanbeinferredthatRogin’smostseriouscriticismofLipset,Feuer,andShils’smethodologywouldprobablybethatthey（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,RoginconcludedthatthewritingsofLipset,ShilsandFeuer（）.

4.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

问题1选项

A.werecompletelyoppositeincharacter

B.wereresponsesto,respectively,agrarianandindustrialconditions

C.wereessentiallydissimilarmovementsthatsharedsomecommonfeatures

D.eachhadbothaprogressiveandadarkerside

问题2选项

A.reachedincorrectconclusionsaboutMcCarthy

B.failedtoexaminetheevidencethatcouldsupportorweakentheirconclusions

C.equatedsupportforMcCarthyismwithanti-intellectualism

D.placedtoomuchemphasisonthedualcharacterofPopulism

问题3选项

A.intentionallydistortedhistoricalevidence

B.wereflawedbypoliticalpresuppositions

C.lentsupporttoattackoncivilliberties

D.weremarkedbyanti-intellectualbias

问题4选项

A.discoveriesdescribinganinstanceofflawedhistoricalanalysis

B.advocatingtheuseofstatisticalmethodsinhistoricalresearch

C.examiningthesimilaritiesbetweentwopoliticalmovements

D.explainingwhyhistoricalconclusionsshouldberevisedaccordingtolaterrevelations

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段的内容，二十世纪五十年代，美国社会思想家将民粹主义的阴暗面和反共产主义运动进行相提并论和比较，说明是有共同之处的，选项C符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，罗金对李普塞特、福伊尔和希尔斯的方法论进行了验证，最严厉的批评是，二者都没有对自己的观点给出证据。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，罗金的总结是，麦卡锡主义不应该被判定为科学的产物，而是一种保守政治理论。选项B符合题意。

4.主旨题。作者首先提出了麦卡锡主义和民粹主义理论，接着提出罗金对他们方法论做出了验证，最后表明将麦卡锡主义比作民粹主义的理论不应被判定为科学的产物，而是一种政治领域的探索。选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

（

）

foryourhelp,we’dneverhavebeenabletogetoverthedifficulties.

问题1选项

A.Haditnot

B.Ifitwerenot

C.Haditnotbeen

D.Ifwehadnotbeen

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气的用法。虚拟语气的从句可以省略if，采用倒装形式，选项C符合题意。

14.单选题

Thebuildingcollapsedbecauseitsfoundationwasnotstrongenoughto（

）theweightofthebuilding.

问题1选项

A.idealize

B.subside

C.initiate

D.sustain

【答案】D

【解析】句意:建筑物倒塌是因为它的地基不足以支撑整个建筑物的重量。

考查动词辨析。Idealize使理想化,理想化地描述;subside平息,减弱;initiate开始,发起;sustain支撑,维持,承担。由关键词theweightofthebuilding(建筑物重量)可知D符合句意。

15.单选题

Californiaisalandofvarietyandcontrast.Almosteverytypeofphysicallandfeature,sortofarcticicefieldsandtropicaljunglescanbefoundwithinitsborders.Sharplycontrastingtypesoflandoftenlieveryclosetooneanother.

PeoplelivinginBakersfield,forinstance,canvisitthePacificOceanandthecoastalplain,thefertileSanJoaquinValley,thearidMojaveDesert,andthehighSierraNevada,allwithinaradiusofabout100miles.Inotherareasitispossibletogosnowskiinginthemorningandsurfingintheeveningofthesameday,withouthavingtotravellongdistance.

ContrastaboundsinCalifornia.ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia,andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska).MountWhitney,14,494feetabovesealevel,isseparatedfromDeathValley,282feetbelowsealevel,byadistanceofonly100miles.Thetwoareashaveadifferenceinaltitudeofalmostthreemiles.

Californiahasdeep,clearmountainlakeslikeLakeTahoe,thedeepestinthecountry,butitalsohasshallow,saltydesertlakes.IthasLakeTulainyo,12,020feetabovesealevel,andthelowestlakeinthecountry,theSaltonSea,236feetbelowsealevel.Someofitslakes,likeOwensLakeinDeathValley,arenotlakesatall:theyaredrieduplakebeds.

Inadditiontomountains,lakes,valleys,deserts,andplateaus,CaliforniahasitsPacificcoastline,stretchinglongerthanthecoastlinesofOregonandWashingtoncombined.

1.WhichofthefollowingisthelowestpointintheUnitedStates?

2.WhereisthehighestpointintheUnitedStateslocated?

3.HowfarawayisDeathValleyfromMountWhitney?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasbeingwithinaradiusofabout100milesofBakersfield?

5.WhichstatementbestdemonstratesthatCaliforniaisalandofvarietyandcontrast?

问题1选项

A.LakeTulainyo

B.Mojavedesert

C.DeathValley

D.TheSaltonSea

问题2选项

A.LakeTahoe

B.SierraNevada

C.MountWhitney

D.Alaska

问题3选项

A.about3miles

B.Only100miles

C.282feet

D.14,494feet

问题4选项

A.ThePacificOcean.

B.SanJoaquinValley

C.MojaveDesert

D.OregonandWashington

问题5选项

A.ThehighestlakeinCaliforniaisLakeTulainyo

B.ItispossibletogosurfingandsnowskiinginsomepartsofCaliforniawithouthavingtotravellongdistance.

C.SierraNevada,SanJoaquinValley,MojaveDesertandPacificOceanallliewithinaradiusofabout100miles.

D.OwensLake,inDeathValley,isnotreallyalakeatall.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干中的thelowestpoint可以定位在文章描述海拔高度的部分。由文章第三段中的...DeathVolley,282feetbelowsealevel...“死亡谷，低于海平面282英尺。”第三段提到了美国的最高点和最低点。故C项符合题意。

2.细节事实题。同样根据题干定位在文章第三段中的ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia,andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska).“(除了阿拉斯加州之外)美国的最商点就在加利福尼亚，并且(包括阿拉斯加州在内)美国的最低点也在加利福尼亚。”由此可以推断出，美国实际最高点应该在阿拉斯加州，因此答案选D。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可以将答案定位在文章第三段中的MountWhitney,14,494feetabovesealevel,isseparatedfromDeathValley,282feetbelowsealevel,byadistanceofonly100miles.“海拔14,494英尺的惠特尼山与海拔282英尺的死亡谷仅相距100英里。”由此选项B“仅仅100英里”正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干withinaradiusofabout100milesofBakersfield可以将答案定位在文章第二段第一句话PeoplelivinginBakersfield,forinstance,canvisitthePacificOceanandthecoastalplain,thefertileSanJoaquinValley,thearidMojaveDesert,andthehighSierraNevada,allwithinaradiusofabout100miles.“例如，生活在贝克斯菲尔德的人们可以游览太平洋和沿海平原，肥沃的圣华金山谷，干旱的莫哈韦沙漠，以及高海拔的内华达山脉，所有这些都在100英里的范围内。由此可知，只有D项没有提及，故答案为D。

5.判断推理题。四个选项的信息均在文章中有所提及且表述正确，但最能体现加利福尼亚地貌多样性且差异巨大的为选项C“内华达山脉、圣华金河谷、莫哈韦沙漠和太平洋均在100英里的半径范围内”。故C项符合题意。

16.单选题

Inhiswill,themillionaire（）nearlyallhisfortunestothehousemaidwhotookcareofhiminhislastdays.

问题1选项

A.inherited

B.bequeathed

C.owed

D.remitted

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。inherit“继承（遗产）等”；bequeath“将（财物