考研考博-英语-昆明冶金高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-昆明冶金高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Themanagertriedtowaveasidetheseissuesas______detailsthatwouldbesettledlater.

问题1选项

A.versatile

B.trivial

C.preliminary

D.alternate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项versatile“多才多艺的；通用的，万能的；多面手的”；B选项trivial“不重要的，琐碎的；琐细的”；C选项preliminary“初步的；开始的；预备的”；D选项alternate“交替的，轮流的；间隔的，每隔（……天等）的；（一个或多个事物）另外的，可供选择的；（两者）互不相容的；另类的，非传统的；（叶、芽）互生的”。句意：经理试图对这些问题置之不理，认为都是些琐碎的细节，以后再解决。因此B选项正确。

2.填空题

Peoplewithdepressionmayhavelowself-esteem,asenseofhopelessnessaboutthefuture,andalackofinterestinpeopleandactivitiesoncefound________.(pleasure)

【答案】pleasurable

【解析】【考查点】形容词。

【解题思路】oncefound________是修饰peopleandactivities的后置定语，指的是曾经让抑郁症患者感到愉快的人和活动，横线所在内容修饰peopleandactivities，应为形容词，pleasurable的意思为“愉快的”，符合语境。

【句意】抑郁症患者可能自尊心较低，对未来感到绝望，对曾经令其愉快的人和活动缺乏兴趣。

3.单选题

Afterafewroundsoftalks,bothsidesregardedtheterritorydispute（）.

问题1选项

A.beingsettled

B.tobesettled

C.hadsettled

D.assettled

【答案】D

【解析】句意:经过几次谈话，双方都认为这个领土纷争已经解决了。

考查固定搭配。regardsth.asdone将某事看做已经完成了的事。因此选D项。

4.单选题

Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds______hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.

问题1选项

A.whichtobaseon

B.onwhichtobase

C.tobebasedon

D.tobaseon

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。句意：这位教授几乎找不到足够的根据来支持他的新理论。根据横线到句尾是对sufficientgrounds进行修饰的定语从句，确定用引导词which；根据短语basehisargumentsonthesesufficient，确定用介词on，B选项onwhichtobase正确。A选项whichtobaseon介词和语序错误；C选项tobebasedon和D选项tobaseon介词使用错误。因此B选项正确。

5.单选题

Whilecrossingthemountainareas,allthemenhadgunsforprotectionlest（）bythelocalbandits.

问题1选项

A.beattacked

B.wereattacked

C.aretobeattacked

D.wouldbeattacked

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。Lest是连词，意为“唯恐，以免”。其后接的状语从句常用should+动词原形。should

可以省略。所以选项A正确。句意：在翻越山区时，所有人都带着枪，以防遭到当地土匪的袭击。

6.单选题

ThemostimportantdivideinAmericatodayisclass,notrace,andtheplacewhereitmattersmostisinthehome.Conservativeshavebeenbangingonaboutfamilybreakdownfordecades.Nowoneofthenation’smostprominentliberalscholarshasjoinedthechorus.

RobertPutnamisaformerdeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernmentandtheauthorofBowlingAlone(2000),aninfluentialworkthatlamentedthedeclineofsocialcapitalinAmerica.Inhisnewbook,OurKids,hedescribesthegrowinggulfbetweenhowtherichandthepoorraisetheirchildren.

Amongtheeducatedelitethetraditionalfamilyisthriving:fewerthan10%ofbirthstofemalecollegegraduatesareoutsidemarriage—afigurethatisbarelyhigherthanitwasin1970.In2007amongwomenwithjustahigh-schooleducation,bycontrast,65%ofbirthswerenon-marital.Racemakesadifference:only2%ofbirthstowhitecollegegraduatesareout-of-wedlock,comparedwith80%amongAfrican-Americanswithnomorethanahigh-schooleducation,butneitherofthesefigureshaschangedmuchsincethe1970s.Howeverthenon-maritalbirthproportionamongthehigh-school-educatedwhiteshasquadrupled,to50%,andthesamefigureforcollege-educatedblackshasfallenbyathird,to25%.Thustheclassdivideisgrowingevenastheracialgapisshrinking.

Upbringingaffectsopportunity.Upper-middle-classhomesarenotonlyricher(withtwoprofessionalincomes)andmorestable:theyarealsomorenurturing.Inthe1970s,therewerepracticallynoclassdifferencesintheamountoftimethatparentsspenttalking,readingandplayingwithtoddlers.Nowthechildrenofcollege-educatedparentsreceive50%moreofwhatMr.Putnamcalls“GoodnightMoon”time(afterapopularbookforinfants).

Working-classparents,whohavelesssparecapacity,aremorelikelytodemandthattheirkidssimplyobeythem.Intheshortrunthissavestime,inthelongrunitpreventsthekidsfromlearningtoorganizetheirownlivesorthinkforthemselves.Poorparentingisthusabarriertosocialmobility,andisbecomingmoresoastheworldgrowsmorecomplexandtherewardsforsuperiorcognitiveskillsincrease.

Stunningly,Mr.Putnamfindsthatfamilybackgroundisabetterpredictorofwhetherornotachildwillgraduatefromuniversitythan8thgradetestscores.Kidsintherichestquarterwithlowtestscoresareasliketomakeitthroughcollegeaskidsinthepoorestquarterwithhighscores.

Mr.Putnamsuggestsagrab-bagofpoliciestohelppoorkidsreachtheirpotentialsuchasraisingsubsidiesforpoorfamilies,teachingthembetterparentingskills,improvingnurserycareandmakingafter-schoolbaseballclubsfree.Heurgesall50statestoexperimenttofindoutwhatworks.Aproblemthiscomplexhasnosimplesolution.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoMr.Putnam’snewbook?

2.“GoodnightMoon”time(Line5,Para.4)referstothetimeof（

）.

3.Wecaninferthatworking-classparents（

）.

4.WhatdoesMr.Putnam’sfindingabouttestscoressuggest?

5.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses（

）.

问题1选项

A.Maritalbirthratealmostkeepsunchangedamongcollegegraduates.

B.Non-maritalbirthshavebeendecreasingamonghigh-schoolgraduates.

C.African-Americanshavegivenbirthtomorenon-maritalchildren.

D.Morehigh-school-educatedwhiteshavechildrenbeforemarriage.

问题2选项

A.providingopportunityforkids

B.givingmorenourishmenttokids

C.beinginvolvedintheeducationofkids

D.readingpopularbookstoinfants

问题3选项

A.tendtobemorestrictwithchild

B.forbidkidstothinkindependently

C.overlookchangesofthesociety

D.needtrainingforeducation

问题4选项

A.Studentsfromrichfamiliesdon’tneedtostudyhard.

B.Parentaleducationaffectskids’academicresultsgreatly.

C.Kidsinpoorfamiliescanhardlygraduatefromcolleges.

D.Familybackgroundcanmakeupforacademicflaws.

问题5选项

A.howparentsshouldbringuptheirchildren

B.howfamilybackgroundinfluencesschooling

C.whatthegreatestbarriertosocialmobilityis

D.variousclasseseducatekidsdifferently

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第三段“Amongtheeducatedelitethetraditionalfamilyisthriving:fewerthan10%ofbirthstofemalecollegegraduatesareoutsidemarriage—afigurethatisbarelyhigherthanitwasin1970.在受过良好教育的精英阶层中，传统家庭正在蓬勃发展:女性大学毕业生的非婚生育比例不到10%——这一数字仅比1970年高了一点点。”可推知大学毕业生结婚后生育率几乎没有太大变化。故A项正确。B项“在高中毕业群体中，非婚生子女一直在减少”，文章只是在第三段第四句中提到高中教育程度的白人生育非婚生子女的情况增加了，故排除；C项“非裔美国人非婚生子女更多”，作者主要从不同教育阶层比较非婚生子女的比例，并没有整体比较白人和非裔美国人的非婚生子女情况，故排除；D项“更多高中教育程度的白人在婚前生子”，作者在本段第四句提到高中教育程度的白人非婚生子女率有所提高，这与婚前生子概念不同，因此D项与原文意思不符，故排除。

2.词义题。由第四段“Inthe1970s,therewerepracticallynoclassdifferencesintheamountoftimethatparentsspenttalking,readingandplayingwithtoddlers.Nowthechildrenofcollege-educatedparentsreceive50%moreofwhatMr.Putnamcalls‘GoodnightMoon’time(afterapopularbookforinfants).在20世纪70年代，父母花在与幼儿交谈、阅读和玩耍上的时间几乎没有阶级差异。现在，受过大学教育的父母的孩子得到的时间比帕特南所说的《晚安，月亮》多了50%。”可推断出GoodnightMoontime是指父母参与孩子教育的时间，故C项正确。

3.推理判断题。由第五段“Working-classparents,whohavelesssparecapacity,aremorelikelytodemandthattheirkidssimplyobeythem.Intheshortrunthissavestime,inthelongrunitpreventsthekidsfromlearningtoorganizetheirownlivesorthinkforthemselves.工薪阶层的父母，他们的空闲时间更少，更有可能要求他们的孩子简单地服从他们。从短期来看，这样做节省了时间，但从长远来看，这样做会阻碍孩子们学会安排自己的生活或独立思考。”可知工薪阶层父母对孩子的养育方式不正确，他们应该接受教育培训。故D项正确。

4.由倒数第二段“Stunningly,Mr.Putnamfindsthatfamilybackgroundisabetterpredictorofwhetherornotachildwillgraduatefromuniversitythan8thgradetestscores.Kidsintherichestquarterwithlowtestscoresareasliketomakeitthroughcollegeaskidsinthepoorestquarterwithhighscores.令人惊讶的是，帕特南发现，家庭背景比八年级考试成绩更能预示一个孩子能否从大学毕业。在最富裕的地区考试分数低的孩子和在最贫穷的地区考试分数高的孩子一样有可能读完大学。”可知结合上面两段对不同阶层参与教育和教育方式的差别可知，这能够反映出父母的家庭教育对孩子学业成绩的影响，故答案为B。A项“来自富裕家庭的孩子不必努力学习”，第六段第二句虽然提到考试成绩不及贫困家庭孩子的富裕家庭的学生也有机会从大学毕业，但这主要是说明家庭教育的影响，而不是说他们可以不努力读书，故排除；C项“贫困家庭的孩子几乎很难从大学毕业”，文章并没有比较两种家庭孩子大学毕业的整体情况，更没有说贫困家庭的孩子难以大学毕业，故排除；D项“家庭背景可以弥补学业上的不足”，该句似是而非，原文实际上是说家庭教育可以帮助学生提高学业水平，而不是直接弥补学业上的不足，故排除。

5.主旨大意题。本文第一段指出当今美国最重要的分裂是阶层分裂而不是种族分裂。第四段比较了不同阶层的父母在教育方式及教育参与程度的差异，反映了家庭背景对孩子学业成绩的影响。故B项“家庭背景影响孩子的学业”正确。

7.单选题

Universitiesareinstitutionsthatteachawidevarietyofsubjectsatadvancedlevels.Theyalsocarryoutresearchworkaimed（1）extendingman’sknowledgeofthesesubjects.Theemphasisgiventoeachofthesefunctions（2）fromuniversitytouniversity,accordingtotheviewsofthepeoplein（3）andaccordingtotheresourcesavailable.

Smallerandneweruniversitiesdonot（4）thestafforequipmenttocarryoutthe（5）researchprojectspossibleinlargerinstitutions.（6）mostexpertsagreethatsomeresearchactivityis（7）tokeepthestaffandtheirstudentsin（8）withthelatestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.

Moststudentsattendauniversitymainlyto（9）theknowledgeneededfortheirchosen（10）.Educationistsbelievethatthisaimshouldnotbethe（11）one.Universitieshavealwaysaimedtoproducemenandwomen（12）judgmentandwisdomaswellasknowledge.Forthisreason,they（13）studentstomeetotherswithdiffering（14）andtoreadwidelyto（15）theirunderstandinginmanyfieldsofstudy.（16）asecondaryschoolcourse,astudentshouldbeinterestedenoughinasubjecttoenjoygainingknowledgeforitsown（17）.Heshouldbepreparedto（18）sacrificestostudyhischosen（19）indepth.Heshouldhaveanambitiontomakesome（20）contributiontoman’sknowledge.

问题1选项

A.at

B.by

C.to

D.in

问题2选项

A.turns

B.ranges

C.moves

D.varies

问题3选项

A.prospect

B.place

C.control

D.favor

问题4选项

A.occupy

B.possess

C.involve

D.spare

问题5选项

A.maximum

B.medium

C.virtual

D.vast

问题6选项

A.But

B.As

C.While

D.For

问题7选项

A.natural

B.essential

C.functional

D.optional

问题8选项

A.coordination

B.accordance

C.touch

D.grasp

问题9选项

A.acquire

B.accept

C.endure

D.ensure

问题10选项

A.procession

B.profession

C.possession

D.preference

问题11选项

A.typical

B.true

C.mere

D.only

问题12选项

A.with

B.under

C.on

D.through

问题13选项

A.prompt

B.provoke

C.encourage

D.anticipate

问题14选项

A.histories

B.expressions

C.interests

D.curiosities

问题15选项

A.broaden

B.length

C.enforce

D.specify

问题16选项

A.Amid

B.After

C.Over

D.Upon

问题17选项

A.object

B.course

C.effect

D.sake

问题18选项

A.take

B.make

C.suffer

D.pay

问题19选项

A.field

B.scope

C.target

D.goal

问题20选项

A.radical

B.truthful

C.meaningful

D.initial

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:B

第11题:D

第12题:A

第13题:C

第14题:C

第15题:B

第16题:D

第17题:D

第18题:B

第19题:A

第20题:B

【解析】1.考查介词辨析。aimtodo“想要做某事，立志要做”；aimatdoing“指望、旨在、针对”，句意：他们还开展研究工作，旨在扩大人类对这些学科的知识。且后面动词是doing形式，因此选项A正确。

2.考查固定搭配。根据上下文，意思是各个大学对于科研的重视程度在学校和学校之间是不同的。此处vary译为“不同”，可以构成varyfrom…to…意为“因……而异”。因此选项D正确。

3.介词搭配题。在本句中，根据and这一并列连词可以看出，其后的内容为根据学校现有资源的不同而决定了科研的不同，那么and前的并列部分，也是在讲学校自身的原因，因此可以得出people一词后面的介词短语作定语，故而想到incontrol“主管，控制”，此处peopleincontrol意为“学校的主管人员”也就是管理者们。选项C正确。

4.考查动词辨析。A选项occupy“占据、占领”；B选项possess“拥有、具备”；C选项involve“包含、涉及”；D选项spare“多余的，备用的”，句意：一些小规模学校或是新建学校不拥有可以开展大型研究的工作人员和设备。B选项符合题意。

5.考查形容词辨析。A选项maximum“最大值”；B选项medium“中等的”；C选项virtual“虚拟的”；D选项vast“巨大的”，句意为：较小和较新的大学没有人员或设备来进行大型研究机构可能进行的大规模研究项目。大型研究机构进行大规模的研究项目，因此选项D符合题意。

6.考查上下文语义。根据上句“较小和较新的大学没有人员或设备来进行大型研究机构可能进行的大规模研究项目”以及下句“大多数专家认为一些研究活动是必要的，以保持教职员工和他们的学生在他们的学科的最新发展”，由此说明虽没有人员和设备，但是一些研究活动还是必要的，是转折关系，因此选项A正确。

7.考查形容词辨析。A选项natural“自然的”；B选项essential“必不可少的”；C选项functional“功能的”；D选项optional“可选择的”，beessentialto为固定搭配，意为“对……至关重要，必不可少”。根据句意：专家们认为，为了使学生和教师能够及时了解学科发展的最新信息，搞科研是很有必要的。选项B正确。

8.考查固定搭配。根据句意，搞科研的目的是让教师和学生能够及时了解前沿信息，信息词keep，in，with和touch构成固定搭配keepintouchwith，意为“与……保持联系”。因此选项C正确。

9.考查动词辨析。A选项acquire“获得”；B选项accept“接受”；C选项endure“忍受、忍耐”；D选项ensure“确保”，根据上下文，学生上大学的目的主要是为了获取知识，acquire“获得（技能，知识等）”与knowledge搭配符合句意。选项A正确。

10.考查名词辨析。A选项procession“游行、队伍”；B选项profession“职业、专业”；C选项possession“占有、所有”；D选项preference“偏好、偏爱”，句意为：大多数学生上大学主要是为了获得他们所选择的专业所需的知识。因此选项B符合题意。

11.考查上下文语义。根据上句“大多数学生上大学主要是为了获得他们所选择的专业所需的知识”，推测出下句“教育家认为，这一目标不应该是唯一的目标”，教育家认为获得专业知识并不只是唯一的目标，因此选项D符合题意。

12.考查介词辨析。句意为：大学的目标一直是培养具有判断力、智慧和知识的男性和女性。with+名词构成后置定语修饰menandwomen。因此选项A正确。

13.考查动词辨析。A选项prompt“提示、促进”；B选项provoke“引起、挑起”；C选项encourage“鼓励、鼓舞”；D选项anticipate“预料、预计”，根据上文，学校的教育目标是多元的，因此学校鼓励学生去广泛结交兴趣多样的人才。encourage意为“鼓励、鼓舞”，其固定用法为encouragesbtodosth。因此选项C正确。

14.考查名词辨析。A选项histories“历史、历史记录”；B选项expressions“表达”；C选项interests“兴趣、爱好”；D选项curiosities“好奇”，根据上文的提示，大学的目标一直是培养具有判断力、智慧和知识的男性和女性。此处指与兴趣广泛的人结交，interest“兴趣、爱好”符合题意。因此选C。

15.考查动词辨析。A选项broaden“扩大、加宽”；B选项length“长度”；C选项enforce“实施、执行”；D选项specify“指定、详细说明”，根据句意：广泛阅读来增加他们在许多领域的理解研究，broaden“扩大”符合题意，因此选B。

16.考查介词辨析。A选项amid“在……过程中”；B选项after“在……之后”；C选项over“以上、大于”；D选项upon“在……之上、即将来临”，句意：在即将来临的中学课程中，学生应该对某一学科有足够的兴趣，从而享受获取知识的乐趣。D选项符合题意。

17.考查固定搭配。forone’sownsake也可以说成forthesakeofsb，意为“为了……的好处，出于对……的兴趣”，因此选项D正确。

18.考查固定搭配。makesacrificetodo意为“为……做出牺牲”，此处指学生为了自己的兴趣爱好做出牺牲。因此选项B正确。

19.考查名词辨析。A选项field“领域、牧场”；B选项scope“范围”；C选项target“目标、指标”；D选项goal“目的”，根据句意：他应该准备尽一切努力深入研究他所选择的领域。field“领域”符合题意，因此选A。

20.考查形容词辨析。A选项radical“激进的、根本的”；B选项truthful“真实的”；C选项meaningful“有意义的”；D选项initial“最初的”，句意为：他应该要有为人类的知识做出一些实事的决心。学术界的贡献得是真实的，因此选项B符合题意。

8.单选题

Thefightcouldhavebeenavoidedifbothofyouhadbeenableto（

）youranger.

问题1选项

A.holdback

B.holdon

C.holdout

D.holdup

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。holdback“隐藏，退缩，抑制”；holdon“紧紧抓住，不挂断电话”；holdout“坚持，伸出，提供”；holdup“举起，阻挡”。句意：如果你们都能克制住自己的怒火，这场争吵本来是可以避免的。A项符合题意。

9.单选题

Weneedachairman（

）

.

问题1选项

A.forwhomeveryonehasconfidence

B.inwhomeveryonehasconfidence

C.whoeveryonehasconfidenceof

D.whomeveryonehasconfidenceon

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。本题考查的是定语从句的运用。haveconfidenceinsb/sth对某人或某事有信心。根据句子意思排除选项A、C和D。另外，空格部分填入的定语从句中，关系代词是充当从句的宾语，所以用whom，句意为：我们需要一个人人都对他有信心的主席。所以选项B是正确答案。

10.单选题

Newresearchsuggestsgossipcouldactuallylower______andhelppeopleovercomethefrustrationofseeingsomeonedoingsomethingwrongandgettingawaywithit.

问题1选项

A.press

B.bless

C.cress

D.stress

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近名词辨析。lower在句中表示动词用法，后面空格处应填名词。press“压；新闻”；bless无名词用法；cress“水芹”；stress“压力”。句意：新的研究表明，流言实际上可能会降低……并帮助人们克服看到有人做错事却没受惩罚的挫败感。因此选项D符合题意。

11.单选题

ProfessorLee’sbookwillshowyou（）canbeusedinothercontexts.

问题1选项

A.thatyouhaveobserved

B.howthatyouhaveobserved

C.thathowyouhaveobserved

D.howwhatyouhaveobserved

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。这是宾语从句中带有主语从句的复杂句子。that不能引导定语从句，所以首先排除选项A和B。how不能做that的先行词，所以选项C也错误，本题选D。句意：李教授的书将会指导你如何将观察所学的东西应用到其他领域。

12.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish

礼仪之于社会犹如衣着之于个人。人若不穿衣服，就会一丝不挂，令人耻笑，必然导致道德败坏；社会耍是没有礼仪，就会陷入可怕的境地，而社会成员之间所必需的交往就会被无谓的冲突和纠纷所干扰。假定社会是一列火车，礼仪就好比轨道，火车只能沿着它隆隆前进。假定社会是一辆贵宾车，礼仪就好比轮子与轴，马车只有靠它们才能滚滚前进。缺了礼节，最亲密的朋友会变成死敌，友好或结盟的国家会兵戎相见。我们可以从人类历史上找到许多这种例子。因此我劝你对于任何人都要讲礼仪，并且尽力不做违背礼仪的事，以免冒犯他人或者树敌。

【答案】Etiquettetosocietyiswhatapparelistotheindividual.Withoutapparelmenwouldgoinshamefulnuditywhichwouldsurelyleadtothecorruptionofmorals;andwithoutetiquettesocietywouldbeinapitiablestateandthenecessaryintercoursebetweenitsmemberswouldbeinterferedwithbyneedlessoffencesandtroubles.Ifsocietywereatrain,theetiquettewouldbetherailsalongwhichonlythetraincouldrumbleforth;ifsocietywereastatecoach,theetiquettewouldbethewheelsandaxis,onwhichonlythecoachcouldrollforward.Thelackofproprietieswouldmakethemostintimatefriendsturntobethemostdecidedenemiesandthefriendlyoralliedcountriesdeclarewaragainsteachother.Wecanfindmanyexamplesinthehistoryofmankind.ThereforeIadviseyoutostandonceremonybeforeanyoneelseandtotakepainsnottodoanythingagainstetiquettelestyougiveoffencesormakeenemies.

13.问答题

Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbesubjecttochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimplebutpowerfulideahasgeneratedavastbodyofknowledge.Sinceitsbirthinthe17thcentury,modernsciencehaschangedtheworldbeyondrecognition,andoverwhelminglyforthebetter.

Butsuccesscanbreedcomplacency.Modernscientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying—tothedetrimentofthewholeofscience,andofhumanity.

Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis(seearticle).Aruleofthumbamongbiotechnologyventure-capitalistsisthathalfofpublishedresearchcannotbereplicated.Eventhatmaybeoptimistic.Lastyearresearchersatonebiotechfirm,Amgen,foundtheycouldreproducejustsixof53"landmark"studiesincancerresearch.Earlier,agroupatBayer,adrugcompany,managedtorepeatjustaquarterof67similarlyimportantpapers.A

leadingcomputerscientistfretsthatthree-quartersofpapersinhissubfieldarebunk.In2000―2010roughly80,000patientstookpartinclinicaltrialsbasedonresearchthatwaslaterretractedbecauseofmistakesorimproprieties.

Evenwhenflawedresearchdoesnotputpeople'slivesatrisk—andmuchofitistoofarfromthemarkettodoso—itsquandersmoneyandtheeffortsofsomeoftheworld'sbestminds.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.

Onereasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Theentireclubofscientistsnumberedafewhundredthousand.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m—7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Theobligationto"publishorperish"hascometoruleoveracademiclife.Competitionforjobsiscutthroat.FullprofessorsinAmericaearnedonaverage$135,000in2012—morethanjudgesdid.EveryyearsixfreshlymintedPhDsvieforeveryacademicpost.Nowadaysverification(thereplicationofotherpeople'sresults)doeslittletoadvancearesearcher'scareer.Andwithoutverification,dubiousfindingsliveontomislead.

Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Inordertosafeguardtheirexclusivity,theleadingjournalsimposehighrejectionrates:inexcessof90%ofsubmittedmanuscripts.Themoststrikingfindingshavethegreatestchanceofmakingitontothepage.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults"basedonagutfeeling".Andasmoreresearchteamsaroundtheworldworkonaproblem,theoddsshortenthatatleastonewillfallpreytoanhonestconfusionbetweenthesweetsignalofagenuinediscoveryandafreakofthestatisticalnoise.Suchspuriouscorrelationsareoftenrecordedinjournalseagerforstartlingpapers.Iftheytouchondrinkingwine,goingsenileorlettingchildrenplayvideogames,theymaywellcommandthefrontpagesofnewspapers,too.

Conversely,failurestoproveahypothesisarerarelyevenofferedforpublication,letaloneaccepted."Negativeresults"nowaccountforonly14%ofpublishedpapers,downfrom30%in1990.Yetknowingwhatisfalseisasimportanttoscienceasknowingwhatistrue.Thefailuretoreportfailuresmeansthatresearcherswastemoneyandeffortexploringblindalleysalreadyinvestigatedbyotherscientists.

Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Whenaprominentmedicaljournalranresearchpastotherexpertsinthefield,itfoundthatmostofthereviewersfailedtospotmistakesithaddeliberatelyinsertedintopapers,evenafterbeingtoldtheywerebeingtested.

Allthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Onepriorityshouldbeforalldisciplinestofollowtheexampleofthosethathavedonemosttotightenstandards.Astartwouldbegettingtogripswithstatistics,especiallyinthegrowingnumberoffieldsthatsiftthroughuntoldoodlesofdatalookingforpatterns.Geneticistshavedonethis,andturnedanearlytorrentofspeciousresultsfromgenomesequencingintoatrickleoftrulysignificantones.

Ideally,researchprotocolsshouldberegisteredinadvanceandmonitoredinvirtualnotebooks.Thiswouldcurbthetemptationtofiddlewiththeexperiment'sdesignmidstreamsoastomaketheresultslookmoresubstantialthantheyare.(Itisalreadymeanttohappeninclinicaltrialsofdrugs,butcomplianceispatchy.)Wherepossible,trialdataalsoshouldbeopenforotherresearcherstoinspectandtest.

Themostenlightenedjournalsarealreadybecominglessaversetohumdrumpapers.Somegovernmentfundingagencies,includingAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth,whichdishout$30billiononresearcheachyear,areworkingouthowbesttoencouragereplication.Andgrowingnumbersofscientists,especiallyyoungones,understandstatistics.Butthesetrendsneedtogomuchfurther.Journalsshouldallocatespacefor"uninteresting"work,andgrant-giversshouldsetasidemoneytopayforit.Peerreviewshouldbetightened—orperhapsdispensedwithaltogether,infavourofpost-publicationevaluationintheformofappendedcomments.Thatsystemhasworkedwellinrecentyearsinphysicsandmathematics.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Sciencestillcommandsenormous—ifsometimesbemused—respect.Butitsprivilegedstatusisfoundedonthecapacitytoberightmostofthetimeandtocorrectitsmistakeswhenitgetsthingswrong.Anditisnotasiftheuniverseisshortofgenuinemysteriestokeepgenerationsofscientistshardatwork.Thefalsetrailslaiddownbyshoddyresearchareanunforgivablebarriertounderstanding.

【答案】Inthispassage,theauthorpointsoutaseriousproblemexistinginmodernscience,thatis,scientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying,whichhasdeterioratedthewholescienceandhumanity.

Inthelatterpassage,theauthoranalyzedthereasonswiththedetailedexamplesasproofs.Thefirstreasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Thegreatlyincreasingpopulationofthescientistsimposedfiercecompetitionandforcedthemtopublishtheirarticlesregardlessoftheacademicquality.What'smore,highrejectionratesoftheleadingjournalsencouragenegativelyresearcherstoexcludeinconvenientdatafromresultsbasedonlyonsensationstooptimizetheirresearchandwintheopportunitytobepublished.

Lateron,theauthorofferssomesuggestionstosolvetheproblem.Onepriorityistomakedisciplinestightenstandards.Journalsshouldsparespacefor"uninteresting"workandacceptthosepapersconcernedwiththe"negativeresults".Governmentfundingagenciesshouldsetasidemoneytosupportandencouragereplication.Peerreviewshouldbetightened.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Atlast,theauthorrestatesandemphasizestheimportanceforsciencetoberightanditscapacitytobecorrected.Thefalseresearchescanonlyhindertheprocessofunderstanding.

14.单选题

DuringthedecadesaftertheUnitedStatesCivilWar,ahostoftechnicaladvancesmadepossible（）anduniformityofrailroadservice.

问题1选项

A.andanewintegration

B.foranewintegration

C.thatanewintegration

D.anewintegration

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法。B项made后面没有了宾语；C项that后面没有谓语，无法构成从句；A项made后面没有了宾语，而且and前后也不是平行结构。故D项正确。句意：在美国内战之后的几十年里,大量的技术进步使铁路服务重新整合保持一致性成为可能。

15.单选题

（）tofindstarsinpairs.

问题1选项

A.Itisverycommon

B.Beingverycommon

C.Verycommonis

D.Thatisverycommon

【答案】A

【解析】考查形式主语。it+be+形容词、名词或者过去分词+todosth.，在此句型内it作为形式主语指代todosth.的内容，避免出现句子头重脚轻的情况。因此A选项正确。

16.单选题

Theextracostoftravellingtoworkis（

）bythelowerpriceofhouseshere.

问题1选项

A.compensated

B.mended

C.offset

D.covered

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。compensate“补偿”；mend“修改”；offset“抵消，补偿”；cover“掩蔽，遮盖”。句意：这些廉价的房价抵消了那些去远处上班的费用。选项C符合题意。

17.不定项选择题

Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith.Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,somebeingmorecapablethanothers.Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual-thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisreared.Ifanindividualishandicappedenvironmentally,itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable.

Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbedemonstratedbythecasehistoryoftheidenticaltwins,PeterandMarkX.Beingidentical,thetwinshadidenticalbrainsatbirth,andtheirgrowthprocesseswerethesame.Whenthetwinswerethreemonthsold,theirparentsdied,andtheywereplacedinseparatefosterhomes.Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinanisolatedcommunitywithpooreducationalopportunities.Markwasrearedinthehomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege.Hewasreadtoasachild,senttogoodschools,andgiveneveryopportunitytobestimulatedintellectually.Thisenvironmentaldifferencecontinueduntilthetwinswereintheirlateteens,whentheyweregiventeststomeasuretheirintelligence.Mark’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthantheaverageandfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother.Givenequalopportunities,thetwins,havingidenticalbrains,wouldhavetestedatroughlythesamelevel.

1.Thisselectioncanbestbetitled（）.

2.Thebeststatementofthemainideaofthispassageisthat（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theaverageI.Q.is（）.

4.Thecasehistoryofthetwinsappearstosupporttheconclusionthat（）.

5.Thispassagesuggeststhatanindividual’sI.Q.（）.

问题1选项

A.MeasuringYourIntelligence

B.IntelligenceandEnvironment

C.TheCaseofPeterandMark

D.HowtheBrainInfluencesIntelligence

问题2选项

A.humanbrainsdifferconsiderably

B.thebrainapersonisbornwithisimportantindetermininghisintelligence

C.environmentisvitaltodetermineaperson’sintelligence

D.personshavingidenticalbrainswillhaveroughlythesameintelligence

问题3选项

A.85

B.100

C.110

D.125

问题4选项

A.individualwithidenticalbrainsseldomtestatsamelevel

B.anindividual’sintelligenceisdeterminedonlybyhisenvironment

C.lackofopportunityblocksthegrowthofintelligence

D.changesofenvironmentproducechangesinthestructureofthebrain

问题5选项

A.canbepredictedatbirth

B.staysthesamethroughouthislife

C.canbeincreasedbyeducation

D.isdeterminedbyhischildhood

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。根据第一段There