考研考博-英语-华东政法大学考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-华东政法大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Doctorsareinterestedinusinglasersasasurgicaltoolinoperationsonpeoplewhoare（）toheartattack.

问题1选项

A.infectious

B.disposed

C.accessible

D.prone

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项infectious“传染的，传染性的”，B项disposed“有……倾向的；打算做……的”，C项accessible“易接近的，可进入的”，D项prone“俯卧的，有……倾向的”。根据关键词heartattack（心脏病），可排除A、C选项。bedisposedto表示“有……倾向”，后面一般跟todo；beproneto表示“易于，有……的倾向”，后面一般跟名词；heartattack是名词，只有D项符合。句意：医生们对使用激光作为外科手术工具对易患心脏病的人进行手术很感兴趣。故该题选择D项正确。

2.单选题

TheExperimentalPsychologySocietytriestoimprovescientificcommunicationsamongexperimentalpsychologistsandthoseworkingin______fields.

问题1选项

A.cognate

B.congenial

C.congenital

D.cognitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项cognate“同源的，同类的”，B项congenial“意气相投的，性格相似的”，C项congenital“先天的，天生的”，D项cognitive“认知的，认识的”。空格处修饰的词语是field（领域），由此可知，B、C项是修饰人的，故排除；根据improvescientificcommunicationsamongexperimentalpsychologistsandthoseworkingin______fields（改善实验心理学家和在……领域工作的人之间的科学交流）可知，A项更符合。句意：实验心理学协会试图改善实验心理学家和在相同领域工作的人之间的科学交流。因此，该题选择A项。

3.不定项选择题

Wedonotknowwhenmanfirstbegantousesalt,butwedoknowthatithasbeenusedinmanydifferentwaysthroughouthistory.(21)（）evidenceshows,forexample,thatpeoplewholivedoverthreethousandyearsagoate(22)（）fish.Stealingsaltwasconsideredamajorcrimeatcertaintimesinhistory.Intheeighteenthcentury,forinstance,ifapersonwas(23)（）“stealingsalt”,hecouldbeputinprison.Historyrevealsthatabouttenthousandpeoplewereputinprisonduringthatcentury(24)（）stealingsalt.

Inthemodernworldsalthasmanyuses(25)（）thediningtable.Itisusedinmakingglassandairplaneparts,inthe(26)（）ofcropsandinkillingweeds.Itisalsousedtomakewatersoft,tomelticeonroadsandhighways,tomakesoap,andto(27)（）colorsincloth.Saltcanbeobtainedinvariousways,besidesbeingtakenfromminesunderground.Evaporationofsaltwaterfromtheoceanorfromsaltwaterlakesorsmallseasisoneofthe(28)（）commonprocessesformanufacturingsalt.InAustralia,itcanevenbetakenfroma“saltbush.”Yet,(29)（）itisobtained,saltwillcontinuetoplayanimportant(30)（）inthelivesofmenandwomeneverywhere.

问题1选项

A.Ancient

B.Historic

C.Historical

D.Old

问题2选项

A.salt

B.salted

C.salting

D.salty

问题3选项

A.arrested

B.caught

C.got

D.seized

问题4选项

A.as

B.by

C.for

D.through

问题5选项

A.besides

B.beyond

C.except

D.over

问题6选项

A.bearing

B.developing

C.growing

D.training

问题7选项

A.fasten

B.fix

C.preserve

D.tie

问题8选项

A.little

B.many

C.much

D.more

问题9选项

A.however

B.whatever

C.whenever

D.wherever

问题10选项

A.duty

B.function

C.responsibility

D.role

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:C

第8题:B

第9题:D

第10题:D

【解析】21.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】考查上下文和词语辨析。A项ancient“古代的”，B项historic“有历史意义的”，C项historical“历史的”，D项old“老的”。上文提到ithasbeenusedinmanydifferentwaysthroughouthistory（盐的使用方式在历史上有很多种），那么接下来的空格根据文章逻辑可知是表示“历史证明”，historicalevidence表示“历史证明，史实”。故该题选C。

22.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】考查词语辨析。A项salt“含盐的”，B项salted“用盐腌渍的，用盐调味的”，C项salting是salt的现在分词形式，D项salty“咸的；含盐的”。根据句子peoplewholivedoverthreethousandyearsagoate…fish（生活在三千多年前的人们吃……鱼），结合上文提到了盐，可知空格是表示“咸鱼，腌鱼”；saltedfish表示“咸鱼，腌鱼”。故该题选B。

23.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】考查动词辨析和语境。A项arrest“逮捕”，指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留；B项catch“抓住”，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉；C项get“得到”；D项seize“夺取，逮捕”，侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。根据句子ifapersonwas...“stealingsalt”（如果一个人被……偷盐），可知空格是表示“抓住”；故该题选B。

24.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】考查介词辨析。A项as“作为”，B项by“通过”，C项for“为，因为”；D项through“通过”。根据句子Historyrevealsthatabouttenthousandpeoplewereputinprisonduringthatcentury…stealingsalt.（历史表明，在那个世纪大约有一万人被关进监狱……偷盐。），可知空格是表示原因；故该题选C。

25.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】考查介词辨析。A项besides“除了……还有，另外”，B项beyond“超过”，C项except“除外”；D项over“完全覆盖，翻转”。根据句子Inthemodernworldsalthasmanyuses…thediningtable.（在现代，……餐桌上，盐还有许多用途），结合后文可知空格是表示“除了”；故该题选A。

26.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A项bearing“承载，忍受”，B项developing“发展”，C项growing“成长”；D项training“训练”。根据空格处后面的crops（庄稼，农作物）可知，空格表达的是“庄稼的种植”；故该题选C。

27.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A项fasten“使固定”，B项fix“维修”，C项preserve“保存，维持”；D项tie“系牢，打结”。根据句子Itisalsousedtomakewatersoft,tomelticeonroadsandhighways,tomakesoap,andto…colorsincloth（它也被软化水，融化道路和高速公路上的冰，制造肥皂，以及……给布料的颜色）可知，空格表达的是“保持颜色”；故该题选C。

28.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】考查词语辨析。A项little“少的”，修饰不可数名词，B项many“许多的”，修饰可数名词，C项much“许多”，修饰不可数名词；D项more“更多”，多用于比较级。根据空格处前面oneofthe…可知，如果空格处是最高级，应该是oneofthemost…，more是比较级，没有oneofthemore…这个用法，因此D项排除。little和much都是修饰不可数名词，但是空格处后面是processes，所以A项和C项也排除。句意：从海洋、咸水湖或小海中蒸发盐水是制造盐的许多常见过程之一。故该题选B。

29.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】考查连词辨析。A项however“然而”，B项whatever“无论什么”，C项whenever“无论何时”，D项wherever“无论哪里”。根据句子Evaporationofsaltwaterfromtheoceanorfromsaltwaterlakesorsmallseasisoneofthemuchcommonprocessesformanufacturingsalt.InAustralia,itcanevenbetakenfroma“saltbush”.（从海洋、咸水湖或小海中蒸发盐水是制造盐的许多常见过程之一。在澳大利亚，它甚至可以取自“盐性灌木”。），结合前面提到的能够提取盐的地方，可知空格处应该是表示“无论在哪里获得盐”；故该题选D。

30.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A项duty“责任”，B项function“功能”，C项responsibility“责任，义务”，D项role“角色”，固定搭配playarolein表示“在……起作用”；句意：然而，无论在哪里获得盐，盐将继续在人们的生活中发挥重要作用。故该题选D。

4.单选题

Difficultmarketconditionswere（

）whenKoreantannersenteredtheUKandNewZealandrawmaterialmarkets,drivingupprices.

问题1选项

A.relieved

B.changed

C.deteriorated

D.solved

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。relieve意为“减轻，缓和”；change意为“改变”；deteriorate意为“变坏恶化”；solve意为“解决”。

句意：当韩国制革工人进入英国和新西兰的原材料市场，抬高了价格，困难的市场条件恶化了。

5.单选题

Hisoriginalityasacomposeris（

）bythefollowinggroupofsongs.

问题1选项

A.exemplified

B.created

C.performed

D.realized

【答案】A

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。exemplify“例证”；create“创造”；perform“执行；表演”；realize“意识到；实现”。下面的这些歌曲能够佐证他是一个原创作曲家。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

ThenIsawinmydream,thatwhentheyweregotoutofthewilderness,theypresentlysawatownbeforethem,andthenameofthetownisVanity;andatthetownthereisafairkept,calledVanityFair;itiskeptalltheyearlong.ItbearsthenameofVanityFair,becausethetownwhereitiskeptislighterthanvanity,andalsobecauseallthatistheresold,orthatcomesthither,isvanity.Asisthesayingofthewise,“Allthatcomesisvanity.”

Thisfairisnonewlybegunbusiness,butathingofancientstanding.Iwillshowyoutheoriginalofit.

Almostfivethousandyearsago,therewerepilgrimswalkingtotheCelestialCity,asthesetwohonestpersonsare;andBeelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion,withtheircompanions,perceivingbythepaththatthepilgrimsmade,thattheirwaytothecitylaythroughthistownofVanity,theycontrivedheretosetupafair;afairwhereinshouldbesoldallsortsofvanity,andthatitshouldlastalltheyearlong.Thereforeatthisfairareallsuchthingssold,ashouses,lands,trades,places,honors,preferments,titles,countries,kingdoms,lusts,pleasures,anddelightsofallsorts,aswives,husbands,children,masters,servants,lives,blood,bodies,souls,silver,gold,pearls,preciousstones,andwhatnot.

And,moreover,atthisfairthereisatalltimestobeseencheats,games,plays,fools,apes,knaves,androgues,andthatofeverykind.Herearetobeseen,too,andthatfornothing,thefts,murders,adulteries,falseswearers,andthatofablood-redcolor.

And,asinotherfairsoflessmoment,therearetheseveralrowsandstreets,undertheirpropernames,wheresuchandsuchwaresarevended;soherelikewiseyouhavetheproperplaces,rows,streets(namely,countriesandkingdoms),wherethewaresofthisfairaresoonesttobefound.HerearetheBritainRow,theFrenchRow,theItalianRow,theSpanishRow,theGermanRow,whereseveralsortsofvanitiesaretobesold.But,asinotherfairs,someonecommodityisasthechiefofallthefair,sothewareofRomeandhergoodsaregreatlypromotedinthisfair;onlyourEnglishnation,withsomeothers,havetakenadislikethereat.

Now,asIsaid,thewaytotheCelestialCityliesjustthroughthistownwherethislustyfairiskept;andhethatwouldgotothecity,andyetnotgothroughthistown,mustneedsgooutoftheworld.ThePrinceofprinceshimself,whenhere,wentthroughthistowntohisowncountry,andthatuponafairdaytoo;yea,andasIthink,itwasBeelzebub,thechieflordofthisfair,thatinvitedhimtobuyofhisvanities;yea,wouldhavemadehimlordofthefair,wouldhebuthavedonehimreverenceashewentthroughthetown.

1.Theword“fair”inVanityFairisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Theword“they”inLine3,Paragraph3refersto（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisFALSEaboutVanityFair?

4.WhereisVanityFairsituated?

5.Thepronoun“him”,in“wouldhebuthavedonehimreverenceashewentthroughthetown”refersto（）.

问题1选项

A.justice

B.average

C.atravellingshow

D.market

问题2选项

A.Beelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion

B.thesetwohonestpersons

C.thecompanionsofthethesetwohonestpersons

D.pilgrims

问题3选项

A.Cheating,stealingandkillingprevails.

B.Youcanbuythingsaswellashumans.

C.Itisanancientinvention.

D.TheexpensivegoodsaremadeinRome.

问题4选项

A.InatownonthewaytotheCelestialCity.

B.InBritain

C.Nowhere

D.InEurope

问题5选项

A.thePrinceofprinces

B.theLordofthefair

C.theCelestialCity

D.He

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一段第二句“ItbearsthenameofVanityFair…andalsobecauseallthatistheresold,orthatcomesthither,isvanity.”，可知VanityFair这个地方是买卖东西的，所以是一个市集的名字，fair的意思最有可能是“市场”。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Beelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion,withtheircompanions…theycontrivedheretosetupafair”，可知Apollyon、Beelzebub和他们的同伴打算在这儿建立一个市镇。所以文中的they就是指这些人。选项A符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第五段，“But,asinotherfairs,someonecommodityisasthechiefofallthefair,sothewareofRomeandhergoodsaregreatlypromotedinthisfair”，可知和其他集市一样，也有一些商品会成为市集的主角，比如罗马的器皿以及其他商品就非常畅销。只是说明罗马的有些商品在集市非常受欢迎，无法说明昂贵的物品都产自罗马。选项D符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Beelzebub,Apollyon,andLegion,withtheircompanions,perceivingbythepaththatthepilgrimsmadethattheirwaytothecitylaythroughthistownofVanity,theycontrivedheretosetupafair”，可知Apollyon、Beelzebub和他们的同伴从朝圣者通往天国的路上，他们能够看到浮华镇是必经之地，所以打算在这里建立一个集市。所以集市的位置应该位于朝圣者通往天国的路上。选项A符合题意。

5.推断题。根据文章最后一段第二句，“…wouldhavemadehimlordofthefair,wouldhebuthavedonehimreverenceashewentthroughthetown.”，可知Beelzebub邀请耶稣在镇上购买虚荣商品，并且承诺只要在他经过集市的时候，向他表示敬意，就会让他成为集市的主人。所以可推断，文段中的him就是指集市的主人。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

Itisnaturalformeto（）onhismotivesforthevisitsforwehavenotbeenonspeakingtermsformanyyears.

问题1选项

A.reflect

B.suppose

C.speculate

D.mediate

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A:reflecton“仔细想；回忆；反省”；B:supposeon“猜测；考虑”；C:speculateon“推测；猜想；推断”；D:mediateon“沉思；打算”。句意：我很自然地猜测到他访问的动机，因为我们多年来一直没有谈过话。结合语境，此处表示猜测，故C为正确答案。

8.单选题

TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstategovernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws”.Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers'immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt'srulinginDredScottVSanfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyPresidentAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswithauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectionthefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson'sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.

ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment'sexistence,theSupremeCourt'sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicaccommodationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BroadofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.

1.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?

I.CivilRightsActof1866II.DredScottV.Sanford

III.FourteenthAmendmentIV.VetobyPresidentJohnson

3.Accordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

4.TheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedif（）.

5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasto（）.

问题1选项

A.Bypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforabroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.

B.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthavenotreachedconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.

C.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.

D.TheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadimplications.

问题2选项

A.I-II-IV-III

B.I-IV-III-II

C.III-II-I-IV

D.II-I-IV-III

问题3选项

A.detailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalcitizenship

B.providingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedStates.

C.overturningtheCivilRightsActof1866

D.assertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscrimination.

问题4选项

A.Congress'authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeenchallenged.

B.theframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.

C.theframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroups.

D.Moststategovernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens'civilrights.

问题5选项

A.allowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthAmendment.

B.influencetheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.

C.provideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedactions.

D.prohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActof1866.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据第二段的第一句“...writeintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrights...”可知选项A错误；根据第一段第二句“allinterpretersagreethat...theCivilRightsActof1866”可知,选项B也错误；根据第二段最后两句可知选项C正确；选项D在文中没有提及。

2.根据原文可知,《民权法案》是1866年出台的,《第十四条修正案》是1868年批准的,所以首先排除选项C；根据第一段的内容可知,《民权法案》中的宣言其主要目的是为了反对最高法院在DredScott起诉Sanford案中做出的黑人可以被剥夺公民权的裁决。由此可知,诉讼发生在《民权法案》之前,所以选项D正确。

3.根据第一段的最后两句,AndrewJohnson总统否决了《民权法案》,他认为废除奴隶制的第十三修正案没有赋予国会权力将公民权和平等保护扩展到被解放的奴隶。尽管国会很快推翻了Johnson的否决,但该法案的支持者试图通过《第十四条修正案》确保其宪法基础。由此可知,《第十四条修正案》的支持者最关心的是宪法是否为所有美国公民的平等保护提供了支持,选项B符合原文。

4.根据第一段最后两句可知,如果国会在立法公民权利方面的权威没有受到挑战,《第十四条修正案》也许不会颁布。选项A符合原文。

5.根据最后一段“...,whichassertsthat“private”decisions...theFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.”该限制规定,公共设施和其他商业企业业主所做出的对其设施实行种族隔离的“私人”决定不受《第十四条修正案》保证的法律平等保护的影响。选项A符合原文。

9.单选题

TheOlympicGames（

）in776B.C.inOlympia,asmalltowninGreece.

问题1选项

A.originated

B.stemmed

C.derived

D.descended

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意:奥林匹克运动会起源于公元前776年希腊一个叫奥林匹亚的小镇。

originatedin起源于，通常后面接地点;steemed一般与介词from连用表示“源于”;derivedfrom由…衍生而来;descendfrom由…传下来，通常后面接某人。

10.单选题

Whenapsychologistdoesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind,heselectspeople（

）andasksthemquestions.

问题1选项

A.atlength

B.atrandom

C.inessence

D.inbulk

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。atlength意为“充分地”；atrandom意为“任意地，随便地”；inessence意为“本质上，大体上”；inbulk意为“大量，整批”。

句意：当心理学家要做一个关于人类思维的常规实验时，他会随机地选择人并问他们问题。

11.单选题

Thegoalistousecrops,weedsandevenanimalwaste________thepetroleumthatfuelsmuchofAmericanmanufacturing.

问题1选项

A.intermsof

B.infavorof

C.inspiteof

D.inplaceof

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项intermsof“在……方面，就……而言”；B选项infavorof“赞成”；C选项inspiteof“不管，尽管”；D选项inplaceof“取代，代替”。句意：这个目标是用庄稼，野草甚至是动物排泄物来（）为绝大多数美国人生产活动提供动力的石油。人们使用庄稼等有机物很明显是为了取代石油这种化学物来充当燃料的，所以答案选D。

12.单选题

Theyear1995washeraldedasthebeginningofthe“NewEconomy.”Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.Itwasn’tthatwedidn’trecognizethatsomethingchanged.Itwasthatwerecognizedthattheoldeconomicslensremainedusefulforlookingatthechangestakingplace.Theeconomicsofthe“NewEconomy”couldbedescribedatahighlevel:Digitaltechnologywouldcauseareductioninthecostofsearchandcommunication.Thiswouldleadtomoresearch,morecommunication,andmoreactivitiesthatgotogetherwithsearchandcommunication.That’sessentiallywhathappened.

Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.Butonceagain,aseconomists,webelievesomesimplerulesapply.Technologicalrevolutionstendtoinvolvesomeimportantactivitybecomingcheap,likethecostofcommunicationorfindinginformation.Machineintelligenceis,initsessence,apredictiontechnology,sotheeconomicshiftwillcenteraroundadropinthecostofprediction.

Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.Thismattersbecausepredictionisaninputtoahostofactivitiesincludingtransportation,agriculture,healthcare,energymanufacturing,andretail.

Whenthecostofanyinputfallssoprecipitously,therearetwootherwell-establishedeconomicimplications.First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.

Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.Forexample,withthetechnologicaladvanceinsemiconductors,thecostofcalculationdroppedsignificantly,soactivitiesforwhicharithmeticwasakeyinputbecamemuchcheaper.Consequently,inphotography,weshiftedfromafilm-oriented,chemistry-basedapproachtoadigital-oriented,arithmetic-basedapproach.

Whenthecostofafoundationalinputplummets,itoftenaffectsthevalueofotherinputs.Thevaluegoesupforcomplementsanddownforsubstitutes.Inthecaseofphotography,thevalueofthehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsassociatedwithdigitalcameraswentupasthecostofarithmeticdroppedbecausedemandincreased—wewantedmoreofthem.Thesecomponentswerecomplementstoarithmetic;theywereusedtogether.Incontrast,thevalueoffilm—relatedchemicalsfell—wewantedlessofthem.

Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecreasebecausemachinepredictionwillprovideacheaperandbettersubstituteforhumanprediction,justasmachinesdidforarithmetic.However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.That’sbecausethevalueofhumanjudgmentskillswillincrease.Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.We’llwantmorehumanjudgment.

Forexample,whenpredictionischeap,diagnosiswillbemorefrequentandconvenient,andthuswe’lldetectmanymoreearly-stage,treatableconditions.Thiswillmeanmoredecisionswillbemadeaboutmedicaltreatment,whichmeansgreaterdemandfortheapplicationofethics,andforemotionalsupport,whichareprovidedbyhumans.Thelinebetweenjudgmentandpredictionisn’tclearcut—somejudgmenttaskswillevenbereframedasaseriesofpredictions.Yet,overallthevalueofprediction-relatedhumanskillswillfall,andthevalueofjudgment-relatedskillswillrise.

56.Thehighlightedword“hype”inParagraph2maybebestinterpretedas______.

57.Accordingtotheconsequencesofmachineintelligence,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

58.InParagraph5,theauthormentionssemiconductorinorderto______.

59.Theinfluenceofmachineintelligenceuponhumanactivitiesisthat______.

60.Themostsuitabletitleforthismessageforthispassageis______.

问题1选项

A.carnival

B.exaggeration

C.leap

D.ecstasy

问题2选项

A.Thecostofproductsandservicesbasedonpredictionwillbereduced.

B.Somenewtaskswillbereframedaspredictionproblems.

C.Pricesofcomplementsthathelppredictionwillrise.

D.Thevalueofhumanjudgmentwilldecrease.

问题3选项

A.showthattechnologyhasmademajorprogressinthearithmeticarea

B.explainwhyfilmphotographyisreplacedbydigitalphotography

C.illustratethattechnologicaladvanceswillreduceproductcosts

D.provethatthepricesofcomplementswillincrease

问题4选项

A.thecostofhumanpredictionwillincrease

B.humanjudgmentwillbecomemorevaluable

C.machineintelligencewillreplacehumanjobs

D.peoplewillmakemoredecisionsonmedicaltreatment

问题5选项

A.Theeconomiceffectsofmachineintelligence

B.Machineintelligencevshumanprediction

C.Costreductionindigitaltechnology

D.Advancesinmachineintelligence

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】56.语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段中黑体字‘hype’一词最好解释为……”。文章第一段有提到hype这个单词，Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.（数字通信注定要颠覆市场，改变一切，但总的来说，经济学家并不接受这种炒作）；hype的本义是炒作，在这里是指前一句内容过于“夸张，言过其实”；由此推断第二段第一句Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.（今天，我们看到了关于机器智能的类似炒作）中的hype也是同样表示“夸张”的意思，所以B项“夸张”正确。A项“狂欢”、C项“飞跃”和D项“狂喜”都不符合语境。因此，该题选择B项正确。

57.细节推断题。题干意思是“根据机器智能的影响，下面哪个陈述是不正确的？”。根据第三段第一句话Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.（机器智能的第一个作用将是降低依赖预测的商品和服务的成本）可知，基于预测的商品和服务成本会降低，故A项“基于预测的产品和服务成本将会降低”符合原文；从第四段第二句First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.（首先，我们将开始使用预测来执行以前没有执行的任务）可知，一些任务将被重新预测，B项“一些新的任务将被重新作为预测问题”正确；第四段第三句指出Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.（其次，补充预测的其他东西的价值将会上升），可知C项“帮助预测的附加品价格将上升”也正确；D项“人类判断的价值将会降低”不属于机器智能的影响。因此，该题选择D项正确。

58.细节推断题。题干意思是“在第五段中，作者提到半导体是为了……”。第五段第一句提到Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.（随着机器智能降低了预测的成本，我们将开始把它作为一种输入，用于我们以前从未做过的事情），接着就引出了半导体发展所带来的摄影方面的变革这一例证，由此可推断，技术的进步降低了产品的成本；C项“说明技术进步会降低产品成本”符合题意。A项“表明技术在算术领域取得了重大进步”和B项“解释为什么胶片摄影被数码摄影取代”是细节描述和举例说明，不是引出半导体真正的目的；D项“证明附加品的价格将会增加”这是产品成本下降后的影响，不属于提及半导体的原因。因此，该题选择C项正确。

59.细节推断题。题干意思是“机器智能对人类活动的影响是……”。第七段第一句指出Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecrease（随着机器智能的提高，人类预测技能的价值将会下降），结合倒数第二句Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.（用经济学的语言来说，判断是预测的补充，因此，当预测的成本下降时，判断的价值就会上升）可知，人类预测技能价值下降，判断价值会增加，所以B项“人类的判断将变得更有价值”正确。A项“人类预测的成本将会增加”，如果预测成本增加，那么判断价值就会下降，这与原文不符；第七段第二句提到However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.（然而，这并不像许多专家所说的那样意味着人类工作的末日）可以推断，机器智能并不能完全取代人类的工作，所以C项“机器智能将取代人类的工作”错误；D项“人们将在医疗上做出更多的决定”这只是用来对“人类的判断将变得更有价值”而进行的例证。因此，该题选择B项正确。

60.主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最适合的标题是……”。通读全文，文章第一段提出了数字技术在“新经济”中带来的影响，第二段引出智能机器，接着就详细分析了机器智能对于市场经济以及人类活动的影响，因此可以判断A项“机器智能的经济效应”符合题意。B项“机器智能vs人类预测”、C项“数字技术的成本降低”和D项“机器智能的进展”都只是在某个段落提及，不够全面表达文章的内容。因此，该题选择A项正确。

13.单选题

DearSirs,

Yourshipmentoftwelvethousand“Smart”watcheswasreceivedbyourcompanythismorning.However,wewishtomakeanumberofcomplaintsconcerningtheseriousdelayindeliveryandyourfailuretocarryoutourspecificinstructionswithregardtothisorder.

Itwasstressedfromthebeginningthatthedeliverydatehadtobelessthansixweeksfromtheinitialorder,inordertomeetourowncustomers’requirements.Whileweunderstandthatdelaysinproductionareoccasionallyinevitable,wemustpointoutthatthemajorreasonwhytheorderwasplacedwithyourcompanywasbecausewewereassuredbyyouofitsspeedofdelivery,andthatyourexistingstocksweresufficientlyhightoensureimmediateshipment.Latedeliveryofthegoodshascausedustodisappointseveralofourmostvaluedcustomers,andisboundtohaveanegativeeffectonpotentialfutureorders.

Thesecondcomplaintconcernsthedifferenceincolorbetweenthewatchesweorderedandthosedelivered.Itwasstatedclearlyintheoriginalorderthatwatchesincombinationsofgreen/purpleandorange/purpleonlywererequired.However,onlyhalfthewatchesinthedeliveryreceivedareofthecolorsspecified.OurHongKongagentassuresusthatshestressedtoyoutheimportanceoffollowingourinstructionsprecisely,sinceweconsidertheretobeonlyalimitedmarketinthiscountryforwatchesofothercolorsatthepresenttime.Anywatchesthatarenotofthespecifiedcolorswill,ofcourse,bereturnedtoyou.

Wearealsosomewhatconcernedabouttheratherpoorqualityofthegoodsreceived,sinceitisapparentthatthewatchesthatfinallyarrivedhavebeenproducedfrominferiormaterialsandhavebeenmanufacturedtoalowerstandardthanthoseinthesample.Wehavealsofoundthatanumberofthewatchesdonotappeartobefunctioning.Whetherthelatterproblemisduetopoormanufactures,damageduringtransportationorbadbatteriesisnotyetclear,butweshouldliketopointoutthatwefeelthismattertobeentirelyyourresponsibility.

Asaresultoftheaboveproblems,therefore,wefeelthatthemostsuitablecourseofactionistoreturntoyouunpaidanyofthegoodsconsideredunsatisfactory,andtosubtractanyresultantcostsfromourfinalsettlement.Weshallalso,ofcourse,beforcedto