考研考博-英语-山东文化产业职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东文化产业职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Howeverimportantweregardschoollifetobe,thereisnogainsayingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Therefore,thegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandthwartcurricularobjectives.

Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsapprisedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmatterasthereadingreadinessprogram,manuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics.

Moreover,theclassroomteacher,withthepermissionofthesupervisors,canalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandmanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyear,aswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progress,cansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome.

Toillustrate,supposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterview,theteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudget,buyingthefood,usingayardstickormeasuringcupathome,settingtheclock,calculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis.

Ifthefatherfollowstheadvice,itisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematics,andatthesametime,enjoyingthework.

Toooften,however,teachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanors,complaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabits,andsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome.

Whatisneededismorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacher,asaprofessionaladviser,plantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthisway,theschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities.

1.Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovepassageisthat（）.

2.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor（）.

3.Wemayinferthatthewriterofthisarticledoesnotfavor（）.

问题1选项

A.hometrainingismoreimportantthanschooltrainingbecauseachildspendssomanyhourswithhisparents

B.teacherscanandshouldhelpparentstounderstandandfurthertheobjectivesoftheschool

C.therearemanywaysinwhichthemathematicsprogramcanbeimplementedathome

D.parentsunwittinglyhavehinderedandthwartedcurricularobjectives

问题2选项

A.issatisfiedwithpresentrelationshipsbetweenhomeandschool

B.feelsthatthetraditionalprograminmathematicsisslightlysuperiortothedevelopmentalprogram

C.feelsthatparent-teacherinterviewscanbemademuchmoreconstructivethantheyareatpresent

D.isoftheopinionthatteachersofthisgenerationareinferiortothoseofthelastgeneration

问题3选项

A.afather’shelpinghissonwiththelatter’sstudies

B.writtencommunicationstotheparentfromtheteacher

C.havingtheparentsobservelessonswhichthechildrenarebeingtaught

D.principal-parentconferencesratherthanteacher-parentconferences

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，第一段提出父母对孩子的影响是不容忽视的，接下来的内容主要是讨论如何帮助家长理解并且推进学校目标的关键——教师。所以选项B更能概括全文。

2.细节推理题。根据最后一段的内容，作为一名专业顾问，教师最需要的是一种创造性的方法和家长沟通，以便他们知道如何有效的利用孩子们的课外时间。由此可知，作者认为教师和家长之间的沟通可以更进一步，更具有建设性意义。选项C符合原文。

3.信息推断题。根据第三段的内容可知，老师在得到管理员允许的情况下也可以起到启发家长的重要作用，非正式的茶会和许多访谈，以及报告学生进步的新方法，都可以显著地帮助实现学校和家庭之间的和谐互动。由此可知，作者支持的是老师来进行面谈会而不是校长，所以选项D符合原文。

2.翻译题

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Scholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,plagiarismis“thewrongfulappropriationandpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”

Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.(46)Intheliteraryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.

(47)Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention.

Plagiarismbyaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.(48)Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.

Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation—note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography—areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.(49)Although“thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem.”thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.

Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewrite,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention.

Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.(50)Students,asdevelopingscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.在文学界，作者受到国际版权法的保护，免受剽窃，处罚范围从小额罚款到监禁和毁掉职业生涯不等。

47.作为没有经验的学者，学生必须避免各种类型的剽窃和抄袭，在使用其他学者的想法时要自我批评，对借用的思想和词语的来源给予适当的赞扬，否则会发生可怕的后果。

48.尽管这类剽窃必须加以防范，但它是最不严重的，如果吸取了教训，可以免于受到严厉的惩罚。

49.尽管“新闻和思想没有版权，只有它们的表达方式”，但当作者的思想来源受到质疑时，他不能以无知为借口。

50.作为发展中的学者、作家、教师和职业领袖，学生应该意识到并承担自己的责任，记录所有引用的语言和思想的来源。

3.翻译题

Onaverage,kidsfarebetterintwo-parentfamilies.Butasizablepercentageofchildreninsingle-parentfamiliesthrive,andmanyintwo-parentfamiliesdonot.Whatmattersmost—regardlessoffamilystructure—iswhathappenswithinthefamily.

Particularlyimportantisthefamily’sabilitytosupportandnurture,minimizeconflict,practicedemocraticdecisionmaking,setandenforceboundaries,provideconsistentandpositiveformsofdisciplineandmodel,andencouragevaluesofcaringandresponsibility.

Familiesshouldalsoprovideaccesstostructuredactivities(e.g.,clubs,organizations,lessons)andastimulatingenvironmentforlearning(includingparentalinvolvementinschooling).

Whileitissomewhateasiertodelivertheseintwo-parentfamilies,somesingle-parentfamiliesdosucceedbydrawingoninformalandformalsupportsystemsfromneighborhoods,schools,andchurches.Ourchallengeistodiscoverwaystomaximizethenumberofstrongtwo-parentfamiliesandsupportallfamilyeffortstoraisehealthychildren,includingeffortsbysingle-parentfamilies.

【答案】参考译文：

一般来说，在双亲家庭长大的孩子成长得更好。但是也有相当大的一部分单亲家庭的孩子得到健康成长，而许多双亲家庭的孩子却没有。不管家庭结构如何，最重要的是家庭内部所发生的事情。

家庭的这些能力是极为重要的：抚养、避免冲突、践行家庭民主抉择、制定和实施家法、树立典范以及鼓励富有爱心和责任心。

每个家庭还应该组织结构性活动（如参加俱乐部、社团以及辅导班）并且营造良好的学习环境（包括父母参与学校教育）。

双亲家庭做到这些显得更加容易，但是单亲家庭却得靠邻居、学校和教堂的正式和非正式的帮助。我们现在面临的挑战是如何尽量增加幸福家庭的数量，帮助所有单亲和双亲家庭的孩子健康成长。

4.单选题

Inlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuratelythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiod,premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.Thus,itisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallenged.AnexampleisJohannBachofen’s1861treatiseonAmazonswomen-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.

Startingfromthepremisethatmythologyandlegendpreserveatleastanucleusofhistoricalfact,Bachofenarguedthatwomenweredominantinmanyancientsocieties.HisworkwasbasedonacomprehensivesurveyofreferencesintheancientsourcestoAmazonianandothersocietieswithmatrilinealcustoms——societiesinwhichdescentandpropertyrightsaretracedthroughthefemaleline.SomesupportforhistheorycanbefoundinevidencesuchasthatdrawnfromHerodotus,theGreek“historian”ofthefifthcenturyB.C.，whospeaksofanAmazoniansociety,theSauromatae,wherethewomenhuntedandfoughtinwars.Awomaninthissocietywasnotallowedtomarryuntilshehadkilledapersoninbattle.

Nonetheless,thisassumptionthatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshavepreservedfactsisproblematic.IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfacts—realAmazoniansocieties—butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.TheAmazonswereoftencharacterized,forexample,astheequivalentsofgiantsandcentaurs,enemiestobeslainbyGreekheroes.Theircustomswerepresentednotasthoseofarespectablesociety,butastheveryantithesesofordinaryGreekpractices.

Thus,Iwouldargue,thepurposeofaccountsoftheAmazonsfortheirmaleGreekrecorderswasdidactic,toteachbothmaleandfemaleGreeksthatall-femalegroups,formedbywithdrawalfromtraditionalsociety,aredestructiveanddangerous.MythsabouttheAmazonswereusedasargumentsforthemale-dominatedstatusquo,inwhichgroupscomposedexclusivelyofeithersexwerenotpermittedtosegregatethemselvespermanentlyfromsociety.Bachofenwasthusmisledinhisrelianceonmythsforinformationaboutthestatusofwomen.Thesourcesthatwillprobablytellcontemporaryhistoriansmostaboutwomenintheancientworldaresuchsocialdocumentsasgravestones,wills,andmarriagecontracts.Studiesofsuchdocumentshavealreadybeguntoshowhowmistakenwearewhenwetrytoderiveourpictureoftheancientworldexclusivelyfromliterarysources,especiallymyths.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.AllofthefollowingarestatedbytheauthorasproblemsconnectedwiththesourcesforknowledgeofpremodernculturesEXCEPT（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingispresentedinthepassageasevidencesupportingtheauthor’sviewoftheancientGreeks’descriptionsoftheAmazons?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprobablereactionsofmanymalesinancientGreecetotheideaofasocietyruledbywomencouldbestbecharacterizedas（）.

5.TheauthorsuggeststhatthemainreasonforthepersistinginfluenceofBachofen’sworkisthat（）.

问题1选项

A.comparecompetingnewapproachestounderstandingtheroleofwomeninancientsocieties

B.investigatetheramifications（影响，后果）ofBachofen’stheoryaboutthedominanceofwomeninancientsocieties

C.explaintherapidlyincreasedinterestamonghistoriansindeterminingtheactualstatusofwomeninvarioussocieties

D.criticizethevalueofancientmythsindeterminingthestatusofwomeninancientsocieties

问题2选项

A.partialcompleteness

B.restrictedaccessibility

C.difficultyofinterpretation

D.limitedquantity

问题3选项

A.TherequirementthatSauromataewomenkillinbattlebeforemarrying.

B.Thefailureofhistorianstoverifythatwomenwereevergovernorsofancientsocieties.

C.TheclassingofAmazonswithgiantsandcentaurs.

D.Thewell-establishedunreliabilityofHerodotusasasourceofinformationaboutancientsocieties.

问题4选项

A.confusedanddismayed

B.waryandhostile

C.cynicalanddisinterested

D.curiousbutfearful

问题5选项

A.feministshaveshownlittleinterestinancientsocieties

B.Bachofen’sknowledgeofAmazoniancultureisunparalleled

C.reliableinformationabouttheancientworldisdifficulttoacquire

D.ancientsocietiesshowthebestevidenceofwomeninpositionsofpower

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段主要提到了由于前现代文化的许多可靠的资料难以获得，所以巴霍芬关于亚马逊女性统治社会的论文具有长期的参考性和影响力。第二段接着介绍了巴霍芬论文的核心，主要是介绍了亚马逊女性统治社会的特点。第三段中作者展开讨论，认为有关于古代社会的这些最初记录的资料或论文存在一些不合理性。最后一段提及了古希腊的男性记录亚马逊的女性统治社会的原因是具有教诲性的，并且提出单靠一些古代的文学资源或者资料，尤其是古代的神话，来获得我们对古代社会的印象会具有一定的误导性。可判断出作者写这篇文章的主要目的是批判了古代神话在研究并确定古代社会妇女地位问题中的价值。

2.事实细节题。由题干关键词“premoderncultures”定位到文章第一段“Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiod,premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.”，可知尽管现代时期已经取得了很多成就，但前现代文化被证明面临着更多困难：来源在数量上受到限制；不完整性；难以理解并且经常存在争议。可判断出作者陈述的关于前现代文化的知识来源的问题，包括资源来源的不完整性（partialcompleteness）、难以解读性（difficultyofinterpretation）以及数量受限（limitedquantity），所以不包括restrictedaccessibility，故选项B符合题意。

3.判断推理题。由题干关键词“theancientGreeks’descriptionsoftheAmazons”定位到文章第三段“...ancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfacts—realAmazoniansocieties—butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.TheAmazonswereoftencharacterized,forexample,astheequivalentsofgiantsandcentaurs,enemiestobeslainbyGreekheroes.”可知作者认为古希腊对这种社会的描述，并不是要过多地去表现观察到的历史事实——真正的亚马逊社会——而是要就妇女在其社会中的统治地位的预期后果提供一种道德教训。例如，亚马逊人经常被描述为等同于巨人族和人马族，他们都是被希腊英雄杀死的敌人。而根据文章第三段第一句“Nonetheless,thisassumptionthatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshavepreservedfactsisproblematic.”可判断作者对于古希腊人对亚马逊人的描述持有不赞同的态度，认为其存在问题。所以下文利用亚马逊人都是人马族和半马族的这种描述，表达其不合理性，与作者观点相符，故选项C符合题意。

4.判断推理题。由题干关键词“probablereactionsofmanymalesinancientGreece”定位到文章第四段“…thepurposeofaccountsoftheAmazonsfortheirmaleGreekrecorderswasdidactic,toteachbothmaleandfemaleGreeksthatall-femalegroups,formedbywithdrawalfromtraditionalsociety,aredestructiveanddangerous.”可知，对于古希腊的男性来说，记录亚马逊人的目的是教诲性的，是为了告诉所有的希腊人：从传统社会分离出去而形成的女性统治社会或团体都是危险的，具有毁灭性。可判断出古希腊的男性对于女性统治社会可能会有反应是持有谨慎态度的，并且会有抵触敌对心理。选项B符合题意。

5.判断推理题。由题干关键词“Bachofen’swork”定位到文章第一段“…premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.Thus,itisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallenged.AnexampleisJohannBachofen’s1861treatiseonAmazonswomen-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.”可知前现代文化存在许多问题和困难，如资料数量有限、残缺不完整、难以理解等问题，这使得人们很难得到关于这些文化的信息或资料，所以一些早期的学术研究和著作在现今都未受到挑战，具有长期性的影响力，Bachofen的论文和著作就是其中的典例之一。可判断出作者认为Bachofen的论文能够长期具有影响力的原因是人们现今很难获得关于古代社会的可靠信息或资料。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

Ajobdescriptionshouldgivedetailsoftheperformance______aspecificjob.

问题1选项

A.thatisrequiredfor

B.thatrequired

C.thatrequires

D.requiringfor

【答案】A

【解析】考查定语从句。根据句子结构和句意，先行词performance在定语从句中是require的逻辑宾语，是被要求具备的，要用被动语态；C、B、D均为主动语态；本句句意是：工作描述应详细说明具体工作所需的表现。因此选A。

6.单选题

Mothersandmatchmakershavealwaysknownthatnotbeingmoniedisadefinitehealthhazard.ButwhenateamofresearchfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,reportedafewweeksagothatmiddle-agedmenwithoutwiveswereactuallytwiceaslikelytodieduringa10-yearspanasmenwithwives,theespousedandthespouselessalikestoppedtotakenotice.Itwasthekindofnewsthatsweptthroughofficesandwateringholes—anditmadepeoplefeelsmugandanxious,dependingontheircircumstances.Nowtheresearcherswhoconductedthestudyaretryingtofindoutwhataccountedforthedramaticdifferencesinsurvivalrates.

Theinvestigators,headedbyUCSFassociateprofessorofepidemiologyandbiostatisticsMaradeeA.Davis,hadsetcuttoexaminetheeffectofvariouslivingarrangementsonmortality.Becauseofthebutteringsocialsupportmarriageisknowntoprovide.Davisandhercolleaguesfullyexpectedtofindthatmenandwomendwellingalonefaredworstinsurvivalrates.Itcameassomesurprise,however,thatintheirstudypopulation,subjectswhosharedlivingquarterswithpeopleotherthanaspousehadthesamelowersurvivalratesasthosewholivedbythemselves."Thecriticalfactor,"Davissays,"seemstobethepresenceofaspouse."

Thelowersurvivalratesforthespouselesswerefoundprimarilyinmenwhowerewidowed,separatedordivorced,ratherthaninthosewhohadneverbeenmarried.Davisandhercolleagueshavealreadyeliminatedcertainhealthfactorsascausesofhighermortalitybyadjustingtheirdatatodiscounttheeffectsofsmoking,alcoholconsumption,obesityandlackofexercise.Nowtheywilllookmorecloselyatavarietyofotherconsiderations,suchasbloodpressure,cholestericlevelsandchronicillnesses.

Whilemanymiddle-agedmennowknowthedifferencebetweenacheesegraterandagarlicpress,nutritionmaystillaccountforsomeoftheCaliforniastudy'sfindings.PreviousresearchbyDavis'teamshowedthatunmarriedman-eveniftheylivedwithotherpeople—atelesshealthydietsthanmarriedme.'Traditionalsexroleshavemeantthatmenaren'taswellinformedaswomenaboutnutritionalshoppingandfoodpreparation,"saysDavis.

Emotionalandsocialfactorsprobablyalsoplayedaroleinhighermortalityamongthespouselessmen.TheSanFranciscoresearcherswillexaminearandomlyselectedsubgroupoftheirstudypopulationformoredetailedmedicaldata,andthey'lllookatatraittheycall“generalwell-being.”Thisfocusesonsubjectivelyreportedfeelingsandmoods,ratherthanspecificpsychologicalsymptoms.Theresearcherswillanalyzequestionnairesthataskedhowfrequentlythemenfeltworried,nervousorpoorlyrested.Buttheteamwillalsolookatthecausesofdeath;ifthemenwithoutwivesshowhigherratesofsuicideorfatalaccidents,it'slikelythatemotionalstresscontributedtotheirhighermortalityrate.

Davishasalreadydiscoveredthatthemarriedmenreportedasignificantlyhigherlevelofwell-beingthanthosewhoweren'tmarried.Soperhapstheexplanationfortheirlongersurvivalisn'treallysocomplicated.Becausetheyarecaredforbynurturingwives,theyjustplainlyfeelhappierthantheotherguysdo.Andwhatbetterreasonistherethanthatforstayingalive?

1.Whenresearchersreportedthatmiddle-agedmenwithoutwivesweretwiceaslikelytodieduringa10-yearspanasmenwithwives（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,aman（）waslikelytohavethelowestsurvivalrates.

3.Theword"discount"(line4ofparagraph3)mostprobablymeans（）.

4.Theword"this"inline4ofparagraph5refersto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethetitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.peoplefeltbothpleasedandworried

B.peoplefeltsoshockedthattheytoldoneanotheraboutthenews

C.peoplefeltthattheoldsaying"Nonewsisgoodnews"isreallytrue

D.peopleunderdifferentcircumstancesreacteddifferentlytoit

问题2选项

A.whowaswidowed,separatedordivorced

B.whohadneverbeenmarried

C.whowaslivingwithhiswife

D.whosharedlivingquarterswithpeople

问题3选项

A.overlook

B.understate

C.discontent

D.overstate

问题4选项

A.highermortality

B.arandomlyselectedsubgroup

C.atrait

D.moredetailedmedicaldata

问题5选项

A.ForaLongerLife,TakeaWife.

B.ANewSurveyonSurvivalRates.

C.TheEspousedandtheSpouseless.

D.LivingArrangementsandMortality

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段倒数第二句“Itwasthekindofnewsthatsweptthroughofficesandwateringholes—anditmadepeoplefeelsmugandanxious,dependingontheircircumstances.”这类新闻席卷了办公室和酒吧,人们既高兴又焦虑,当然这取决于他们所处的环境。选项D符合原文。

2.根据第三段第一句“Thelowersurvivalratesforthespouselesswerefoundprimarilyinmenwhowerewidowed,separatedordivorced,ratherthaninthosewhohadneverbeenmarried.”无配偶者的存活率较低,主要是丧偶、分居或离婚的男性,而非从未结过婚的男性。所以选项A符合原文。

3.根据原文句意：Davis和她的同事们已经通过调整他们的数据,排除了某些健康因素作为高死亡率的原因,对吸烟、饮酒、肥胖和缺乏锻炼等影响忽略不计。由此可推断,选项A与“discount”意思相近。

4.根据原文句意：他们将研究一种他们称之为“总体幸福感”的特征。这个特征是主观产生的感觉和情绪,而不是具体的心理症状。由此可知,“this”指代是上句提到的“trait”。选项C正确。

5.结合全文内容可知,本文首先介绍了婚姻状况与死亡率密切相关,通过进一步调查发现死亡率与其他生活方式也有关联,由此可知,选项D最能概括全文。

7.单选题

Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.Theexistingframeworkrelatingtophysicalassaultandcareofthedeadhasnoprovisionfororgantransplantation.Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.Compulsorypostmortemexamination,afarmoreextensiveprocedurethanorganremovalforgrafting,isrequiredinmostcountriesafterunexpecteddeath,andthiscompulsionisnotamatterofpublicconcernanddebate.

Therewouldseemtobenoreasonwhyorganremovalfortransplantationpurposesshouldnotalsobeacceptabletopublicopinion,providedthereisamechanismbywhichindividualsintheirlifetimecanrefusethispermission.This,ofcourse,requiresanefficientregisterofthosewhoindicatetheirrefusal;theregisterwouldbeconsultedbeforeanyorganswouldberemoved.Itisimportantthattherebepublicreassurancethatconsiderationoftransplantationwouldnotimpairnormalresuscitativeeffortsofthepotentialdonor.

Transplantationhasobviouslyraisedimportantethicalconsiderationsconcerningthediagnosisofdeath,andparticularly,howfarresuscitationshouldbecontinued.Everyeffortmustbemadetorestoretheheartbeattosomeonewhohashadasuddencardiacarrestorbreathingtosomeonewhocannotbreathe.Artificialrespirationandmassageoftheheart,thestandardmethodsofresuscitation,arecontinueduntilitisclearthatthebrainisdead.Mostphysiciansconsiderthatbeyondthispointeffortsatresuscitationareuseless.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuggestionmadeinthepassage?

3.Theword“impair”attheendofParagraph2canbebestreplacedby（

）.

4.Itisbelievedthateffortsatresuscitationareuselesswhen

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbestsumupthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Mostcountriesdonothaveaneffectivelawonorgantransplantation

B.Thetraditionalwaysofaskingforpermissionofrelativesfororganremovaldosnotprovedtobealwaysfeasible

C.Itishardtounderstandwhypeopleshouldremainsilentoncompulsorypostmortemexamafterunexpecteddeath.

D.Insomecountriesthesearelawsprovidingthatthepermissionoforganremovalistakenforgrantedunlessithasbeenrefusedbythepersoninhislifetime.

问题2选项

A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtodonatetheirorgansafterdeath

B.Organremovalshouldbepermittedinthecourseofcompulsorypostmortemexam.

C.Organremovalfortransplantationshouldbeadvocatedbecauseitbenefitsthehumansociety

D.Organremovalfortransplantationcouldbeconsideredlegalunlessthedeadpersonstatedotherwiseinhislifetime.

问题3选项

A.neglect

B.weaken

C.cometogetherwith

D.besuperiorto

问题4选项

A.artificialrespirationandmassageofthehearthaveyieldednoobviousresult

B.aperson’sheartbeatandbreathhastotallystopped

C.standardmethodsofresuscitationhavefailed

D.thebrainiscertainlydead

问题5选项

A.Legalandethicalproblemsoforgantransplantation

B.Someunderlyingprinciplesonorgantransplantation

C.Thediagnosisofdeathbeforeorgantransplantation

D.Thedifferencebetweencompulsorypostmortemexamandorgantransplantation

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段首句Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.（在大多数国家，器官移植的法律定义很不明确，因为尚未制定出针对外科手术进步的立法）可知A选项“大多数国家没有关于器官移植的有效法律”正确；由第一段中的Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.（习惯上要征得亲属的允许，但由于器官的摘除必须在死亡后立即进行，可能无法及时联系到亲属）可知B选项“传统的器官摘除请求亲属许可的方法并不总是可行的”正确；由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.（另一种办法是通过法律规定，除非个人在一生中禁止摘除，否则必须获得许可。丹麦、法国、瑞典、意大利和以色列都通过了这样的法律）可知D选项“在一些国家，这些法律规定，除非个人在一生中拒绝摘除，否则摘除器官的许可是理所当然的”正确。通过排除法排除A、B、D，因此选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.（有人建议，应开展广泛的宣传，鼓励人们在其遗嘱中规定将其器官用于移植）可知A选项“应该鼓励人们在死后捐献器官”和C选项“器官移植应该提倡，因为它有利于人类社会”正确；由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatper