考研考博-英语-天津交通职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津交通职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Policefiredteargasandarrestedmorethan5,000passivelyresistingprotestorsFridayinanattempttobreakupthelargestantinucleardemonstrationeverstagedintheUnitedStates.Morethan135,000demonstratorsconfrontedpoliceontheconstructionsiteofa1,000-megawattnuclearpowerplantscheduledtoprovidepowertomostofsouthernNewHampshire.Organizersofthehugedemonstrationsaid,theprotestwascontinuingdespitethepoliceactions.Moredemonstratorswerearrivingtokeepupthepressureonstateauthoritiestocanceltheproject.Thedemonstratorhadchargedthattheprojectwasunsafeinthedenselypopulatedarea,wouldcreatethermalpollutioninthebay,andhadnoacceptablemeansfordisposingofitsradioactivewasters.Thedemonstrationswouldgoonuntilthejailsandthecourtsweresooverloadedthatthestatejudicialsystemwouldcollapse.

GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.“Thisprojectwillbeginontimeandthepeopleofthisstatewillbegintoreceiveitsbenefitsonschedule.Thosewhobreakthelawinmisguidedattemptstosabotagetheprojectwillbedealtwithaccordingtothelaw,”hesaid.Andpolicecalledinreinforcementsfromalloverthestatetohandlethedisturbances.

TheprotestsbeganbeforedawnFridaywhenseveralthousanddemonstratorsbrokethroughpolicelinesaroundthecordoned-offconstructionsite.Theyearnedplacardsthatread“NoNukesisGoodNukes,”“Sunpower,NotNuclearPower”and“StopPrivateProfitsfromPublicPeril”.Theydefiedpoliceordertomovefromthearea.Teargascanistersfiredbypolicefailedtodislodgetheprotestorswhohadcomepreparedwiththeirowngasmasksorfacecloths.Finallygas-maskedandhelmetedpolicechargedintothecrowdtodragoffthedemonstratorsonebyone.Theprotestorsdidnotresistpolice,butrefusedtowalkawayundertheirownpower.Thosearrestedwouldbechargedwithunlawfulassembly,trespassing,anddisturbingthepeace.

41.___werethedemonstratorsprotestingabout?

42.Whohadgas-masks?

43.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedasareasonforthedemonstration?

44.Withwhomwerethejailsandcourtsoverloaded?

45.WhatistheattitudeofGovernorStanforthThumpertowardthepowerprojectandthedemonstration?

Notes:1.cordon警戒线，警戒；2.nuke（美俚）核武器，核电站；3.defy公然，蔑视；4.canister罐，筒，榴霰弹筒；5.dislodge赶走

问题1选项

A.Privateprofits

B.NuclearPowerStation

C.Theprojectofnuclearpowerconstruction

D.Publicperil

问题2选项

A.Everybody

B.Apartoftheprotestors

C.Policemen

D.BothBandC

问题3选项

A.Publictransportation

B.Publicperil

C.Pollution

D.Disposalofwastes

问题4选项

A.Withprisoners

B.Witharresteddemonstrators

C.Withcriminals

D.Withprotestors

问题5选项

A.stubborn

B.insistent

C.insolvable

D.remissible

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】41.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Policefiredteargasandarrestedmorethan5,000passivelyresistingprotestorsFridayinanattempttobreakupthelargestantinucleardemonstrationeverstagedintheUnitedStates…Organizersofthehugedemonstrationsaid,theprotestwascontinuingdespitethepoliceactions.Moredemonstratorswerearrivingtokeepupthepressureonstateauthoritiestocanceltheproject.（周五，在试图驱散美国有史以来规模最大的反核示威活动中，警方发射了催泪瓦斯，并逮捕了5000多名消极反抗的抗议者。越来越多的示威者涌来，继续向国家当局施压，要求取消这个项目）以及第二段开头GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.（斯坦福斯•桑珀州长坚持说，不会重新考虑这个电力项目，也不会推迟计划在三年内完成的建设）可知示威者抗议的是核电建设项目，核电站还未建成，选C选项“核电建设项目”，同时可知B选项“核电站”错误；A选项“私人利润”以及B选项“公共危机”和原文不符。因此C选项正确。

42.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“gas-masks”定位到原文最后一段Teargascanistersfiredbypolicefailedtodislodgetheprotestorswhohadcomepreparedwiththeirowngasmasksorfacecloths.Finallygas-maskedandhelmetedpolicechargedintothecrowdtodragoffthedemonstratorsonebyone.（警察发射的催泪弹并没有把带着防毒面具或面罩的抗议者赶走。最后，戴着防毒面具和头盔的警察冲进人群，一个一个地拖走了示威者）可知警察和示威者都有防毒面具，选D选项“B和C”；A选项“每个人”范围太大；B选项“一部分抗议者”以及C选项“警察”都不完整。因此D选项正确。

43.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Thedemonstratorhadchargedthattheprojectwasunsafeinthedenselypopulatedarea,wouldcreatethermalpollutioninthebay,andhadnoacceptablemeansfordisposingofitsradioactivewasters.（示威者指责该项目在人口密集的地区是不安全的，会对海湾造成热污染，而且没有可接受的处理放射性废料的方法）可知B选项“公共危险”，C选项“污染”，D选项“废物的处置”都有提及；A选项“公共交通”未提及。因此A选项符合题意。

44.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“jailsandcourts”定位到原文第一段最后一句Thedemonstrationswouldgoonuntilthejailsandthecourtsweresooverloadedthatthestatejudicialsystemwouldcollapse.（示威活动将持续下去，直到监狱和法院超负荷运转，以致国家司法系统崩溃）可知示威者准备通过坐牢这一途径表示绝不服输，选B选项“被捕的示威者”，被捕的示威者最可能导致监狱和法庭超载，同时可知D选项“示威者”错误，示威者还没有到被捕的程度，不是最佳选择；A选项“囚犯”和C选项“罪犯”与原文无关。因此B选项正确。

45.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】观点态度题。根据题干关键字“StanforthThumper”定位到原文第二段GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.（斯坦福斯•桑珀州长坚持说，不会重新考虑这个电力项目，也不会推迟计划在三年内完成的建设）以及第二段Thisprojectwillbeginontime…Andpolicecalledinreinforcementsfromalloverthestatetohandlethedisturbances.（这项工程将按时开始……警方从整个州调来了增援部队来处理骚乱）可推测斯坦福斯•桑珀不会因为外界的影响改变决定，即使动用警力也在所不惜，选A选项“固执”；B选项“坚持”的程度没有A选项深，不能更确切地表达斯坦福斯•桑珀的观点；C选项“不能解决的”以及D选项“可宽恕的”和原文无关。因此A选项正确。

2.单选题

Thenaturaldisastershaveimmeasurably（）thesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofourcountry.

问题1选项

A.impressed

B.affected

C.effected

D.interfered

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。impress“给予某人深刻印象”；affect“影响；感染；”;effect“产生;达到目的”；interfere“冲突;介入”。句意：自然灾害会对我们国家的社会和经济产生不可估量的影响。由naturaldisasters可推知自然灾害会对经济和社会产生影响。故B项正确。

3.单选题

Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas（）totheissueathand.

问题1选项

A.irrational

B.unreasonable

C.irrelevant

D.invalid

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项irrational“不合理的”；B选项unreasonable“不合理的；非理智的”；C选项irrelevant“不相干的；不切题的”；D选项invalid“无效的；有病的；残废的”。句意：这位法官判定这一证据是不予采纳的，理由是它与手头的案件是不相干的。C选项正确。

4.单选题

Thecontributiongenesmaketointelligenceincreasesaschildrengrowolder.Thisgoesagainstthe

notionthatmostpeopleholdthatasweage，environmentalinfluencesgraduallyoverpowerthegenetic

legacywearebomwithandmayhaveimplicationsforeducation.“Peopleassumethegeneticinfluence

goesdownwithagebecausetheenvironmentaldifferencesbetweenpeoplepileupinlife,”saysRobert

Plomin.“Whatwefoundwasquiteamazing,andgoesintheotherdirection.”

Previousstudieshaveshownvariationsinintelligenceareatleastpartlyduetogenetics.Tofindoutwhetherthisgeneticcontributionvarieswithage,Plomin’steampooleddatafromsixseparatestudiescarriedoutintheUS,theUK,AustraliaandtheNetherlands,involvingatotalof11,000pairsoftwins.Inthesestudies,theresearcherstestedtwinsonreasoning,logicandarithmeticstomeasureaquantitycalledgeneralcognitiveability,or“G”.Eachstudyalsoincludedbothidenticaltwins,withthesamegenes,andfraternaltwins,sharingabouthalftheirgenes,makingitpossibletodistinguishthecontributionsofgenesandenvironmenttotheirGscores.

Plomin’steamcalculatedthatinchildhood,genesaccountforabout41percentofthevariationin

intelligence.Inadolescence,thisroseto55percent；byyoungadolescence,itwas66percent.Nooneknowswhytheinfluencefromgenesshouldincreasewithage,butPlominsuggeststhataschildrenget

older，theybecomebetteratexploitingandmanipulatingtheirenvironmenttosuittheirgeneticneeds,

andsays“KidswithhighGwillusetheirenvironmenttofostertheircognitiveabilityandchoosefriends

whoarelike-minded.”ChildrenwithmediumtolowGmaychooselesschallengingpastimesand

activities,furtheremphasizingtheirgeneticlegacy.

Isthereanywaytointerferewiththepattern?Perhaps.“Theevidenceofstrongheritabilitydoesn’t

meanatallthatthereisnothingyoucandoaboutit，”saysSusanneJaeggi，“Fromourownwork,the

onesthatstartedoffwithlowerIQscoreshadhighergainsaftertraining.’’

Plominsuggeststhatgeneticdifferencesmaybemoreemphasizedifallchildrenshareanidenticalcurriculuminsteadofitbeingtailoredtochildren’snaturalabilities.“Myinclinationwouldbetogiveeveryoneagoodeducation,butputmoreeffortintothelowerend,”hesays.IntelligenceresearcherPaulThompsonagrees:“Itshowsthateducatorsneedtosteerkidstowardsthingsdrawingouttheirnaturaltalents.”

1.Whatisthecommonnotionthatpeopleholdaboutgenes?

2.ThestudybyPlomin’steamaimstofindout(

)

3.Fromtheexperimentwithtwins,Plomin’steamdrawsaconclusionthat(

).

4.Theword“pattern”inparagraphfourisclosestinmeaningto(

).

5.WhichofthefollowingmightPlomin’steamleastagreeto?

问题1选项

A.Humanscandolittletochangethegeneticdifferencesbetweenpeople.

B.Geneticinfluencebecomesstrongerwhenpeoplereceiveeducation.

C.Genescontributemoretoone’sintelligencethanenvironmentalfactors.

D.Environmentalfactorslessentheinfluenceofgenesonone’sintelligence.

问题2选项

A.whethervariationsinintelligencearecausedbygeneticdifferences

B.howtooverpowergeneticfactorswithneweducationalapproaches

C.whethergeneticcontributiontoone’sintelligencevarieswithage

D.therelationshipbetweenenvironmentandgenes

问题3选项

A.geneticcontributionincreaseswhenonegrowsolder

B.geneticinfluencedecreaseswhenageincreases

C.environmenthasmoreimpactonfraternaltwinsthanidenticaltwins

D.itremainsamysteryhowgenesandenvironmentco-influencepeople

问题4选项

A.cognitiveability

B.strongheritability

C.geneticlegacy

D.challengingpastimes

问题5选项

A.Anidenticalcurriculumtoschoolchildren.

B.AdifferentiatedcoursedesigntochildrenwithvariedIQ.

C.MoreeffortdirectedatchildrenwithmediumorlowG.

D.Educationtailoredtochildren’snaturalabilities.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。题干：人们对基因的普遍看法是什么？由第一段第二句中的“asweage，environmentalinfluencesgraduallyoverpowerthegeneticlegacywearebomwithandmayhaveimplicationsforeducation”可知大多数人认为，随着年龄增长，“environmentalinfluence环境影响”将逐渐大于“geneticlegacy基因遗传”。因此选项D符合题意。

2.细节题。题干：Plomin的研究小组的目的是找出______。根据关键词“Plomin’steam”定位到第二段第二句，往前有“Tofindoutwhetherthisgeneticcontributionvarieswithage”可知他们的目的是找出基因贡献是否随着年龄增长而增加。因此选项C符合题意。

3.细节推理题。题干：从双胞胎的实验中，Plomin的团队得出了一个结论_______。第二段最后提到了双胞胎实验，第三段开头讲到实验结论“Plomin’steamcalculatedthat…”，第三句中“Nooneknowswhytheinfluencefromgenesshouldincreasewithage”可推出实验结论就是基因影响随着年龄的增长而增加。因此选项A符合题意。

4.词义推测题。题干：第四段中的“pattern”最接近_______。定位点在第四段第一句，因此答案需往前文第三段找。第三段中，Plomin认为G较高的孩子会利用环境培养自己的认知能力并选择志同道合的朋友；而G较低的孩子可能会选择不那么有挑战的娱乐和活动，进而强化了他们的基因遗传。可知这里说的“pattern”就是孩子们认知能力的发展。因此选项A符合题意。

5.细节题。题干：下面哪个选项可能是Plomin的团队最不同意的？由本文最后一段可知，Plomin的团队认为应该进行差异化教育，对于G中低等的孩子应投入更多精力。因此选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

问题1选项

A.facilitates

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项facilitates“促进，帮助，使容易”；B选项initiates“开始，创始，发起，倡议”；C选项inhibits“抑制，约束”；D选项purifies“净化，使纯净”。根据句意‘暴露于低强度的伽马电磁辐射下可以放缓食物中腐败微生物的生长速度，正如以极为相同的方式，在巴氏灭菌法中，低热会遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐败作用。’C选项正确。

6.单选题

Asamemberorthesociety,apersonshouldberesponsibleforanddedicatetothesociety.

问题1选项

A.answerfor

B.accountfor

C.chargefor

D.compensatefor

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项answerfor“对……负责”；B选项accountfor“对……做出解释”；C选项chargefor“要价”；D选项compensatefor“赔偿”。句意：作为社会的一员，一个人应该对社会负责，为社会奉献。划线部分beresponsiblefor是对……负责的意思。因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

HereintheUS,beforeagriculturalactivitiesdestroyedthenaturalbalance,thereweregreatmigrationsofRockyMountainlocusts.GreatmigratinghordesoftheseinsectsoncedarkenedtheskiesontheplainseastoftheRockieswherecropswereoftendestroyed;theworstyearswerethosefrom1874to1877.Oneofthesemigratingswarmswasestimatedtocontain124millionlocusts.DuringanothermigrationinNebraskaitwasestimatedtheswarmoflocustsaveragedhalfamilehighandwas100mileswideand300mileslong.Usually,theseswarmstakeofffromthegroundagainstthewind,but,onceairborne,theyturnandflywithit.Warmconvectioncurrentshelptoliftthemoftentogreatheights.Duringthegreatlocustplaguesthesituationbecamesoseriousthattheoriginalstateconstitutionhadtoberewrittentotakecareoftheeconomicproblems.Thenewdocumentwasknownas“GrasshopperConstitution”.Itisnowbelievedthattheselocustswereamigratoryformorphaseofthelessermigratorylocust,whichisstillcommonthere.Inthisrespect,theNorthAmericanmigratorylocustsresembletheirAfricanrelatives.Inbothregionsthemigratoryformsariseasaresultofcrowdingandclimaticfactors.Migratoryformsareapparentlynaturaladaptationswhichbringaboutdispersalwhenlocustpopulationsbecometoocrowded.Fortunatelyforourfarmers,themigratoryform,theso-calledspretusspecies,nolongerseemstooccurregularly,althoughtherewasaseriousoutbreakaslateas1938inmid-westernUnitedStatesandCanada.Actually,thereisnoreasonwhythedestructivemigratoryformmightnotagainappearifcircumstancesshouldbecomefavorable.

1.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthestateconstitutionofNebraskawasrewritteninorderto（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,NorthAmericanandAfricanmigratorylocustsaresimilarinthat（）.

4.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?

问题1选项

A.TheLifeCycleofLocusts.

B.MigratoryLocustsintheUS.

C.LocustPlaguesinNebraska.

D.TheReproductiveCapabilityoftheLocust.

问题2选项

A.maketheconstitutionmoreunderstandabletothepublic

B.encouragethefarmerstoleavethestate

C.provideforaregularcensusofthelocuspopulation

D.solvedifficultiesthatresultedfromlossofcrops

问题3选项

A.theyalwaystraveltowardmountainousregions

B.theirdestructiveactivitiesoccuronlyinplainareas

C.climatesaffecttheirdevelopment

D.theyarebothmentionedinstateconstitutions

问题4选项

A.Theoutbreakoflocustsin1938wasmoreseriousthananyotherinhistory.

B.Nebraskafarmershadnolocustproblemsintheyears1874-1877.

C.ThereisapossibilitythatcropsintheUSmightbedestroyedbylocustsinthefuture.

D.ThereisachancethatAfricanmigratorylocustsmaymaketheirwaytotheUS.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨题。本文主要讲述了美国的两次蝗灾，下文接着提到了内布拉斯加州政府修订了州宪法来解决蝗虫带来的经济灾难，最后提出预测，如果条件允许，蝗虫依然会迁徙而带来灾害。所以整篇文章都关于蝗虫的迁徙。选项B符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章，“Duringthegreatlocustplaguesthesituationbecamesoseriousthattheoriginalstateconstitutionhadtoberewrittentotakecareoftheeconomicproblems.”，可知在蝗灾期间，情况变得如此严重，原来的州宪法不得不重写，以处理经济问题。可判断出内布拉斯加州的州宪法是为了解决因农作物减产而造成的经济问题。选项D符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章，“Inthisrespect,theNorthAmericanmigratorylocustsresembletheirAfricanrelatives.Inbothregionsthemigratoryformsariseasaresultofcrowdingandclimaticfactors.”，可知在迁移形式上，北美和非洲的蝗虫很相似。在这两个区域，迁徙形式都是由于拥挤和气候因素而产生的。可判断出北美和非洲的蝗虫相似原因在于气候影响。选项C符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章，“theworstyearswerethosefrom1874to1877.”，可知最糟糕的年份是1874年到1877年。可判断出1938年不是最严重的一年，选项A可排除。文中只提到1874-1877年遇到了蝗灾问题，并没有提及内布拉斯加州是否发生，选项B可排除。根据文章最后一句，“thereisnoreasonwhythedestructivemigratoryformmightnotagainappearifcircumstancesshouldbecomefavorable.”，可知如果情况有利，破坏性的迁移形式有可能会再次出现，并不能说明非洲蝗虫一定会迁徙到美国。选项D可排除。根据排除法，选项C符合题意。

8.单选题

Theseinstruments,whichbreakupstructuresonlytoexaminethemmorefully,demonstratehowdetailscanbe（）andseparatedfromthewhole.

问题1选项

A.amplified

B.magnified

C.exemplified

D.signified

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。amplify“扩大，放大”，多指将声音或者电流放大；magnify“放大”，多指通过放大镜等物品将影像扩大；exemplify“示例”；signify“表示，意指”。句意：通过将设备打开而进行更详细的检查，这些工具展示了如何将细节扩大并把它们从整体中区分开来。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Iftheinvestmenttaxcreditis()asapartoftaxreformplan,thecapital-intensivebusinessessuchassteel-makersandairlinerswillfaceahardtime.

问题1选项

A.repealed

B.inferred

C.induced

D.appealed

【答案】A

【解析】repealed废止，撤销；inferred推测；induced引诱，说服；appealed呼吁，求助。句意：如果投资抵税被取消来作为税收改革计划的一部分，钢铁制造商和航空公司等资本密集型企业将面临艰难时期。选项A符合句意。

10.单选题

Asapersonwhocombinescarewith_______,Marisacompletedherdutieswith_______aswellaszeal.

问题1选项

A.levity...resignation

B.enthusiasm...meticulousness

C.vitality...willingness

D.empathy...rigor

【答案】B

【解析】levity...resignation轻率屈从;enthusiasm...meticulousness热情严谨;vitality...willingness活力乐意;empathy…rigor同情严厉。句意：Marisa是一个细心与热情相结合的人,她一丝不苟、兢兢业业地完成了自己的职责。选项B符合句意。

11.单选题

Anyobserverwillagreethatnotallthat[A]surroundsnon-remunerateddonation[B]iscompletelyaltruisticandthatsometimestoomuchuse[C]ismadeinsomecountriesofformsofcompensationofgratificationthat[D]isnotmonetarybutneverthelesshavevalue.

问题1选项

A.surrounds

B.is

C.ismade

D.is

【答案】D

【解析】考查主谓一致。D选项处is的主语是formsofcompensationofgratification，为复数形式，因此谓语动词也要保持一致，应把此处is改为are。

12.单选题

Itisthefirsttimethathe（

）theschoolregulation.

问题1选项

A.isgoingtoviolate

B.hasviolated

C.violates

D.violated

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。本题考查的是同位语从句中的动词时态问题。Itisthefirsttimethat...这个句子结构中，使用动词的现在完成时，表示对于过去经历的总结，句意为：这是他第一次违反学校规则。故选项B符合题意。

13.单选题

NothavingagoodcommandofEnglishcanbeaserious（

）topreventingyoufrom

achievingyourgoals.

问题1选项

A.impediment

B.fault

C.offense

D.distress

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。impediment意为“妨碍，阻止”；fault意为“缺点，缺陷”；offense意为“犯罪，进攻”；distress意为“悲痛”。

句意：不能很好地掌握英语可能妨碍你实现你的目标。

14.单选题

Thebedhasbeen（

）inthefamily.Itwasmygreat-grandmother’soriginally.

问题1选项

A.handedout

B.handedover

C.handeddown

D.handedround

【答案】C

【解析】词组辨析题。handout分发，施舍；handover上交，移交；handdown宣布；流传下来；handround分发，传递。

句意：这张床是我们家流传下来的。它原本是我曾祖母的。选项C更符合语境。

15.单选题

In1896aGeorgiacouplesuingfordamagesintheaccidentaldeathoftheirtwo-year-oldwastoldthatsincethechildhadmadenorealeconomiccontributiontothefamily,therewasnoliabilityfordamages.Incontrast,lessthanacenturylater,in1979,theparentsofathree-year-oldsuedinNewYorkforaccidental-deathdamagesandwonanawardof$750,000.

ThetransformationinsocialvaluesimplicitinjuxtaposingthesetwoincidentsisthesubjectofVivianaZelizer’sexcellentbook,PricingthePricelessChild.Duringthenineteenthcentury,sheargues,theconceptofthe“useful”childwhocontributedtothefamilyeconomygavewaygraduallytothepresent-daynotionofthe“useless”childwho,thoughproducingnoincomefor,andindeedextremelycostlyto,itsparents,isyetconsideredemotionally“priceless”.Wellestablishedamongsegmentsofthemiddleandupperclassesbythemid-1800’s.Thisnewviewofchildhoodspreadthroughoutsocietyinthelate-nineteenthandearly-twentiethcenturiesasreformersintroducedchild-laborregulationsandcompulsoryeducationlawspredicatedinpartontheassumptionthatachild’semotionalvaluemadechildlabortaboo.

ForZelizertheoriginsofthistransformationweremanyandcomplex.Thegradualerosionofchildren’sproductivevalueinamaturingindustrialeconomy,thedeclineinbirthanddeathrates,especiallyinchildmortality,andthedevelopmentofthecompanionatefamily(afamilyinwhichmemberswereunitedbyexplicitbondsofloveratherthanduty)wereallfactorscriticalinchangingtheassessmentofchildren’sworth.Yet“expulsionofchildrenfromthe‘cashnexus’,althoughclearlyshapedbyprofoundchangesintheeconomic,occupational,andfamilystructures,”Zelizermaintains,“wasalsopartofaculturalprocessof‘sacralization’ofchildren’slives.”Protectingchildrenfromthecrassbusinessworldbecameenormouslyimportantforlate-nineteenth-centurymiddle-classAmericans,shesuggests；thissacralizationwasawayofresistingwhattheyperceivedastherelentlesscorruptionofhumanvaluesbythemarketplace.

Instressingtheculturaldeterminantsofachild’sworth,Zelizertakesissuewithpractitionersofthenew“sociologicaleconomics”，whohaveanalyzedsuchtraditionallysociologicaltopicsascrime,marriage,education,andhealthsolelyintermsoftheireconomicdeterminants.Allowingonlyasmallroleforculturalforcesintheformofindividual“preferences”，thesesociologiststendtoviewallhumanbehaviorasdirectedprimarilybytheprincipleofmaximizingeconomicgain.Zelizerishighlycriticalofthisapproach,andemphasizesinsteadtheoppositephenomenon:thepowerofsocialvaluestotransformprice.Aschildrenbecamemorevaluableinemotionalterms,sheargues,theirexchange”or“surrender”valueonthemarket,thatis,theconversionoftheirintangibleworthintocashterms,becamemuchgreater.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethataccidental-deathdamageawardsinAmericaduringthenineteenthcenturytendedtobebasedprincipallyonthe（）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheearly1800schildrenweregenerallyregardedbytheirfamiliesasindividualswho（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingalternativeexplanationsofthechangeinthecashvalueofchildrenwouldbemostlikelytobeputforwardbysociologicaleconomistsastheyaredescribedinthepassage?

4.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

5.Zelizerreferstoallofthefollowingasimportantinfluencesinchangingtheassessmentofchildren’sworthexceptchangesin（）.

问题1选项

A.earningsofthepersonattimeofdeath

B.wealthofthepartycausingthedeath

C.degreeofculpabilityofthepartycausingthedeath

D.amountofmoneythathadbeenspentonthepersonkilled

问题2选项

A.neededenormousamountsofsecurityandaffection

B.requiredconstantsupervisionwhileworking

C.wereimportanttotheeconomicwell-beingofafamily

D.wereunsuitedtospendinglonghoursinschool

问题3选项

A.Thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecauseparentsbegantoincreasetheiremotionalinvestmentintheupbringingoftheirchildren.

B.Thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausetheirexpectedearningsoverthecourseofalifetimeincreasedgreatly.

C.Thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausethespreadofhumanitarianidealsresultedinawholesalereappraisaloftheworthofanindividual.

D.Thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausecompulsoryeducationlawsreducedthesupply,andthusraisedthecosts,ofavailablechildlabor.

问题4选项

A.reviewtheliteratureinanewacademicsubfield

B.presentthecentralthesisofarecentbook

C.contrasttwoapproachestoanalyzehistoricalchange

D.refuteatraditionalexplanationofasocialphenomenon

问题5选项

A.themortalityrate

B.thenatureofindustry

C.thenatureofthefamily

D.attitudestowardreformmovements

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:文章第一句提到1986年一位两岁的小孩意外去世，其父母没有得到赔偿，因为小孩没有给家里带来收入。所以可以推断，19世纪意外死亡的赔偿是根据人能否创造经济价值来决定的。选项A符合题意。

第2题:题干中的1800’s与第一段的1896对应，所以19世纪早期注重的是孩子的经济价值，所以选项C符合题意。

第3题:文章最后一段提到所谓的社会经济学家认为人的一切社会活动都是把金钱放在最重要的地位。（thesesociologiststendtoviewallhumanbehaviorasdirectedprimarilybytheprincipleofmaximizingeconomicgain），选项B符合这一原则。

第4题:文章没有提到“anewacademicsubfield”，选项A排除；文章没有通过对比来分析历史，选项C排除；作者并没有表明对社会现象的传统解释的态度，选项D排除。所以选项B符合题意，文章主要在讲述VivianaZelizer的PricingthePricelessChild这本书。

第5题:第三段第二句话Thegradualerosionofchildren’sproductivevalueinamaturingindustrialeconomy,thedeclineinbirthanddeathrates,especiallyinchildmortality,andthedevelopmentofthecompanionatefamily(afamilyinwhichmemberswereunitedbyexplicitbondsofloveratherthanduty)wereallfactorscriticalinchangingtheassessmentofchildren’sworth.提到影响儿童价值的因素包括：成熟的工业体系导致童工的比重下降，出生率、死亡率尤其是儿童的死亡率下降，家庭成员间的关系。四个选项中只有D选项没有提及，所以D选项符合题意。

16.单选题

Thebestfilmsarcthosewhich（）nationalorculturalbarriers.

问题1选项

A.transcend

B.transit

C.transcribe

D.transact

【答案】A

【解析】形近词辨析题。transcend超越，胜过；transit运输；transcribe抄写；transact办理，交易。句意：最好的电影是那些超越了民族或文化障碍的电影。选项A符合句意。

17.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingtwoparagraphsintoChinese

Onceyouturnoveranewleaf,youcan’texpecttochangecompletelyrightaway.Youareboundtovacillateattimes.Thekeyistobesatisfiedwithgradualimprovement,expectingandacceptingtheoccasionalslipsthatcomewithanychange.Andevenafteryouarehandlingthesedecisionsinafirmerandmoreconfidentmanner,youcan’texpectyourchildrentorespondimmediately.Forawhilethey’llkeeponapplyingtheoldpressuresthatusedtoworksowell.Butthey’lleventuallycometorespectyourdecisionsoncetheylearnthatnaggingandarguingnolongerwork.Intheend,bothyouandyourchildrenwillbehappierforit.

Thetrendsarequicklyacceleratingforasimplereason:Informationispower,andtechnologydemocratizesanduniversalizestheavailabilityofinformation.Hence,organizationswillnolongerbeabletosubsidizeprocessesandjobsthatglorifyhierarchicalcontrolbutturnoffthespigotonknowledge-flow.FuturistGeorgeGilderdescribesaworldwheretheeconomyisbasedonsand,glassandair.Sandisthesiliconusedtomakemicrochips,thebuildingblocksofcomputing—andthatbuildingblockisgrowingexponentially.Theperformanceofmicrochipsdoublesevery18months.

【答案】一旦你翻开新的一页，你就不能指望马上完全改变。有时你肯定会犹豫不决。关键是要满足于渐进的改进，预料并接受任何变化带来的偶然失误。即使在你以更加坚定和自信的方式处理这些决定之后，你也不能指望你的孩子会立即做出反应。在一段时间内，他们将继续施加过去行之有效的旧压力。但一旦他们知道唠叨和争论不再有效，他们最终会尊重你的决定。最后，你和你的孩子都会因此而更快乐。

这种趋势正在迅速加速，原因很简单：信息就是力量，而技术使信息变得民主化和普遍化。因此，组织将不再能够资助那些美化等级特权并阻止信息交流的工作体系了。未来学家乔治•吉尔德描述了一个以沙子、玻璃和空气为基础的经济世界。沙子是用来制造微芯片的硅，芯片（计算机世界的建筑材料）正以指数级的速度增长。微芯片的性能每18个月翻一番。

18.单选题

______allourkindnesstohelpher;Sararefusedtolisten.

问题1选项

A.At

B.In

C.For

D.On

【答案】D

【解析】考查介词词义辨析。at“在（表示存在或出现的地点、场所、位置等）”；in“在……内”；for“对；为了”；on“在……之上；对于，关于”。句意：对于我们的友好帮助，萨拉拒绝了。选项D符合题意。

19.单选题

Fearofpirate（

）ledtheFrenchtofortifytheircoastline.

问题1选项

A.excursions

B.incursions

C.transmigrations

D.transmogrifications

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。excursion“偏移；远足”；incursion“入侵；侵犯”；transmigration“轮回；移居”；transmogrification“变形”。句意：对海盗袭击的担心使得法国加固了他们的海岸线。选项B符合题意。

20.单选题

Wemusttakepartinphysicallaborinorderto（）ourselvesmorecloselywiththeworkingpeople.

问题1选项

A.combine

B.incorporate

C.involve

D.identify

【答案】D

【解析】identifyoneselfwith表示“与……密切联系”“到……中去”的意思；incorporatewith意为“与……合作（结合）”；c