考研考博-英语-天津师范大学考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津师范大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Theboydivedintothewaterandafter（

）seemedtobealongtime,hecameupagain.

问题1选项

A.what

B.that

C.it

D.which

【答案】A

【解析】考查宾语从句的用法。After后面部分有单独的谓语部分seemed，因此after后面接宾语从句，从句中缺少主语成分。四个选项中只有A选项what可在宾语从句中充当主语成分。

2.单选题

Heisofa（

）mood;heneverfinisheswhathestarts.

问题1选项

A.different

B.variable

C.various

D.distinctive

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他这个人朝三暮四，做起事来总是虎头蛇尾。

考查形容词辨析。different个别的,与众不同的;variable多变的,变异的;various各种各样的,多方面的;distinctive有特色的,与众不同的。这里形容这个人朝三暮四.故选B。

3.单选题

JogginghasbecomethemostpopularindividualsportinAmerica.Manytheories,evensomemysticalones,havebeenadvancedtoexplainthepopularityofjogging.Theplaintruthisthatjoggingisacheap,quickandefficientwaytomaintain(orachieve)physicalfitness.

Themostusefulsortofexerciseisexercisethatdevelopstheheart,lungs,andcirculatorysystems.Ifthesesystemsarefit,thebodyisreadyforalmostanysportandforalmostanysuddendemandmadebyworkoremergencies.Onecantrainmorespecifically,asbydevelopingstrengthforweightliftingortheabilitytorunstraightaheadforshortdistanceswithgreatpowersinfootball,butrunningtrainsyourheartandlungstodeliveroxygenmoreefficientlytoallpartsofyourbody.Itisworthnotingthatthissortofexerciseistheonlykindthatcanreduceheartdisease,thenumberonecauseofdeathinAmerica.

Onlyonesortofequipmentisneeded—agoodpairofshoes.Physiciansadvisebeginningjoggersnottoruninatennisorgymshoe.Manydesignadvanceshavebeenmadeinonlythelastseveralyearsthatmakeanexcellentrunningshoeindispensableifarunnerwishestodevelopasquicklyaspossible,withaslittlechanceofinjuryaspossible.Agoodrunningshoewillhaveasoftpadforabsorbingshock,aswellasaslightlybuilt-upheelandafullheelcupthatwillgivethekneeandanklemorestability.Awiseinvestmentingoodshoeswillpreventblistersandthefoot,ankleandkneeinjuriesandwillalsoenablethewearertorunonpavedorsoftsurfaces.

Nootherspecialequipmentisneeded;youcanjoginanyclothing,youdesire,evenyourstreetclothes.Manyjoggerswearexpensive,flashywarm-upsuits,butjustasmanywearasimplepairofgymshoesandT-shirt;infact,manypeoplejustjoginlastyear'sclothes.Incoldweather,severallayersofclothingarebetterthanoneheavysweaterorcoat.Ifjoggersarewearingseverallayersofclothing,theycanaddorsubtractlayersasconditionschange.

Ittakessurprisinglylittletimetodeveloptheabilitytorun.TheAmericanJoggingAssociationhasatwelve-weekprogramdesignedtomoveformafifteen-minutewalk(whichalmostanyonecanmanagewhoisinreasonablehealth)toathirty-minuterun.Ameasureofcommonsense,aphysicalexamination,andaplannedscheduleareallittakes.

1.Theymainpurposeofthispassageisto（

）.

2.Themostusefulkindofexerciseisexercisethat

（

）.

3.Wecanconcludefromthispassagethat

（

）.

4.Theauthor'stone

（

）.

5.Asusedinthispassage,theword“mystical”means（

）.

问题1选项

A.discussjoggingasaphysicalfitnessprogram

B.describethetypeofclothingneededforjogging

C.providescientificevidenceofthebenefitsofjogging

D.distinguishbetweenjoggingasa"commonsense"fitnessprogramandacult(崇拜)movement

问题2选项

A.trainsthebodyforweightlifting

B.enablesapersontorunstraightaheadforShortdistanceswithgreatpower

C.isbothbeneficialandinexpensive

D.developstheheart,lungs,andcirculatorysystems

问题3选项

A.becauseofjogging,heartdiseaseisnolongeranAmericanproblem

B.joggingcanbeharmfuliftherunnerisnotproperlyprepared

C.warm-upsuitsarepreferabletogymshoesandT-shirts

D.joggingisbadfortheanklesandknees

问题4选项

A.skeptical

B.aggressive

C.approving

D.purelyobjective

问题5选项

A.awesome

B.horrifying

C.aspiritualdiscipline

D.vicious

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章首段提出慢跑是一种简便易行的且可以保持健康的运动方式。之后分别讨论了跑步鞋、着装、跑步能力。故选A。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词Themostusefulkindofexercise定位至第二段:.Themostusefulsortofexerciseise0了，xercisethatdevelopstheheart,lungs,andcirculatorysystems(最有效的运动方式就是可以训练心脏、肺部以及整个血液循环系统的运动)。故选D。

3.判断推理题。第三段指出,对于慢跑者来说选择合理的跑步鞋的重要性。由此腿短,如果慢跑者没有做好准备,慢跑也可能会造成损害。故选B。

4.观点态度题。文章指出慢跑简便易行而且可以保持健康,还可以减少患心脏病的几率。故选C。

5.词义题。“mystical”出现在第一段,用于修饰“ones”(指代manytheories)。第一段主要指出慢跑这一运动项目广受欢迎,并有助于保持身体健康。故选C。

4.单选题

DespitetherecessioninBrazil,manyjobhuntersaretakingtheirlastsavingsandinvestinginEnglishlessonsbecausesomany_______employerswantworkerswithaknowledgeofEnglish.

问题1选项

A.prevalent

B.proficient

C.prospective

D.prominent

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.prevalent普遍存在的，盛行的B.proficient熟练的，娴熟的，精通的

C.prospective可能的，潜在的D.prominent著名的，杰出的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词jobhunters，可知这些求职者学英语是为了找工作，雇主是谁还没有确定，prospective符合语境，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。

【句意】尽管巴西经济衰退，许多求职者还是把最后的积蓄花在了英语课程上，因为很多潜在雇主都想要会英语的员工。

5.单选题

Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicofsleepinessinthenation.“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.

Thebeginningofoursleepdeficitcrisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.Fromdiaryentriesandotherpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thatsleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David.“Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8hoursorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.”

Perhapsthemostmercilessrubberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram.“Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours’sleep.Ifyou’vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”

Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David.“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”

1.Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiesusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanightbecausetheyhad_______.

2.AccordingtoDr.David,Americans_______.

3.ManyAmericansbelievethat_______.

4.Theword“subjects”inthelastparagraphrefersto______.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatoneshouldsleepasmanyhoursasisnecessaryto_______.

问题1选项

A.nodriveandambition

B.noelectriclighting

C.thebestsleephabits

D.somethingtodointheevening

问题2选项

A.areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressureoflife

B.oftenneglecttheconsequencesofsleepdeficit

C.donotknowhowtorelaxthemselvesproperly

D.cangetbyon6.5hoursofsleep

问题3选项

A.sleepisthefirstthingthatcanbesacrificedwhenoneisbusy

B.theyneedmoresleeptocopewiththecomplexitiesofeverydaylife

C.tosleepissomethingonecandoatanytimeoftheday

D.enoughsleeppromotespeople’sdriveandambition

问题4选项

A.theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit

B.specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied

C.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied

D.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

问题5选项

A.improveone’smemorydramatically

B.beconsidereddynamicbyotherpeople

C.maintainone’sdailyschedule

D.feelenergeticandperformadequately

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Thebeginningofoursleepdeficitcrisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.（我们睡眠不足危机的开始可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。）”以及后文的“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.（当天很黑，我们晚上在农场无所事事的时候，最好的睡眠习惯曾经强加在我们身上。）”，由此可知那时因为晚上因为没有照明所以农场里没有事情可做，人们不得不养成了睡9.5个小时的睡眠习惯，所以B选项“无电气照明”符合题意。A选项“没有动力和野心”文中没有提到，C选项“最佳睡眠习惯”不符合题意；D选项“晚上有事要做”说法错误，文中说到了他们晚上无事可做。因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit...Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8hoursorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.（人们在睡眠中作弊，他们甚至没有意识到这件事……他们认为自己没事，因为他们觉得睡6.5个小时就够了，但实际上他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多时间的睡眠才能感到精力充沛）”，由此可知美国人经常睡眠不足，但他们不以为然，甚至忽视睡眠不足的后果，因此B选项“常常忽视睡眠不足的后果”符合题意。A选项“即使在生活的压力下也精力充沛”和C选项“不知道如何适当地放松自己”文章没有提到；D选项“只需6.5小时的睡眠”说法有误，文章提到他们自认为6.5个小时的睡眠足够，事实上是完全不够的。因此B选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram.（每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人认为睡眠是他的计划中最便宜的项目）”，由此可知美国人常常认为在忙碌时，睡眠是第一件可以牺牲的事，因此A选项“当一个人忙碌时，睡眠是第一件可以牺牲掉的事”符合题意。B选项“他们需要更多的睡眠来应付日常生活的复杂性”与原文意思相反，故B选项错误；C选项“睡眠是一天中任何时候都可以做的事”和D选项“充足的睡眠促进人们的动力和野心”文章没有提及，因此A选项正确。

4.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.（为了确定睡眠不足所产生的后果，研究人员让subjects通过一系列心理和行为的测试，要求他们把一栏数字相加或者回忆刚读过的文章。）”，由该句意思可推断出subjects应该指人。A选项“睡眠缺乏研究中的性能测试”；B选项“正在研究的特殊知识分支”；C选项“行为或反应被研究的人”；D选项“睡眠不足的心理后果”。其中C选项更符合题意，因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据文章第二段“...theyreallyneed7.5,8hoursorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.（他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多时间的睡眠才能感到精力充沛）”以及最后一段“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers...Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.（我们发现，如果你睡眠不足，你的表现就会受到影响……短期记忆被削弱，做决定和集中注意力的能力也被削弱）”，由此可知D选项“感到精力充沛，表现良好”符合题意。A选项“明显提高一个人的记忆力”；B选项“在别人看来充满活力”；C选项“保持每天的日程安排”都不符合题意，因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

JustimaginetheshockofthePrimeMinisterwhenthreeofhisseniorcabinetcolleagues（

）andresignedinprotestonFridaynight.

问题1选项

A.revolved

B.resolved

C.revived

D.revolted

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析题。根据句意‘试想一下，当他的三个高级内阁同僚都在周五晚上向他递交了辞呈并进行抗议，这对这位首相的打击有多大。’可知这里应选与resignedinprotest“辞职抗议”为并列关系的动词。A选项revolve“旋转”;B选项resolve“解决”；C选项revive“使复活，使恢复”;D选项revolt“反叛，起义”。D选项的revolted与protest相对应，D选项正确。

7.单选题

Rightinthemiddleofthemayor'sspeechthatbroughtforthvariousreasonsfortherecentsharpriseinprices,anangryvoicewasheardinthecrowd,“thegovernment（

）hanged!”

问题1选项

A.is

B.was

C.be

D.were

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在市长的演讲期间，他提出了价格最近急剧上涨的原因。人群中传来愤怒的声音：“政府应该被绞死”。此处考查的是省略了should的虚拟语气,因此后面要用be，选项C符合题意。

8.单选题

Theygathered（）informationbeforedesigningthemeasuringequipment.

问题1选项

A.agreatmany

B.vastamountsof

C.alargenumberof

D.anumberof

【答案】B

【解析】词组辨析。Agreatmany,alargenumberof和anumberof后都接可数名词，information为不可数名词，所以选用vastamountof，句意：他们在设计测量设备之前收集了大量的信息。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Thesystemwasredesignedtoembracethenetworkandeventually（

）itinaprofitabledirection.

问题1选项

A.adapt

B.control

C.install

D.steer

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adapt“使适合，使适应，改编”；B选项control“控制，支配，操纵”；C选项install“安装，安置，使就职”；D选项steer“驾驶，掌舵，指引……的路线”。句意：该系统被重新设计，目的是使其与网络兼容，并最终使网络朝获利方向发展。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror"provider"andpurchaseror"consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday",whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor'sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants-thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.

1.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Itcaninferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause

（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect

（

）.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto

（

）.

5.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

B.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-care

C.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

D.informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights

问题2选项

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofpatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient'shealth

D.somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician'sadvice

问题3选项

A.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

B.warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary

C.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

D.admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective

问题4选项

A.aproposalofcontrolmedicalcosts

B.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C.ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStates

D.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

问题5选项

A.Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.

B.Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescribedortoquestionthecostofservices.

C.Thepayer,whetherinsurancecarrierorthegovernment,islesslikelytoacquiescetodemandsforpaymentwhentheillnessofthepatientisregardedasserious.

D.BothAandB.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到在经济的大部分领域购买者做出决定，但在医学领域却不是如此（Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.）文章主要讲述了卫生保健领域医生和病人奇怪的经济关系，其他几段分析了这种关系的不同之处，因此选项B符合题意。

2.推理判断题。文章第三段最后一句话提到“因此，在医院的政策和决策中，医务人员是‘权力中心’，而不是行政部门”（Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration），根据asaconsequence可知，原因在该句的前面，Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."（难怪在医院的眼里医生才是真正的消费者）。也就是说医生决定了医院的收入，选项A符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第二段提到“医生通常做出所有重大的购买决定，如：病人是否应该在下周三回医院”（itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday"），选项A“指导病人买更多的医疗服务”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。最后一段作者指出75-80%的医疗花费是由医生决定的，而不是病人（Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients），因此针对病人或一般人的节约是相对无效的（Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective），由此可以看出作者对这种做法是持否定意见的，所以作者接下来可能会提出一些建议来改变这种行为，选项A“控制医疗成本的建议”符合题意。

5.观点态度题。文章第二段最后一句提到很少有病人会为价格问题来质疑医生，尤其是那些病重的病人（Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious），选项A的大意是很少有病人不愿意反对医生，与原文不符合，因此符合题意。

11.单选题

Our（

）withthePresidentattheairportwasexciting.

问题1选项

A.arrival

B.encounter

C.endeavor

D.refreshment

【答案】B

【解析】根据句意:我们在机场偶遇总统,这真的令人激动不已。只有选项B符合句意。

12.单选题

Asyoucantellfromhowanimatedheis.Charlesisnottiredenoughtogotobedyet.Hewouldn’tsleepifhegoestobednow.

问题1选项

A.Asyoucan

B.howanimatedheis

C.tiredenough

D.hegoestobed

E.没有问题

【答案】D

【解析】时态错误。hegoestobed改为weretogotobed,主句和从句部分都是表示与将来事实相反，主句用would/could+动词原形，从句用wereto/should+动词原形。

13.单选题

ScientistsonTuesdaypushedthehandsoftheinfamous“DoomsdayClock”forwardoneminutefromlastyear,signalingtheir______pessimismabouttheeffortsofworldleaderstohandleglobalthreats.

问题1选项

A.increase

B.increased

C.increasedly

D.increasing

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法知识。空格前是their形容词性物主代词，后是名词pessimism悲观主义，所以空格处应填形容词，可排除A和C。increased“增强的”；increasing“越来越也多的，渐增的”。句意：周二，科学家们把臭名昭著的“世界末日时钟”拨快了一分钟，比去年提前了一分钟，这表明他们对世界领导人应对全球威胁的努力持……悲观态度。B选项强调“已经增强的”，综合句意D选项更符合。

14.单选题

Itmightbesupposedthatgreaterefficiencycouldbeachievedifseveralpeopleworkedtogethertosolveaproblemthanifonlyoneindividualworksonit.

Althoughgroupsoftenmayincreasethemotivationoftheirmemberstodealwithproblems,thereareconflictsarisingamongmembersofagroup.Problemsolvingneedsthepresenceofaneffectiveleaderwhonotonlyprovidesdirection,butalsopermitstheorderly,constructiveexpressionofdifferentopinions;muchoftheleader’seffortmaybedevotedtoresolvingdifferences.Successinproblemsolvingalsodependsonthedistributionofabilitywithinagroup.

Althoughgroupsmayreachagreaternumberofcorrectsolutions,ormayrequirelesstimetodiscover

ananswer,theirefficiencyistypicallylowerthanthatachievedbyskilledindividualsworkingalone.

Inbrainstorming,aproblemispresentedtoagroupofpeoplewhothenproceedtoofferwhatevertheycanthinkof.Theoreticallytheseunrestrictedsuggestionsincreasetheprobabilitythatatleastsomebettersolutionswillappear.Nevertheless,studiesshowthatwhenindividualsworkaloneundersimilarconditions,performancetendstoproceedmoreefficientlythanitdoesingroups.

Underspecialcircumstances,however,agroupmaysolveproblemsmoreeffectivelythanacompetentindividualdoes.Groupmembersmaycontributedifferentresourcestoasolutionthatnoindividualcanachievealone.Sometimessocialdemandsmayrequiregroupagreementonasingleissue,asinmakingnationaleconomicormilitarypoliciesunderthegovernments.Whenonlyoneamongseveralsolutionsiscorrect,evenifagrouprequiresmoretime,ithasahigherprobabilityofidentifyingtherightonethandoesanindividualalone.

1.Inagroup,problemsolvingneeds（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,itiseasierforgroupstoreach（）.

3.Theauthorthinksthatunrestrictedsuggestionscanbringabout（）.

4.Itcanbeseenfromthepassagethatagroupwillbemoreefficientin（）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingstatementisTRUE?

问题1选项

A.thepresenceofaneffectiveleader

B.thebestwaytocollectresources

C.everyonetoworkharder

D.morefunds

问题2选项

A.mistakestheywanttomake

B.theplacewhichtheywanttogo

C.theplacewheretheywanttorest

D.agreaternumberofcorrectsolutions

问题3选项

A.sometrouble

B.somebettersolutions

C.somemoretime

D.somemoreeffort

问题4选项

A.discussingdirections

B.correctingmistakes

C.dealingwithnationalproblems

D.findingaproblem

问题5选项

A.Agroupofpeoplemaysolveproblemsmoreeffectivelythananindividual.

B.Theefficiencyofagroupisworstintheworld.

C.Agroupwillnotbeefficientindealingwithnationalpolicies.

D.Effectiveleadersoftensolvetheproblemsthemselves.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第二段的第二句“Problemsolvingneedsthepresenceofaneffectiveleader...ofdifferentopinions.”解决问题需要一个有效的领导者，他不仅提供解决问题的方向，而且允许有序地、建设性地表达不同意见。选项A符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第三段可知，团队可能会更容易找到很多解决问题的正确方案。选项D符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第五段第二句“Groupmembersmaycontributedifferentresourcestoasolutionthatnoindividualcanachievealone.”。选项B符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第三句“Sometimessocialdemandsmayrequiregroupagreementonasingleissue,asinmakingnationaleconomicormilitarypoliciesunderthegovernments.”有时，社会需求可能需要就一个问题达成集体协议，例如在政府领导下制定国家经济或军事政策。由此推断，在处理国家问题时，团队将会更有效率，选项C符合原文。

5.细节判断题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要强调的是团队合作而不是个人能力，所以只有选项A正确，其他选项均不正确。

15.单选题

France’s（

）ofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.

问题1选项

A.assumption

B.consumption

C.presumption

D.resumption

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项assumption“假定，假设”；B选项consumption“消费，消耗”；C选项presumption“假设，推定”；D选项resumption“恢复，重联，（中断后）再继续”。句意：上个月法国在南太平洋重新进行核试验引发了政界的争论和群众游行示威。结合此处语境，谈及到法国重新进行核试验，因此D选项正确。

16.不定项选择题

Obesitygenerallyisdefinedasanaccumulationoffat(adiposetissue)beyondwhatisconsiderednormalforaperson’sage,sex,andbodytype.Intoday’ssocietyobesityisconsideredasadisease,notamoralfailing.Itoccurswhenenergyintakeexceedstheamountofenergyexpendedovertime.Onlyinasmallminorityofcasesisobesitycausedbysuchillnessesashypothyroidism,ortheresultoftakingmedications,suchassteroids,thatcancauseweightgain.

Themoreapersonweighs,themorebloodvesselsthebodyneedstocirculatebloodthroughoutthebody.Thehearttakesonaheavyburdenasithastopumphardertoforcethebloodflowthroughsomanyvessels.Asaresult,theheartgrowsinsizeandbloodpressuretendstorise.Obesityisalsoafactorinosteoarthritis(becauseoftheextraweightplacedonjoints),gout,boneandjointdiseases(includingrupturedintervertebraldiscs),varicoseveins,respiratoryailments,andgallbladderdisease,complicationsduringpregnancyanddelivery,andhigheraccidentaldeathrate.

Obesitycanalterhormonelevels,affectimmunefunction,andcauseimpotenceinmenandreproductiveproblemsinwomen.Womenwhoare30%overweightaretwiceaslikelytodieofendometrialcancer,andthosewhoare40%overweighthavefourtimestherisk.Obesewomenalsoaremorelikelytoincurcancersofthebreast,cervix,ovaries,andgallbladder.Obesemenaremorelikelytodevelopcancersoftherectum,colon,esophagus,bladder,pancreas,stomach,andprostate.

Obesitycanalsocausepsychologicalproblems.Sufferersareassociatedwithlaziness,failure,orinadequatewillpower.Asaresult,overweightmenandwomenblamethemselvesforbeingheavy,thuscausingfeelingsofguiltanddepression.

ScientificevidencehasfoundanassociationbetweenMBI(body-massindex)andhigherdeathrates.However,therelativeriskofbeingheavydeclineswithage.Someresearchershavefoundthatdatalinkingoverweightanddeathareinconclusive,whileotherresearchershavefoundthatlosingweightmayberiskierthandangersposedbyextrapounds.Someresearcherscounterthatoverweightindirectlycontributestoover300,000deathsayear.

ApollbyShapeupAmericafoundthat78%ofoverweightorobeseadultshaveabandoneddietingasameansoflosingweight.Dietsdonotteachpeoplehowtoeatproperly.Theymerelyrestrictfoodintaketemporarily,sowhenthedietends,weightgainresumes.

11.Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?

12.Accordingtothepassage,（）

13.Accordingtothepassage,whydoesdietingnotresultinpermanentweightloss?

14.WhichofthefollowingisimpliedinParagraph5?

15.Whichofthefollowingcanbeconcludedfromthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Obesityputsaburdenontheheart.

B.Manypeopleareconstantlydieting.

C.Obesityisconsideredtobeadisease.

D.Obesitycanleadtomanyhealthproblems.

问题2选项

A.Obesityisoftenrelatedtomedicationssuchassteroids.

B.Obesitydoesnotaffectaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.

C.Adiagnosisofobesityisbasedonanormalweightforone’sageandsex.

D.Obesityisbecominglessofaproblemintoday’ssociety.

问题3选项

A.Dietsdon’tteachpeoplegoodeatinghabits.

B.Dietsleadtoguiltanddepression.

C.Therearetoomanydietsandeachhasdifferentrequirements.

D.Dietscausefeelingsofdeprivation.

问题4选项

A.Losingalotofweightisnotwiseforolderpersons.

B.Somesurgicalmethodsforweightlossarebetterthandieting.

C.Allobesepeopleneedtoshedtheirextrapounds.

D.Obesepeopleshouldconsulttheirdoctorsabouttheprosandconsoflosingweight.

问题5选项

A.Obesityisnotamajorhealthrisk.

B.Scientistsagreeontheconnectionbetweenobesityanddeath.

C.Obesepeoplearelikelytobebiasedagainstbyothers.

D.Obesepeopleoftenblameothersfortheirconditions.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】11.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲肥胖可能会导致很多疾病。D选项“肥胖会导致很多疾病”，选项D正确。C选项“肥胖被认为是一种疾病”，文章只是稍微提到此内容，可排除。B选项“许多人不断节食”，不符合文章内容，可排除。A选项“肥胖给心脏带来负担”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此D选项正确。

12.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Obesitygenerallyisdefinedasanaccumulationoffat(adiposetissue)beyondwhatisconsiderednormalforaperson’sage,sex,andbodytype.（肥胖通常被定义为一个人的年龄、性别和体型超出正常范围的脂肪堆积。）也就是说，肥胖的诊断是基于一个人的年龄和性别的正常体重。选项C“肥胖的诊断是基于一个人的年龄和性别的正常体重”与原文描述