考研考博-英语-大连职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-大连职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinions,whichwerecurrentahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorance,lackofresponsibility,areoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist;inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason.”Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.

Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithink,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature.Actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.

However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.

Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.

1.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto（）.

2.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat（）.

3.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould（）.

4.Accordingtothewriter,asystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum（）.

问题1选项

A.theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomy

B.thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaults

C.thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsociety

D.thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educated

问题2选项

A.thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimproved

B.everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany“reason”

C.everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountry

D.peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoor

问题3选项

A.providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployed

B.encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligations

C.guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployed

D.provideeveryonewiththerighttoaminimumsubsistenceforacertainperiod

问题4选项

A.demandstoomuchfromsociety

B.makesfreedomofcontractimpossible

C.helpspeopletakeinterestintheirwork

D.helpsbringaboutchangesintherelationshipamongpeople

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto______.1.过去，人们认为贫穷和失业是因为______。

A.theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomyA.经济发展缓慢

B.thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaultsB.穷人和失业者自己的错误

C.thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsocietyC.社会责任的缺失

D.thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educatedD.大量没有受过良好教育的人

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第四句“一百年前流行的观点认为穷人的处境是由于他们的无知和缺乏责任感，现在这种观点已经过时了”，可知，过去，人们认为贫穷和失业是因为穷人和失业者自己的无知和缺乏责任感，B项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“经济发展缓慢”和D项“大量没有受过良好教育的人”没有提到，无中生有；

C项“社会责任的缺失”太片面，以偏概全。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat______.2.现在人们普遍认为______。

A.thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimprovedA.现行的社会保险制度应该得到完善

B.everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany“reason”B.每个人都应该在没有任何“理由”的情况下获得最低生活保障

C.everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountryC.人人都有分享国家财富的权利

D.peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoorD.人们必须改变对穷人的态度

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第三句“现在人们普遍认为（Itisgenerallyacceptedthat），无论是自然法则还是社会法则，都不应该把任何人排除在国家财富之外”，这也就是说，人人都有权利分享国家的财富。C选项符合题干。

【干扰项排除】

A项“现行的社会保险制度应该得到完善”和D项“人们必须改变对穷人的态度”没有提到，无中生有；

B项“每个人都应该在没有任何‘理由’的情况下获得最低生活保障”，这是作者的观点，属于张冠李戴。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould______.3.作者认为社会保险制度应该______。

A.providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployedA.为病人、老人和失业者提供福利

B.encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligationsB.鼓励人们承担更多的社会责任

C.guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployedC.确保每个人都有就业的权利

D.provideeveryonewiththerighttoaminimumsubsistenceforacertainperiodD.使人人享有某时期最低生活保障的权利

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第一段最后两句“我想更进一步，认为即使没有这些条件，每个人都有权利获得生存手段；换句话说，他可以不需要任何‘理由’就主张最低限度的生存。然而，我建议，它应该被限制在一个确定的时间，比如说两年，以避免鼓励一种不正常的态度，拒绝任何社会义务。”，从中可知，作者认为在有限的时间内，每个人都可以领取最低生活保障且无需任何理由。D项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“为病人、老人和失业者提供福利”，这不是作者的观点，属于张冠李戴；

B项“鼓励人们承担更多的社会责任”和C项“确保每个人都有就业的权利”在文中没有提到，无中生有。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Accordingtothewriter,asystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum______.4.据作者介绍，最低生活保障制度______。

A.demandstoomuchfromsocietyA.对社会要求太多

B.makesfreedomofcontractimpossibleB.使契约自由成为不可能

C.helpspeopletakeinterestintheirworkC.帮助人们对他们的工作产生兴趣

D.helpsbringaboutchangesintherelationshipamongpeopleD.有助于改变人与人之间的关系

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段中的“……，它的主要好处将是改善日常生活各个领域的人际关系的自由（theimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife）”，从中可知，作者认为最低生活保障制度有助于改善人际关系。所以选项D符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A项“对社会要求太多”没有提到，无中生有；

B项“使契约自由成为不可能”，原文倒数第二段最后一句提到“只有当双方都能自由地接受和拒绝契约时，契约自由才有可能”，可知，使契约自由成为不可能的是“双方不能自由地接受和拒绝契约”，与题干无关，属于张冠李戴；

C项“帮助人们对他们的工作产生兴趣”，文中并没有提到最低生活保障制度能帮助人们对工作产生兴趣，该项无中生有。

2.单选题

Whocanshedlightonthereasons?

问题1选项

A.turnon

B.explain

C.dissipate

D.appeal

【答案】B

【解析】考查词义辨析。shedlighton意为“阐明，解释，将……弄明白”；turnon意为“打开”；explain意为“讲解，解释”；dissipate意为“驱散，消失”；appeal意为“上诉，申诉，呼吁”。

句意：谁能解释原因呢？

3.单选题

Inmostofthehumancivilizationofwhichwehaveanyproperrecords,youthhasdrawnoneitherartorlifeformodels,planningtoemulatetheheroesdepictedinepicsontheshadowplayscreenorthestage,orthoseknownhumanbeings,fathersorgrandfathers,chiefsorcraftsmen,whoseeverycharacteristiccanbestudiedandimitated.Asrecentlyas1910,thiswastheprevailingconditionintheUnitedStates.Ifhecamefromanonliteratebackground,therecentimmigrantlearnedtospeak,move,andthinklikeanAmericanbyusinghiseyesandearsonthelaborlineandinthehomesofmoreacculturatedcousins,bywatchingschoolchildren,orbyabsorbingthestandardsoftheteacher,theforeman,theclerkwhoservedhiminthestore.Fortheliterateandtheliteratechildrenofthenouliterate,therewasart—thestoryofthefrustratedartistintheprairietown,ofthesecondgenerationbattlingwiththelimitationsofthefirst.Andatasimplerlevel,thereweretheWesternandHollywoodfairytaleswhichpointedamoralbutdidnot,asarule,teachtablemanners.

WiththedevelopmentofthecountermovementagainstHollywood,withtheefflorescenceofphotography,withTime-Life-Fortunetypesofreportingandthedead-panNewYorkermannerofdescribingthelifeofanold-clothesdealerinaforgottenstreetorofpresentingthe“accurate”,“checked”detailsofthelivesofpeoplewhoseeminencegaveatleastasortoflicensetoattackthem,withthepassionfor“humandocuments”inDepressiondays—anecessarysubstituteforproletarianartamongmiddleclasswriterswhoknewnothingaboutproletarians,andmiddleclassreaderswhoneededtheshockofverisimilitude—anewerainAmericanlifewasusheredin,theerainwhichyoungpeopleimitatedneitherlifenorartnorfairytale,butinsteadwerepresentedwithmodelsdrawnfromlifewithminimalbutcrucialdistortions.Doctoredlifehistories,posedcarelessness,“candid”shotsofpeopleintheirownhomeswhichtookhourstoarrange,picturesshotfromreallifetoscriptswrittenmonthsbeforesupplementedbynationalpollsandsurveyswhichassuredthereaderthatthisbobbysoxerdidindeedrepresentanationalnormoragrowingtrend—replacedtheoldermodels.

1.Thisarticleisbasedontheideathat（）.

2.Storiesofthesecondgenerationbattlingagainstthelimitationsofthefirstwereoftenresponsiblefor（）.

3.ThecountermovementagainstHollywoodwasamovement（）.

4.Theauthorattributesthechangeinattitudessince1910to（）.

5.Theword“distortions”attheendofthe1stsentenceinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.

问题1选项

A.peopletodaynolongerfollowmodels

B.peopleattachlittleimportancetowhoevertheyfollow

C.peoplegenerallypatterntheirlivesaftermodels

D.peoplenolongerrespectheroes

问题2选项

A.inspiringliterateimmigrants

B.frustratingeducatedimmigrants

C.preventingtheassimilationofimmigrants

D.instillingintoimmigrantsanantagonisticattitudetowardtheirforebears

问题3选项

A.towardrealism

B.towardfantasy

C.againsttheteachingofmorals

D.awayfromrealism

问题4选项

A.alogicalevolutionofideas

B.widespreadmoraldecay

C.theinfluenceofthepress

D.aphilosophyofplenty

问题5选项

A.presentations

B.misinterpretations

C.influences

D.limitations

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句Inmostofthehumancivilizationofwhichwehaveanyproperrecords,youthhasdrawnoneitherartorlifeformodels,planningtoemulatetheheroesdepictedinepicsontheshadowplayscreenorthestage,orthoseknownhumanbeings,fathersorgrandfathers,chiefsorcraftsmen,whoseeverycharacteristiccanbestudiedandimitated.（在我们有记录的大多数人类文明中，青年都以艺术或生活为范本，计划模仿在皮影戏屏幕或舞台上演出的史诗中描绘的英雄，或那些有名的人类、父辈或祖辈、酋长或工匠，他们的每一个特征都可以研究和模仿。），说明有史以来年轻人都会将各种各样的人作为偶像来模仿，整篇文章都是围绕着这个观点展开论述的。因此C选项“人们通常会模仿偶像的生活”正确。A选项“今天的人们不再模仿偶像”，由原文可知，现在这还是美国的普遍情况，所以A错误。B选项“人们对模仿的人都不重视”，D选项“人们不再尊重英雄”在文中没有提及，所以B，D错误。

2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段倒数第二句Fortheliterateandtheliteratechildrenofthenouliterate,therewasart—thestoryofthefrustratedartistintheprairietown,ofthesecondgenerationbattlingwiththelimitationsofthefirst.（对于努士人的文人和文人子女来说，有艺术的故事——在大草原城镇失意的艺术家的故事，第二代人与第一代人的局限性斗争的故事。），说第二代移民艺术家努力克服父辈缺陷的故事是用来激励移民变得有文化。因此A选项“激励有文化的移民”正确。B选项“使受过教育的移民感到失望”，C选项“防止移民的同化问题”，D选项“向移民灌输对其祖先的敌视态度”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。

3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句WiththedevelopmentofthecountermovementagainstHollywood,withtheefflorescenceofphotography,withTime-Life-Fortunetypesofreportingandthedead-panNewYorkermannerofdescribingthelifeofanold-clothesdealerinaforgottenstreetorofpresentingthe“accurate”,“checked”detailsofthelivesofpeoplewhoseeminencegaveatleastasortoflicensetoattackthem,withthepassionfor“humandocuments”inDepressiondays—anecessarysubstituteforproletarianartamongmiddleclasswriterswhoknewnothingaboutproletarians,andmiddleclassreaderswhoneededtheshockofverisimilitude—anewerainAmericanlifewasusheredin（随着反好莱坞运动的发展，随着摄影的兴起，随着《时代-生活-财富》式的报道，以及《纽约客》用死板的方式描述一个被遗忘的街道上的旧衣商的生活，或者说是用“准确”的方式来呈现，“检查”了一些人的生活细节，这些人的显赫地位给了至少一种许可攻击他们，随着大萧条时期对“人类文献”的热情——在对无产阶级一无所知的中产阶级作家和需要真实性冲击的中产阶级读者中，这是无产阶级艺术的必要替代物——美国生活迎来了一个新的时代。），说明在反对好莱坞的运动中，真实的现实生活被呈现出来，开启了美国的新时代。因此A选项“走向现实主义”正确。B选项“走向幻想”，C选项“违背道德教育”，D选项“脱离现实主义”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。

4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句WiththedevelopmentofthecountermovementagainstHollywood,withtheefflorescenceofphotography,withTime-Life-Fortunetypesofreportingandthedead-panNewYorkermannerofdescribingthelifeofanold-clothesdealerinaforgottenstreetorofpresentingthe“accurate”,“checked”detailsofthelivesofpeoplewhoseeminencegaveatleastasortoflicensetoattackthem,withthepassionfor“humandocuments”inDepressiondays（随着反好莱坞运动的发展，随着摄影的兴起，随着《时代-生活-财富》式的报道，以及《纽约客》用死板的方式描述一个被遗忘的街道上的旧衣商的生活，或者说是用“准确”的方式来呈现，“检查”了一些人的生活细节，这些人的显赫地位给了至少一种许可攻击他们，随着大萧条时期对“人类文献”的热情），说明1910年以来人们态度变化的原因是多种多样的。因此D选项“丰富的理论”正确。A选项“思想的逻辑演变”，B选项“普遍的道德败坏”，C选项“新闻界的影响”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。

5.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句theerainwhichyoungpeopleimitatedneitherlifenorartnorfairytale,butinsteadwerepresentedwithmodelsdrawnfromlifewithminimalbutcrucialdistortions.（在这个时代，年轻人既不模仿生活，也不模仿艺术或童话，他们看到的是生活中的偶像，这些偶像就没有受到关键的扭曲。），说明在反好莱坞运动中，年轻人不再模仿生活中、或艺术及电影中的偶像，而是看到了真正来自于生活的没有被扭曲的偶像人物，此处“distortions”指的是偶像人物被误解。所以B选项“误解”正确。A选项“介绍”，C选项“影响”，D选项“限制”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。

4.翻译题

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese

ThereisonelastquestionImustdealwithinthischapter.Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral?Anotherwayofputtingtheproblemisasfollows:Isthereanyclearfoundationorbasisformorality—cananyreasonsbefoundforhumanbeingstobegoodanddorightactsratherthanbebadanddowrongacts?

Alloftheargumentsputfortharecompellingandvalidtosomeextent,providedthatfreequestioningofthemoralprescriptionsthattheyhaveestablishedorthattheysupportisallowedandencouraged.Ihavealreadypointedoutsomeofthedifficultiesassociatedwithestablishingareligiousbasisformorality,butproblemsexistwiththeothertwoargumentsaswell.（1）

Theself-interestargumentcanbeaproblemwhenotherinterestsconflictwithit:oftenitisdifficulttoconvincesomeonewhoseesobviousbenefitsinactingimmorallyinaparticularsituationthatitisinhisorherself-interesttodootherwise.Moralityestablishedbytraditionandlawisproblematicbecauseitisdifficultbothtochangeandtoquestionsuccessfully.Thislackofquestioningsometimesencouragesblindobediencetheimmoralpractices.Itencouragesthebeliefthatbecausesomethinghasbeendoneacertainwayforhundredsofyears,itmustberight.

（2）Arethereanyotherreasonswecangiveastowhyhumanbeingsshouldbemoral?Ifweexaminehumannatureasempiricallyandrationallyaswecan,wediscoverthatallhumanbeingshavemanyneeds,desires,goals,andobjectivesincommon.Forexample,peoplegenerallyseemtoneedfriendship,love,happiness,freedom,peace,creativity,andstabilityintheirlives,notonlyforthemselvesbutforothers,too.（3）

Itdoesn’ttakemuchfurtherexaminationtodiscoverthatinordertosatisfytheseneeds,peoplemustestablishandfollowmoralprinciplesthatencouragethemtocooperatewithoneanotherandthatfreethemfromfearthattheywilllosetheirlives,bemutilated,orbestolenfrom,liedto,cheated,severelyrestricted,orimprisoned.

Itismycontention,then,thatmoralityhascomeaboutbecauseofhumanneedsandthrougharecognitionoftheimportanceoflivingtogetherinaco-operativeandsignificantway.Iamnottryingtosuggestthatallhumanbeingscanbeconvincedthattheyshouldbemoral,oreventhatitwillalwaysbeineachindividual’sself-interesttobemoral.Idobelieve,however,thatthequestion“Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral”generallycanbestbeansweredbythestatementthatadheringtomoralprinciplesenableshumanbeingstolivetheirlivesaspeacefully,happily,creatively,andmeaningfullyasispossible.

Also,asImentionedwhendiscussinglawandmorality,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseintheteachingofethicsinlawschools.Thesametypesofcourseshavebeenestablishedatmedicalschools,andtherehasbeenanincreaseinbioethicsandotherethicscommitteesinhospitalsandvariousbusinesses.Forexample,JamesO’Toolehasbeenconductingvalues-basedleadershipseminarsforCEOsandothermanagersinbusiness.Onemightask.“Doesthismeanthatwearebecomingmoreethical,orthatwewillbe,astheseethicsbegintofilterdowntothegeneralpopulace?”Certainlyitisadmirablethatsomanyevenpoliticians—areinterestedinvaluesandinimprovingtheethicallevelinAmerica.Mymajorconcerniswithhowsuperficialallofthisis,especiallyasitcomesfrompoliticianstryingtogetelected.Idon’tdoubtthatsomeofthesepoliticiansaresincere,butsome-timesIwonderwhosevaluestheywishtoimpose,andalsoIwonderhowmuchtraininganyofthesepeoplehavehadinethics.

（4）Yetregardlessofhowpopular,superficiallyornot,ethicsmaybecome,itcertainlyshouldbethemostimportantaspectofyourlife.Afterall,whatcouldbemoreimportantthanlearninghowtolivemoreethicallyandimprovingthequalityofyourlifeandthelivesofothersaroundyou?AsAlbertEinsteinsaid,“Themostimportanthumanendeavoristhestrivingformoralityinouractions.Ourinnerbalanceandevenourveryexistencedependonit.Onlymoralityinouractionscangivebeautyanddignitytolife.”

（5）Moralitydealsbasicallywithhumansandhowtheyrelatetootherbeings,bothhumanandnonhuman.Itdealswithhowhumanstreatotherbeingssoastopromotemutualwelfare,growth,creativity,andmeaningandtostriveforwhatisgoodoverwhatisbadandwhatisrightoverwhatiswrong.

【答案】1.当与他人利益发生冲突时，利己主义的观点就会成为一个问题：在某特定情形下，若不按道德行事，某人会明显受益，因此，往往很难说服此人遵守道德规范对他或她有益。

2.至于人类为何需要遵守道德规范，我们还能给出其他的理由吗？如果我们能够尽可能地凭借经验或理性审视人性，我们会发现所有人类都有很多相似的需求、欲望、目标和目的。

3.不需要进一步调查就能发现，人类为了满足这些需求，必须树立和遵循道德规范。这会鼓励他们与他人进行合作，帮助他们摆脱可能会丧命、致残，或者遭他人偷窃、撒谎、欺骗、严重地受限制或囚禁等带来的恐惧。

4.然而无论伦理是否受欢迎或者肤浅，它可能成为，也一定应是你的生活中最重要的一面。毕竟，学习如何更符合伦理道德地生活，以及改善你的以及身边人的生活质量，难道还有比这更重要的事吗？

5.道德主要是关于人，以及他们与其他人或人类以外其他事物之间的关系。它涉及人类如何对待其他人或物，从而促进共同的福利、发展、创造力和意义，以及为了好战胜坏和正义战胜邪恶而努力。

5.单选题

Suddenlythedailyfearanduncertainty（）intofull-scaleterror,andtheshipechoedwithscreams.

问题1选项

A.evaporated

B.escalated

C.evacuated

D.exaggerated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。evaporate“蒸发，使脱水”；escalate“升级”；evacuate”疏散，撤出”；exaggerate“夸张，夸大”。句意：突然，平时的恐惧和不确定性升级为彻底的恐惧，船上回响着尖叫声。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Thereferee______thegoal,rulingthataplayer’shandhadtouchedtheball.

问题1选项

A.nullified

B.accosted

C.cohered

D.detested

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.nullified使无效，作废；取消B.accosted勾引，引诱；对……说话

C.cohered凝聚；连贯，一致D.detested厌恶；憎恨

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据后面的句子“判定球员的手碰到了球”可知，Thereferee______thegoal表达的意思是“裁判认定这一个进球是无效的”，因此A项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句子意思。

【句意】裁判判定一名球员的手触到了球，认为该进球无效。

7.单选题

MakingEveryDropCount

AThehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

BDuringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.

CYetthereisadarksidetothispicture,despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

DTheconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

EAttheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriorityensuring‘someforall’，insteadof‘moreforsome’.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionformsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.

FFortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.

GWhatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA，waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.

HOntheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

1.WateruseperpersonishigherintheindustrialworldthanitwasinAncientRome.

2.Feedingincreasingpopulationsispossibledueprimarilytoimprovedirrigationsystems.

3.ModernwatersystemsimitatethoseoftheancientGreeksandRomans.

4.Industrialgrowthisincreasingtheoveralldemandforwater.

5.Moderntechnologieshaveledtoareductionindomesticwaterconsumption.

问题1选项

A.T(true)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

B.F(false)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

C.NG(notgiven)ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

问题2选项

A.T(true)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

B.F(false)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

C.NG(notgiven)ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

问题3选项

A.T(true)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

B.F(false)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

C.NG(notgiven)ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

问题4选项

A.T(true)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

B.F(false)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

C.NG(notgiven)ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

问题5选项

A.T(true)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

B.F(false)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

C.NG(notgiven)ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据文章A段，“suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.”，为罗马居民提供的人均用水量，相当于当今工业世界许多地区的人均用水量。Asmuchas和表述中的higher相反，可判断出工业世界的人均用水量和古罗马时期相当，表述错误。

2.根据文章B段，“Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.”，粮食产量的激增带来了人口的增长，主要原因是人工灌溉系统的扩大，这使得世界40%的粮食产量得以增长。可判断出主要由于灌溉系统的改善，养活越来越多的人口成为可能，表述正确。

3.根据文章C段，“halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.”，世界上一半的人口仍在遭受水资源不足的痛苦，供水服务不如古希腊和古罗马人。文中并未提及现代是否模仿了古希腊和古罗马的供水系统，所以表述在文中并未体现。

4.根据文章F段，“Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.”，尽管发达国家的人口、工业产出和经济生产力继续增长，但人们从蓄水层、河流和湖泊取水的速度已经放缓。所以工业的增长并没有使人们增加对水的需求，表述错误。

5.根据文章G段，“Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.”，自1980年以来，由于一系列有利于家庭和工业节水的新技术，人均用水量实际上已经呈下降趋势。可判断出现代技术确实已经导致了人们生活用水量的减少，表述正确。

8.单选题

TheFoodandDrugAdministrationsaidonWednesdaythatitistryingtotrackdownasmanyas386pigletsthatmayhavebeengeneticallyengineeredandwrongfullysoldintotheU.S.foodsupply.

ThefocusoftheFDAinvestigationisonpigsraisedbyresearchersattheUniversity