考研考博-英语-天津工艺美术职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津工艺美术职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Petroleumisnature’s______ofthehydrocarbon—remainsofmanyformsofmarinelife.

问题1选项

A.component

B.composition

C.composite

D.complication

【答案】C

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A项component“组成部分，成分，组件”，B项composition“作文，作曲，作品”，C项composite“复合材料，合成物”，D项complication“并发症，复杂，复杂化”。根据句子空格处部分的意思“石油是自然界的……碳氢化合物”可知，空格处填入“合成物”最符合语境。句意：石油是自然界中多种海洋生物残留的碳氢化合物的合成物。因此，该题选择C项正确。

2.单选题

Ourjourneywasslowbecausethetrainstopped（

）atdifferentvillages.

问题1选项

A.constantly

B.continually

C.continuously

D.gradually

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项constantly“不断地，时常地”，侧重于事件发生的稳定性和持续性以及经久不变的状态；B选项continually“不停地，持续地，频繁地”，侧重于一段时间内多次发生、时断时续或中断时间很短而又接连发生的状态；C选项continuously“连续不断地”，侧重在时间、物质或广度上没有间断的；D选项gradually“逐步地，渐渐地”。由“我们的行程很慢，因为火车_____在不同的村中停靠”可知这种停靠是在“我们的行程中”发生的，是在一段时间内发生的，因此B选项符合语境。句意：我们的行程很慢，因为火车频繁地在不同的村中停靠。

3.单选题

TheUnitedStatesconsistsoffiftystates,

hasitsowngovernment.

问题1选项

A.eachofthem

B.theyeach

C.which

D.eachofwhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：美国由50个州组成，每个州都有自己的政府。选项D符合题意。

4.单选题

Icansmelltheperfume（）.

问题1选项

A.withfaintness

B.faintily

C.faintly

D.faint

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查副词用法。A选项withfaintness“眩晕，虚弱”，B选项faintily形容词变形错误，C选项faintly“微弱地，模糊地”，D选项“模糊的，头晕的”，句意：我隐约能闻到香水味。因此，C选项符合句意。

5.单选题

Thisisthe（

）pianoonwhichthecomposercreatedsomeofhisgreatestworks.

问题1选项

A.actual

B.genuine

C.real

D.original

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。actual“实际存在的”；genuine“真实的”；real“真实的，实在的”；original“原创的，原来的”。句意：那位作曲家就是在这台钢琴上创作出了他最伟大的作品。D项符合句意，答案D

6.单选题

Thisisthenursewho（

）tomewhenIwasillinhospital.

问题1选项

A.accompanied

B.attended

C.entertained

D.shielded

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。accompany陪伴，伴随，通常和介词“by”搭配；attend出席，照顾，照料，通常和介词“to”搭配；entertain娱乐，招待，通常和介词“with”搭配；shield遮蔽，防御，通常和介词“from”搭配。

句意：这就是我生病住院时照顾我的护士。只有选项B能和介词“to”搭配，所以正确。

7.填空题

Who（

）youhowtowriteChinesecharacters?Yourcalligraphyisreallyimpressive!

【答案】

taught

【解析】语义题。句意:谁你写书法?你的书法真令人钦佩!因此空格处应为“教”。而且此处应为过去式,故填taught。

8.单选题

Amajor（）innegotiationhasbeenachieved.

问题1选项

A.breakthrough

B.breakdown

C.outbreak

D.break-off

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项breakthrough“突破；突破性进展”；B选项breakdown“故障；崩溃；分解”；C选项outbreak“（战争）爆发；（疾病）发作”；D选项break-off“折断；暂停工作”。句意：在谈判方面取得了重大……。achieve属于积极性词汇，“取得突破”更为准确，因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

Sometimesartistsfindithardfortheirworktowinpopular（）.

问题1选项

A.welcome

B.applause

C.appetite

D.appreciation

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项welcome“欢迎”；B选项applause“欢呼，喝彩”；C选项appetite“食欲，嗜好”；D选项appreciation“欣赏，鉴别”。句意：有时候，艺术家发现他们的作品很难赢得大众的欣赏。选项D符合语境。

10.单选题

Wishestoknowtheunknown,controltheuncontrollableandbringordertochaosarebasicallyhuman______.

问题1选项

A.attitudes

B.attributes

C.assets

D.effects

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项attitude“态度”，B项attribute“属性，特质”，C项asset“资产，优点”，D项effect“影响，效果”。根据句子内容“希望了解未知的事物，控制不可控的事物，给混乱带来秩序，这基本上是人类的……”可知，空格处填入B项最符合语境。句意：希望了解未知的事物，控制不可控的事物，给混乱带来秩序，这是人类的基本属性。因此，该题选择B项正确。

11.单选题

Atourhouse,nobodygetsmoremailthanJake:catalogs,coupons,andofferstosubscribetomagazines.Heisalsourgedtodonatetoworthcausesandtakeadvantageofsomeprettyincrediblecredit-cardoffers.

Heignoresallofthem.Whatdotheyexpect?He’sadog.

ItallstartedwhenIusedJake’snameasanaliasontheInternet,inanattempttoprotectwhat’sleftofmyprivacy.BeforeIknewit,junkwasporingin,provingonceagainthatthesedayseverymoveyoumakeonlinecanbe,oftenis,carefullywatchedandrecordedbypeoplewhodon’tknowyoufromyourdog—everyonefromadandinsuranceagenciestononprofitgroupsandeventhedreadedtelemarketers.Andlet’snotforgetthemore,shallwesay,unscrupulouscharacters.

We’veallheardhorrorstoriesaboutpeoplewhoseidentities,intheformofcreditcardorSocialSecuritynumbers,wereassumedbycrooks.Identitytheftisoneofthefastest-growingcrimesaround.

Evenifyouneverbuyanythingonline,yourprivacycanbecompromisedbyWeb“cookies”.AcookieisasmallfilethataWebsitestoresonyourcomputercontaininginformationitcanuseto“recognize”youifyoureturntothatsite.

Mostcookiesposelittlerisktoprivacyontheirown.Theproblemcomeswhenothersgetholdofyourcookies.Inahighlypublicizedcaseearlierthisyear.DoubleclickInc.Plannedtocross-referenceconsumercookiedatawithinformationfromamarketingdatabase,suchasname,addressandcreditcard-purchasehistory.Seenasanunethicalviolationof

consumers’privacy,alawsuitfollowed.Doubleclickgaveuptheplan,fornow.

Inthemeantime,otherthreatstoyourcyberprivacystillexist.Example;Anyonewhoknowwheretolookcanbuystolencreditcardnumbersinchatrooms,andspendsupeverypennyonyourcardinminutes.

Inthistechnology-drivenworld,yournewbestfriendmaybeadifferentkindofanimal:PrivacyEnhancingTechnologies,whichletyoucompleteelectronictransactionsanonymously.TheAnonymizer()offersanonymoussurfing.Anonymouspaymentmechanismssuchaselectroniccash()letyoushoponlinewithoutacreditcard.AndyoucandownloadfreesoftwaresuchastheInternetJunkbustertofilteroutmostcookiesbeforetheytouchyourcomputer.

Still,asnewtechnologiesbringoutthecreativityincrooks,yourbestbetmaybeplainold-lash-ionedvigilance.Keeptrackofeachpenny,balanceyourcheckbookandfollowupondiscrepanciesinyourstatementsimmediately.Howevermuchtheworldchanges,itstillpaystobeyourownwatchdog.

1.TheauthorusedanaliasontheInternetinorderto（

）.

2.“We’vealheardhorrorstoriesaboutpeoplewhoseidentities,intheformofcreditcardorSocialSecuritynumbers,wereassumedbycrooks.”(Para.4)Theword“assume”means（

）

3.Cookiespostgreatthreattoyourprivacywhen（

）.

4.ThePETscanenhanceyourprivacyby（

）.

5.Toprotectyourselfonline,you’dbetter（

）.

问题1选项

A.attractmoremails

B.ignorethejunk

C.concealhisidentity

D.protectthedog

问题2选项

A.suppose

B.feign

C.undertake

D.copy

问题3选项

A.theycontainyourinformation

B.theyenteryourpersonalcomputer

C.yourcookiescarryviruses

D.yourcookiesaregotandusedbyothers

问题4选项

A.enablingyoutodoonlinebusinesswithoutexposingyouridentity

B.allowingyoutopaywithoutelectroniccash

C.lettingyoudownloadsoftwarefreeofcharge

D.makingyousurfingthenetwithanalias

问题5选项

A.catchupwithnewtechnologies

B.dependonmorepowerfulprotectivesoftware

C.keepinconstanttouchwiththeonlineserviceproviders

D.stayvigilanttoyouronlineaccounts

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实。在第三段提出“inanattempttoprotectwhat’sleftofmyprivacy”说明作者是为了隐藏他的身份。

2.词义题。句意:我们总是听说人们的身份，被骗子以信用卡或者社会保障的号码的形式冒名顶替使用。

3.细节事实。第六段指出:当别人持有你的cookie的时候，问题就出来了

4.细节事实。根据题干定位至倒数第二段:PrivacyEnhancingTechnologies,whichletyoucompleteelectronictransactionsanonymously(PET能让你匿名完成电子交易)。

5.细节事实。最后一段给出建议:yourbestbetmaybeplainold-lash-ionedvigilance(你最好的办法就是保持警惕)。

12.单选题

EventhepresidentisnotreallytheCEO.Nooneis.Powerinacorporationisconcentratedandverticallystructured.PowerinWashingtonis（

）andhorizontallyspreadout.

问题1选项

A.prudent

B.reversible

C.diffuse

D.mandatory

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项prudent“谨慎的；精明的；节俭的”；B选项reversible“可逆的；可撤销的；可反转的”；C选项diffuse“弥漫的，散开的”；D选项mandatory“强制的；托管的”。句意：甚至总统也不是真正的CEO。没有人是。公司的权力集中在垂直结构上。华盛顿的权力是……并且横向分散的。由前后句意对比可知，此处应表示华盛顿权力的结构是分散的，水平的。因此C选项符合题意。

13.单选题

Outputfromthepowerstations_______steeplyasrestrictionsonthemovementofcoaltookeffect.

问题1选项

A.fellbehind

B.fellback

C.fellthrough

D.fellaway

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“fellbehind”，意为“落后，拖欠”；B选项“fellback”，意为“撤退，回落”；C选项“fellthrough”，意为“落空，失败”，D选项“fellaway”，意为“消失，背离，抛弃”。句意：由于对煤炭运输的限制生效，发电站的发电量急剧下降。因此，D选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Despitehis____planning,theexpositionturnedouttobeafailure.

问题1选项

A.exquisite

B.exhausted

C.elaborate

D.insufficient

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.exquisite精美的；精致的B.exhausted筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的

C.elaborate详尽的；精心制作的D.insufficient不充分的；不足的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】句意：尽管他……的计划，博览会还是以失败告终。根据逻辑，这里存在一个转折关系，后半句讲博览会是失败的，则可以推测前半句中他的计划应该是精心制作的，但是博览会以失败告终。因此选C。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】尽管他精心策划，博览会还是失败了。

15.单选题

Henry’scloseto（

）hisbrothermadepeoplemistakethemforoneanother.

问题1选项

A.resemblance

B.identity

C.appearance

D.relationship

【答案】A

【解析】句意:麦克和弟弟长得十分相像，因此人们常常把他们俩认错。

名词辨析。Resemblance相似,后面可接介词to;identity身份;appearance外貌;relationship关系。因此排除B,D。另外,没有“appearanceto”的用法,故选A。

16.单选题

EachMondayinfour（）weeksiscalledfour（）Mondays.

问题1选项

A.successive,consecutive

B.continuous,consecutive

C.consecutive,successive

D.consecutive,continuous

【答案】C

【解析】考查近义词辨析。successive，consecutive，continuous都有“连续的”的意思，successive侧重指一个接着一个连续发生；consecutive侧重指事情按照次序连续发生，强调连贯性；continuous强调一件事情在不断地进行着，没有间断。句意：连续四周的每个星期一被称为连续四个星期一。连续四周指的是按照次序连贯的四周，用consecutive表示，连续四个星期一指有先有后，依次发生的星期一，用successive表示。因此C选项正确。

17.单选题

TheFrenchandtheAmericanshaveaverydifferentrelationshiptomoney,（

）andostentation.

问题1选项

A.obnoxious

B.obfuscate

C.optimum

D.opulence

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近词辨析。obnoxious讨厌的；obfuscate使模糊；optimum最佳效果；opulence富裕。句意：法国人和美国人在对待金钱，奢华，以及炫富的关系上大不相同。空格处应填入一个和money并列的名词。

18.单选题

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozing(睡)soundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residents(住院医生)arefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctor,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadside.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep”.

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”.

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedoneyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibility(不出错)andgettheresttheyneed.

1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?

2.Whatdoestheauthorimplyspeakingofthesleepproblemsthatdoctorsface?

3.WhatistheauthorspurposeofwritingParagraphs3and4?

4.WhatdoesDr.CharlesBinkleymeanby“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”inParagraph5?

5.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.Strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep.

B.Toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep.

C.Peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness.

D.Poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder.

问题2选项

A.Doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblems.

B.Doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic.

C.Doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents.

D.Sleepdepriveddoctorsareintoxicated.

问题3选项

A.Toshowthehostilitydoctorshaveagainsttheirpatients.

B.Toexemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep.

C.Toentertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes.

D.Todiscussthecauseofdoctors’sleepproblems.

问题4选项

A.Theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific.

B.Lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan.

C.Doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations.

D.Thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch.

问题5选项

A.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequately-rested.

B.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorsfromtheirpositions.

C.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

D.Patientscanchoosethesleepinghoursoftheirdoctors.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句peoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（那些每天睡眠时间超过8小时但仍然感到疲劳的人死于中风的可能性是正常人的近三倍，这可能是由于一种潜在的疾病使他们无法睡得安稳所致。），可知睡得足够久却疲惫的人可能是因为患有疾病，D选项“睡眠质量差可能是身体紊乱的迹象”正确；这里没有说到中风和睡眠的关系，A选项“中风常与睡眠有关”错误；这里没有说到睡眠过多的危害，B选项“睡眠过多和睡眠不足一样有害”错误；文中没有说到睡眠少就容易生病，C选项“每天睡眠少于8小时的人更容易生病”错误。因此D选项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。作者提出住院医生睡眠不足的问题，然后对医生在睡眠不足的情况下提供的服务质量提出质疑，最后一句说Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.（奇怪的是，那些认为在酒精影响下进行手术就可以被解雇的外科医生对于在睡眠不足的情况下进行手术往往毫不犹豫。），可知作者认为睡眠不足和醉酒没什么两样，D选项“睡眠不足的医生像喝醉了一样”正确；没有提到医生对自己睡眠不足这个情况的态度，A选项“医生往往忽视他们自己的睡眠问题”错误；医生不能醉酒做手术，而睡眠不足如同醉酒，所以医生也需要充足的睡眠，B选项“医生通常需要很少的睡眠来保持精力充沛”错误。这一段主要在表达医生睡眠不足会影响服务质量，并且明确表示住院医生睡眠被剥夺，不符合题干中“第一段暗含什么”的条件，也不是表达的主要内容，C选项“住院医生的睡眠被剥夺”错误。因此A选项正确。

3.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。作者列出了睡眠不足对医生的影响，比如第三段的最后一句Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.（我真的是站着睡着了，脸差点被埋在伤口里。）和第四段PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadside.（几乎我认识的每个外科住院医生都在下班回家的路上睡着了……我知道有三个人撞到了停着的车。另一辆撞到了路边的一家便利店。），最后总结说“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep”.（“你自己的病人变成了你的敌人。”第三个人写道，因为他们是“阻碍你睡好几个小时的唯一因素”。），表达医生因为职业的关系缺乏睡眠，在这里作者用大量篇幅举例来阐述医生缺乏睡眠的危险，B选项“举例说明缺乏睡眠给医生带来的危险”正确；这里只是表达因为要治病，医生缺乏睡眠，A选项“显示医生对病人的敌意”错误；娱乐读者不是主要目的，而是举例表达观点，C选项“用一些轶事来娱乐读者”错误；D选项“讨论医生出现睡眠问题的原因”不是表达的重点，故错误。因此B选项正确。

4.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.（它的关键条款模仿了纽约州的规定，包括每周80小时的工作时间和24小时的轮班限制。然而，大多数医生抵制这种干预。），可知医生不赞同法案中对医生工作时间如此具体和死板的规定，认为睡眠的时间段不是能够用法律规定的，不想连睡眠都要受法律束缚，D选项“政府干扰过多”正确。A选项“关于工作周和轮班的规定太具体了”和B选项“法律不能让医生睡觉，但是他的意识可以”：不是表达的主要意思。C选项“医生不应该遵守政府的规定”：文中没有这样的意思。因此D选项正确。

5.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第六段TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown…Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.（在美国，飞行员和卡车司机的工作时间都有严格的控制。但除非也给医生制定这样一套规定，否则病人只能听天由命……就医生而言，他们必须放弃一贯不出错的姿态，而得到他们需要的休息。），可知医生需要充足的休息来保证工作任务的质量，A选项“如果医生没有得到充分的休息，病人将面临更多危险”正确；这里说的是飞行员和卡车司机的工作时间问题，而不是工作的安全性，C选项“飞行员和卡车司机的工作环境比医生更安全”错误。B选项“有关人员有权解除其医生的职务”和D选项“病人可以选择医生的睡眠时间”文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。

19.单选题

Themarketformanufacturedgoodsiswhateconomistscall“imperfect”,becauseeachcompanyhasitsownstyle,itsownreputation,anditsownlocations;andalloftheartsofadvertisementandsalesman-shiparedevotedtomakingitevenmoreimperfectbyattractingbuyerstoparticularbrandnames.EvensmallbusinessesthatdependuponoutsideChannelsofretaildistributionmayhavethefinalsayinwhatpricestheywillcharge,andgreatcorporationscandifferentiatetheirgoodsinordertocreatedemandofthem.

Inthistypeofmarket,supplynormallyisveryclastic—thatisresponsivetodemand—intheshortrun.Stocksorinventoriesareheldatsomepointinthechainofdistribution;whilestocksarerunningdownorbuildingup,thereistimetochangethelevelofproduction,andonceapricehasbeenset,itisrarelyalteredinresponsetomoderatechangesindemand.Eveninadeepslump,defensiveringsmaybeformedtopreventpricecutting.

Inthelongrun,aswellasintheshort,supplyisresponsivetodemandinthemarketformanufactures.Itiseasiertochangethecompositionofafirm'soutputthanitistochangetheproduction.Andwhenchangesindemandarenottoorapid,grossprofitsfromoneplantcanbesiphonedoffandinvestedinsomethingdifferent.Whenbusinessisgood,moreover,thereiscontinualnewinvestmentsothatproductivecapacityisadaptedtomeetingchangingrequirements.Workersthemselvesmaynotevenbeawareofchangesinthefinalcommoditiestowhichtheirworkcontributes,andthelevelofwagesforanygradeoffactorylabourisverylittleaffectedbythefortunesofaparticularmarket.

1.The“imperfection”ofthemarketformanufacturedgoodsisreflectedinallofthefollowingaspects,expect（

）.

2.Inthemarketformanufacturedgoods,

（

）isusuallynotresponsivetomoderatechangesindemand.

3.Accordingtothispassage,

（

）isnotresponsivetodemandinthemarketformanufactures.

4.Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.thedistinctivestyleofeachcompany

B.theattemptsofadvertisementtoattractbuyerstoparticularbrandnames

C.thetendencyforthepricesofthesamegoodstoequalizequickly

D.thefreedomofsmallbusinessestodecidethepricestheywillcharge

问题2选项

A.thepriceofaproductifithasbeenset

B.supply

C.stocksorinventories

D.thelevelofproduction

问题3选项

A.intheshortrun,supply

B.inthelongrun,supply

C.thelevelofwagesforfactorylabour

D.theproductivecapacityofabusiness

问题4选项

A.MarketsforManufactures

B.“Imperfect”Markets

C.SupplyandDemand

D.GreatCorporationandSmallBusinesses

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“制成品市场的‘不完美’体现在下列部分，除了……”。文章第一段第一句提到“经济学家称制成品市场不完美，因为每家公司有各自的风格、名誉及地理位置等”（Themarketformanufacturedgoodsiswhateconomistscall“imperfect”,becauseeachcompanyhasitsownstyle,itsownreputation,anditsownlocations），因此选项A“每家公司有独特的风格”排除；第一段提到“所有的广告艺术和销售技巧都致力于通过吸引顾客特定的品牌，使其更加不完美”（andalloftheartsofadvertisementandsalesman-shiparedevotedtomakingitevenmoreimperfectbyattractingbuyerstoparticularbrandnames），所以选项B“广告试图去将消费者吸引到特定的产品名称上”在文中提到了，排除；第一段第二句话提到“即使是依赖于外部零售渠道的小企业，也可能对自己的定价拥有最终决定权”（EvensmallbusinessesthatdependuponoutsideChannelsofretaildistributionmayhavethefinalsayinwhatpricestheywillcharge），选项D“小公司有决定自己价格的自由”在文中提及，排除。综上，选项C符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“在制成品市场，下列哪项不需要经常随市场需求而变化”。文章第二段第二句的后半段提到“一旦价格确定了，它很少会随市场需求而变化”（andonceapricehasbeenset,itisrarelyalteredinresponsetomoderatechangesindemand），选项A“确定了的价格”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“从文章中可得知，下列哪项不会反应市场对制成品的需求”。文章最后一段最后半句提到“任何级别的工厂劳动力的工资水平受特定市场的影响很小”（andthelevelofwagesforanygradeoffactorylabourisverylittleaffectedbythefortunesofaparticularmarket），因此选项C“劳动力的工资水平”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。题目问的是“这篇文章的最佳标题是……”。文章第一段提出话题——“不完美”的市场，随后段落都是围绕这个话题展开叙述，因此，最佳标题是选项B。

20.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之,我们所谓的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。”

自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责,并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

很显然,我们已然摒弃了“父母之命、媒妁之言”的婚姻方式及为使女孩们守身如玉而将她们深锁闺中的农业习俗。

现在我们被迫从那种以人们之间相互猜忌和敌视为标志的关系跃进到一个人们之间必须相互尊重和理解的世界。

同样地,语言之所以有价值是因为人们承认它是思维的符号,是人与人之间传输思想的媒介。

【答案】Aleaderfromthenewschoolinsistedonthat“theso-called'scientificrevolution'canbebrieflyexplainedastheimprovement,inventionandapplicationofseriesofequipment,whichinturnprovidesanomnipotentscientificdevelopment.”

Freedomanddignityarepossessedbyself-reliantpeopleintherangeoftraditionaltheory,andtheybothserveessentialprerequisitesforresponsibilitiestowhattheyhavebehavedandappraisaltowhattheyhaveperformed.

Obviously,wehaveabandonedthemarriagethatarrangedbyparentsandmatchmakersandalsothecorruptedcustominagriculturalperiodthatgirlsareconfinedintheirchambersforvirginity.

Nowweareforcedtoleapforwardtotheworldthatdemandsmutualrespectandunderstandingsfromrelationsthatfeaturedbymutualsuspicionandhostility.

Similarly,thereasonwhylanguagespossesswiththeirownvaluesisthat,aspeoplehaveacknowledged,theyaresymbolsofthoughtsandalsomediaforthoughtexchanges.

21.单选题

ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere.”

Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides（杀虫剂）.Sayshe:“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms（磨菇）mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives（添加剂）.DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We’vegotfatworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”

Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.

Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.

1.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmericans'viewoftheirfood?

2.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause（）.

3.Bysaying"theyemploychemicalwarfare"（Line3,Para.2）,BruceAmesmeans（）.

4.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson（）.

5.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyoverstatethegovernment'sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.

B.Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.

C.Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.

D.Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.

问题2选项

A.nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironment

B.pesticidesarewidelyusedinagriculture

C.manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicals

D.almostallfoodshaveadditives

问题3选项

A.plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseases

B.plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowth

C.farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplants

D.farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases

问题4选项

A.thegovernment

B.theconsumer

C.theprocessor

D.thegrower

问题5选项

A.Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.

B.Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.

C.Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.

D.Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段的第一句“ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.”许多美国人严重扭曲和夸大了食品的危害。选项C符合原文。

2.事实细节题。根据第二段的第一句“Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.”可知选项A符合原文。

3.词义题。结合上下文可知，本句意为：因为植物没有下颚和牙齿来保护自己，所以它们会产生某种化学物质。选项A符合原文。

4.事实细节题。根据最后一段的倒数第二句“Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.”也许最重要的是，消费者将不得不更好地学习如何正确处理和烹饪食物。选项B正确。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容，首段提到美国人严重扭曲和夸大了食品的危害，尾段提到政府可以采取措施管控，但关键在于消费者。也就是说，对于食品消费，我们有理由谨慎，但没有理由惊慌。选项D符合原文。

22.填空题

A:Areyougoingtotellyourbosstodaythatyou'requittingyour（1）?

B:Ican’tmakeupmymind（2）totellhimtodayornot.

A:I’dtellhimtodayifI（3）you.Whydelay?

B:ButwhatifI（4）mymind?

A:I（5）thatyou’dmadeafirmdecision.

B:Well,yesterdayIhadaconversationwithsomeonewho（6）

toworkforthecompanythatwantstohireme.（7）

tohim,there’sa

lotofdissatisfactionamongtheemployees.

A:Didhesaywhatthe（8）ofthedissatisfactionwas?

B:Hementionedanumberofthings.I’llstaywithmycurrentfirmifthealternativeisacompanywithmajormanagementproblems.They’reofferingmeahigher，butistheadditionalpayenoughtomakeupforabunchofnew（9）headaches?

A:Itsoundstomeasifyou'd（10）talktosome（11）currentorpastemployeesbeforeyouacceptthenewfirm’s

offer.

大意:

A.你会今天告诉老板，你要离职的事吗？

B.我不确定是否今天告诉他。

A.如果我是你，我会今天告诉他。为什么推迟呢？

B.但是，要是我改变主意了呢？

A.我觉得你己经决定了。

B.昨天，我和一个