考研考博-英语-广西警察学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广西警察学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Sheopenedthepacketandemptiedthe（）intoasaucepan.

问题1选项

A.fullness

B.container

C.refills

D.contents

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fullness“充满，丰富”；B选项container“容器”；C选项refills“再装满”；D选项contents“内容”。根据句意“她打开袋子，把里面的东西倒进了锅里。”只有选项D最符合语境。

2.不定项选择题

MylastflighttoRomelandedatstupido’clockinthemorningsoIwasalmostlookingforwardtogettingacupofhotcoffeefromtheflightcrew.Instead,IoptedforholdingmyeyelidsupwithtwofingerssoIcouldfindthefirstcoffeeshopintheairport.Coffeealwaystastesterribleonplanesandtherecouldbeasimple—anddisgusting—reasonwhy.

Acoupleofweeksago,anassortmentofairlineemployeesspilledsomeoftheirindustry’ssecretsinanAskRedditthread,andtwoofthemhadsomeunpleasantthingstosayaboutthecoffee-makers.AusernamedMuddbutt7wrote:

“Sometimes,thevehiclethatfillsthepotablewaterforwashinghandsandmakingcoffeeisparkednexttothevehiclethatinusedtodumpthe[toilets]andfillthebluejuiceforthelavatories.They’renotsupposedto.Sometimes,theyparkedatadistancefromeachother,whichispolicy,yettheguywhoisfillingthewaterisusingglovesthathehasn’tinover2years.”

WhileasecondusernamedWorsetoadded:

“Thecoffeeisabsolutelydisgustingbecausenoonewashesthecontainerthatgoesouteverymorning.Thestationagentswhogetpaidwaytoolittledon’tgivea[expletive]aboutcleaningit.Icertainlydidn’twhenIworkedforAA.Also,becauseweweren’tgiventhepropersuppliestocleanit.Weprettymuchjustrinseditoutanddumpedcoffeeintoit.‘‘

Afterreadingthosesortofstomach-churningconfessions,HuffingtonPostattemptedtodeterminehowtruethosestatementsare.AbbieUnger,aformerflightattendant,toldthesite:

“Itistruethattheportablewatertanksarenotcleaned.Buttheyareonlyfilledwithpotable(drinkable)water,soit’snotlikethereisoldcoffeeinabigcontainersomewhere.Thewaterdoesn’tmakeforanexcellentcupofcoffee,butit’snotunsafe.”

Sobasically,thereasonthatcupofStarbucksduringyourDeltaflighttastesworsethanthecupyouhadattheairportisbecauseofthewater,whichisapointthathasbeenraisedpreviously.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencybeganinvestigatingthesafetyofthewateronairplanesin2004,afterdiscoveringthat15%—or1.5outofevery10planes—testedpositiveforcoliformbacteriainthedrinkingwater.

In2013,NBC5lookedintowhetherthosenumbershadimprovedanddiscoveredthat12%ofplaneshadatleastonepositivetestforcoliforminwhatwasthentheEPA’smostrecentsurvey.AlthoughtheEPAsaidthattherehadnotbeenanycasesofanyonegettingsickfromthewateronboardaplane,insidersstillsaythatthetanks—andthehosesthatareusedtofillthem—canbeprettygross(“prettygross”isahighlyscientificterm).

InaForbespiececalled“WhyAirlineCrewsSkiptheCoffeeandTeaOnBoard”,formerUSAiremployeeJohnGogliawrote:

“ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasworkingforUSAir,webeganaprocesstobleachthewatertanksthatholdthewaterandflushoutthesystem.Thiswasdoneonaregularbasis.Yet,itwascleartoanyoneworkingonthesetanksandtheirhosesthatalotofsedimentwasaccumulatinginthesystem,sedimentthatwasakintopondscum.Evenafterthetankswerebleachedandflushed,somesedimentalwaysremained.”

Ofcourse,therecouldbeotherreasonswhythecoffeetastessounpleasant.CornellUniversityscientistsbelievethattheloud,inescapablesoundofcabinnoisecanaffectthewaywebothperceiveandtastefoodsduringflight.Eitherway,wemightjuststickwithcoffeeservedatgroundlevelfromnowon.

1.Whatattitudesdidtheauthorhavetowardsthecoffeeonplanesaccordingtothepassage?

2.（）isbasicallythecauseoftheterriblecoffeetasteonplanes.

3.Accordingtothecontext,whatpossiblyistheChinesemeaningoftheword“coliform”inParagraph9?

4.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtoUSAiremployeeJohnGoglia?

问题1选项

A.longing

B.negative

C.indifferent

D.melancholy

问题2选项

A.Theunwashedcontainerthatgoesouteverymorning

B.Theunchangedglovesofthecrewmember

C.Thewaterusedformakingcoffee

D.Theimpropersuppliesusedtocleanthecontainer

问题3选项

A.大肠菌

B.幽门螺杆菌

C.沙门氏菌

D.曲状杆菌

问题4选项

A.Therewasaregularprocesstobleachthewatertanksandflushoutthesystem.

B.Alotofsedimentwasaccumulatinginthetanksandtheirhoses.

C.Noneofthesedimentremainedaftercleaning.

D.Sedimentwassimilartopondscum

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Whatattitudesdidtheauthorhavetowardsthecoffeeonplanesaccordingtothepassage?1.根据文章，作者对飞机上的咖啡有什么态度？

A.longingA.渴望的

B.negativeB.消极的，负面的

C.indifferentC.冷漠的

D.melancholyD.忧郁的

【考查点】观点态度题。

【解题思路】根据第一段最后一句“在飞机上喝咖啡总是很难喝（Coffeealwaystastesterrible），原因可能很简单，也很恶心”，可知，作者对飞机上的咖啡的态度是负面的。因此，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A选项“渴望的”、C选项“冷漠的”和D选项“忧郁的”不符合原文，曲解原文。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.______isbasicallythecauseoftheterriblecoffeetasteonplanes.2.______基本上是飞机上咖啡味道糟糕的原因。

A.TheunwashedcontainerthatgoesouteverymorningA.每天早上送出去的未清洗的容器

B.TheunchangedglovesofthecrewmemberB.机组人员不变的手套

C.ThewaterusedformakingcoffeeC.用来煮咖啡的水

D.TheimpropersuppliesusedtocleanthecontainerD.用于清洁容器的不当用品

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第八段第一句“所以基本上（Sobasically），你在达美航班上喝一杯星巴克比在机场喝一杯味道更差的原因是水（becauseofthewater），这一点之前已经提过了”，理解可知，飞机上的咖啡味道很糟糕的原因在水。故该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A选项“每天早上送出去的未清洗的容器”、B选项“机组人员不变的手套”和D选项“用于清洁容器的不当用品”只是制作咖啡的卫生令人恶心的原因，文中并没有提到这是咖啡味道糟糕的原因，张冠李戴。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.Accordingtothecontext,whatpossiblyistheChinesemeaningoftheword“coliform”inParagraph9?3.根据文章，第9段中“coliform”一词的中文含义可能是什么？

A.大肠杆菌A.大肠杆菌

B.幽门螺杆菌B.幽门螺杆菌

C.沙门氏菌C.沙门氏菌

D.曲状杆菌D.曲状杆菌

【考查点】词义推测题。

【解题思路】根据关键词coliform定位至第九段第一句“环境保护局在2004年调查飞机上水的安全时发现15%的飞机饮用水里含有coliformbacteria”，根据常识，在水中存活引起人肠道疾病的细菌为大肠菌。所以选项A正确。

【干扰项排除】B选项“幽门螺杆菌”、C选项“沙门氏菌”和D选项“曲状杆菌”都不符合这一分析，曲解原文。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtoUSAiremployeeJohnGoglia?4.根据美国航空公司员工约翰•哥利亚的说法，以下哪项是不正确的？

A.Therewasaregularprocesstobleachthewatertanksandflushoutthesystem.A.有一个漂白水箱和冲洗系统的定期程序。

B.Alotofsedimentwasaccumulatinginthetanksandtheirhoses.B.很多沉淀物在水箱和水管里堆积。

C.Noneofthesedimentremainedaftercleaning.C.清洗后，沉淀物一点也不留下。

D.Sedimentwassimilartopondscum.D.沉积物类似于池塘浮渣。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据倒数第二段最后一句“即使在水箱被漂白和冲洗后，一些沉积物仍然存在”，可知，C选项“清洗后，沉淀物一点也不留下”明显与原文相反，但符合题意。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“有一个漂白水箱和冲洗系统的定期程序”定位至倒数第二段前两句“30年前，当我在美国航空公司工作时，我们开始漂白装水的水箱并冲洗。这是定期进行的。”，可知该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

B选项“很多沉淀物在水箱和水管里堆积”和D选项“沉积物类似于池塘浮渣”定位至倒数第二段第三句“然而，任何清洗这些水箱和软管的人都清楚，大量的沉淀物积累，类似于池塘浮渣的沉淀物”，可知该两项符合原文，属于反向干扰。

3.单选题

Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminorcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents’victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:“Thiswasn’thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished.”ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.

TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.TheGamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.

Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGames（）.

2.Whatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,“…HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished”？

3.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat（）.

4.Theauthorgivesthetwoexamplesinparagraphs2-3toshow（）.

5.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.createdgoodwillbetweenthenations

B.bredonlyfalsenationalpride

C.barelyshowedanyinternationalfriendship

D.ledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatred

问题2选项

A.Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.

B.HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfairdecisions.

C.ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.

D.TheFederationshouldbedissolved.

问题3选项

A.toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident

B.theannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrong

C.theappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecision

D.theAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedals

问题4选项

A.howfalsenationalprideledtoundesirableincidentsininternationalgames

B.thatsportsmenhavebeenmoreobedientthantheyusedtobe

C.thatcompetitivenessinthegamesdiscouragesinternationalfriendship

D.thatunfairdecisionsarecommoninOlympicGames

问题5选项

A.TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.

B.AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualsintheOlympicGames.

C.Sportshouldbeplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.

D.Internationalcontestsareliableformisunderstandingbetweennations

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：根据作者，最近的奥林匹克运动会_______。由题干中的“recenttheOlympicGames”内容可以定位到文章第一段第三句butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.（但近年来，奥运会在支持体育促进国际友谊这一观点方面做得很少。），可知，C选项“几乎没有显示出任何国际友谊”，符合题意。A选项“在国与国之间建立了友好关系”，与原文观点相反，故排除。由第一段第二句thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.（国际竞赛鼓励虚假的民族自豪感，导致误解和仇恨），可知，B选项“只孕育了虚假的民族自豪感”和D选项“导致越来越多的误解和仇恨”是说internationalcontests的，而不是针对OlympicGames的，故排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案为C选项。

2.事实细节题。题干：这位经理说“……冰球和国际冰球联合会完蛋了”是什么意思？根据第二段的例子，我们可以看出，在比赛中获得亚军的球队，表现出愤懑之情，拒绝接受最后的结果。他们认为他们的一次进球应算有效，对手的胜利是不公正的，这种不公正会毁坏国际曲棍球协会的声誉，会把曲棍球运动毁掉，所以B选项“冰球和冰球联合会都被不公平的裁决给毁了”为正确答案。而A选项“他的球队将不再参加国际比赛”，C选项“联盟不应该再组织冰球比赛了”和D选项“联邦应解散”，很难从上下文中推理出来。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。

3.推理判断题。题干：篮球的例子暗示了________。本题为推断题，需要在理解了第三段的基础上，根据某些句子进行推断。第三段意思是：美国篮球队宣布他们在和俄罗斯的比赛中不放弃第一名的位置。比赛在一片混乱中结束。一开始以为是美国队以一分之差赢得了比赛。但随后宣布还有三秒钟，一位俄罗斯队员从球场的一端把球扔到另一端，另一个俄罗斯队员把球投进篮里。这是美国篮球队第一次在奥林匹克比赛中失利。评判委员会争论了四个半小时才宣布维持比赛结果。美国队投票决定不接受银牌。表明爱国情绪太过头，体育规则受到藐视。可推断出A选项“这次事件展现了太多的爱国主义”为正确答案。而B“延长比赛时间的公告是错误的”，C选项“上诉陪审团在做决定时太犹豫了”和D选项“美国队拒绝获得银牌是正确的”都没有证据可证明。综上所述，本题的正确答案为A选项。

4.推理判断题。题干：作者在2-3段举了两个例子来说明_________。结合文章的主题internationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred（国际竞赛鼓励虚假的民族自豪感，导致误解和仇恨），可以判断冰球和篮球的例子都说明比赛中的竞争阻碍了国际友谊。可推断出C选项“奥运会的竞争性阻碍了国际间的友谊”为正确答案。A选项“错误的民族自豪感如何导致国际比赛中不受欢迎的事件”，B“运动员比以前更听话了”，和D选项“不公平的决定在奥运会中很常见”都不是这两个例子想要说明的问题。综上所述，本题的正确答案为C选项。

5.主旨大意题。题干：从文章中可以得出什么结论？通过最后一段内容Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.（只要体育运动是为了竞争而不是为了热爱这项运动，这样的事件就会继续发生。认为运动员应该以个人身份或非国家代表队参加比赛的建议，可能是一种奢望。但是，在目前的奥运会组织中，鼓励强烈爱国主义的因素太多了。），可知，B选项“运动员应以个人身份参加奥运会比赛”，C选项“体育运动应该是竞争性的，而不是出于对运动的热爱。”不符合题意。D选项“国际竞赛容易引起国与国之间的误解”文章有提到internationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred（国际竞赛鼓励虚假的民族自豪感，导致误解和仇恨），但是并没有说这个误解是国与国之间的，所以排除D选项。这是一篇评论性文章，文中寄托了作者的希望。可以看出A选项“必须改进奥运会的组织工作”，是作者通过文章内容希望改进的建议。综上所述，本题的正确答案为A选项。

4.单选题

Likemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerage,Yahoobeganasanidea,（1）intoahobbyandlatelyhas（2）intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahoo,DavidFiloandJerryYang,Ph.Dcandidates（3）ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversity,startedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep（4）oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey（5）thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand（6）.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo.

During1994,they（7）Yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto（8）theneedsofthethousandsofusers（9）begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely（10）Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem（11）locate,identifyandeditmaterial（12）ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois（13）tostandfor“YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale”,butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe（14）becausetheyconsideredthemselvesYahoos.Yahooitselffirst（15）onYang’sworkstation,“akebono”,whilethesearchenginewas（16）onFilo’scomputer,“Konishiki".

Inearly1995MarcAndersen,co-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainView,California,invitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles（17）tolargercomputers（18）atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto（19）,andbothpartiesbenefited.Today,Yahoo（20）organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb.

问题1选项

A.became

B.grew

C.turn

D.intend

问题2选项

A.made

B.saw

C.looked

D.turned

问题3选项

A.in

B.on

C.about

D.for

问题4选项

A.touch

B.contact

C.track

D.record

问题5选项

A.founded

B.found

C.argued

D.reported

问题6选项

A.unwieldy

B.tough

C.tamable

D.invaluable

问题7选项

A.exchanged

B.shank

C.sold

D.converted

问题8选项

A.explain

B.serve

C.discover

D.evaluate

问题9选项

A.which

B.that

C.actually

D.eagerly

问题10选项

A.relative

B.interactive

C.bound

D.contacted

问题11选项

A.fluently

B.efficiently

C.exactly

D.actually

问题12选项

A.transmitted

B.purchased

C.sold

D.stored

问题13选项

A.about

B.bound

C.going

D.supposed

问题14选项

A.fable

B.model

C.name

D.brand

问题15选项

A.supported

B.resided

C.lived

D.launched

问题16选项

A.connected

B.lodged

C.introduced

D.linked

问题17选项

A.over

B.away

C.inside

D.beneath

问题18选项

A.housed

B.caught

C.hosed

D.hidden

问题19选项

A.average

B.normal

C.ordinary

D.equal

问题20选项

A.attains

B.detains

C.maintains

D.contains

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:A

第7题:D

第8题:B

第9题:B

第10题:C

第11题:B

第12题:D

第13题:D

第14题:C

第15题:B

第16题:B

第17题:A

第18题:A

第19题:B

第20题:D

【解析】1.固定搭配。选项A和D不符合语法结构；grewinto强调发展的结果，turninto强调前后两种情况的对比。这里指主意发展成为爱好，所以选项B正确。

2.固定搭配。根据句意可知，这里是转变成另一种情况，前后形成对比，所以用turn,选项D正确。

3.介词用法。表示“在……领域”，用介词in。选项A正确。

4.固定搭配。keeptrackof意为“记录，与保持联系”，为固定搭配。选项A后面一般接介词in；选项B后面一般接介词with；keeprecord指保留记录，不符合句意。所以本题选C。

5.上下文语义。根据句意：没过多久，他们就发现自己的自制清单变得越来越长。选项B符合句意。

6.形容词词义辨析。unwieldy指笨拙的，不实用的，难处理的。根据句意可知，这里是指清单太长以至于很难处理，所以选项A更符合语境。

7.固定搭配。o为常用搭配，意为“将……转换成……”。选项D符合句意。

8.动词词义辨析。根据句意可知，这里指满足客户的需求，与后面的service相呼应，所以选项B更恰当。

9.定语从句。根据句意可知，that在这里引导定语从句，修饰users，所以选项B正确。

10.上下文语义。根据句意可知，这里是“联系紧密”的意思，所以填入选项C更符合语境。

11.副词词义辨析。根据句意可知，这里修饰的不仅仅是locate，还有identify和edit，所以填入选项B（有效的）更符合语境。

12.上下文语义。这里指编辑存储在电脑里面的资料，所以选项D符合句意。

13.固定搭配。besupposedto意为“被认为，被要求”,为固定搭配。选项D符合句意。

14.上下文语义。根据上一句可知，这里应填入上句提到的name，选项C符合句意。

15.上下文语义。句意：雅虎最初是在JerryYang的工作站上成立的。选项A后面一般接by，表示由支持；选项C不符合句意；选项D的主语是人，表示开始，着手做某事。resideon表示位于，选项B符合句意。

16.固定搭配。belodgedon为固定搭配，意为“安置”。这里指搜索引擎在Filo的电脑里面，选项B符合句意。选项A和D后面一般接介词to；选项C不符合句意，所以本题选B。

17.固定搭配。moveover表示将某物转移至另一个地方。这里指邀请FiloandYang将他们的文件转移到更大的电脑上，选项A符合句意。

18.固定搭配。housedat表示“定居于，固定于某地”。这里指固定于美国网景公司的电脑。选项A符合句意。

19.形容词词义辨析。句意：斯坦福大学的计算机网络恢复正常。选项B符合语境。

20.动词词义辨析和上下文语义。句意：现在雅虎涵盖了数以万计连接到网络的计算机上的有组织的信息。选项D符合原文句意。

5.单选题

Hewasmoreorlessdisappointedat（）moreguests.

问题1选项

A.nothaving

B.therenothaving

C.nothavingbeen

D.therenothavingbeen

【答案】A

【解析】bedisappointedatdoingsth..为固定搭配,

表示“对...感到失望”,

首先排除选项B和D；根据句意：没有更多的客人,

他多少有点失望。这里不存在被动语态,

所以选项A正确。

6.翻译题

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Scholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,plagiarismis“thewrongfulappropriationandpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”

Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.(46)Intheliteraryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.

(47)Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention.

Plagiarismbyaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.(48)Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.

Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation—note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography—areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.(49)Although“thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem.”thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.

Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewrite,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention.

Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.(50)Students,asdevelopingscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.在文学界，作者受到国际版权法的保护，免受剽窃，处罚范围从小额罚款到监禁和毁掉职业生涯不等。

47.作为没有经验的学者，学生必须避免各种类型的剽窃和抄袭，在使用其他学者的想法时要自我批评，对借用的思想和词语的来源给予适当的赞扬，否则会发生可怕的后果。

48.尽管这类剽窃必须加以防范，但它是最不严重的，如果吸取了教训，可以免于受到严厉的惩罚。

49.尽管“新闻和思想没有版权，只有它们的表达方式”，但当作者的思想来源受到质疑时，他不能以无知为借口。

50.作为发展中的学者、作家、教师和职业领袖，学生应该意识到并承担自己的责任，记录所有引用的语言和思想的来源。

7.单选题

Theproblemshouldbediscussedfirst,forittakes（）overalltheotherissues.

问题1选项

A.presumption

B.prosperity

C.precedence

D.probability

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。presumption“放肆，傲慢；推测”；prosperity“繁荣，成功”；precedence“优先；居先”；probability“可能性”。根据前半句“这个问题应该最先被讨论”可知这个问题优先于其他的，因此选项C符合题意。

8.翻译题

“Bah!Humbug”,wasScrooge’sopinionofcharitablegivingandeventodaysomeeconomistsreckoncharitygoesagainsteconomicrationality.36.Itisoftenallegedthataltruismisinconsistentwitheconomicrationality,whichassumesthatpeoplebehaveselfishly.Certainly,mucheconomicanalysisisconcernedwithhowindividualsbehave,andhomoeconomicus(economicman)isusuallyassumedtoactinhisorherself-interest.

37.Someeconomicmodelsassumethatself-interestedindividualsbehavealtruisticallybecausetheygetsomebenefit,orutility,fromdoingso.Forinstance,itmaymakethemfeelbetteraboutthemselves,orbeausefulinsurancepolicyagainstsocialunrest.Othereconomicmodelsrelaxthetraditionalassumptionoffullyrationalbehaviorbysimplyassumingthatpeoplesometimesbehavealtruistically,evenifthismaybeagainsttheirself-interest.ThePeaceCorpsisanexample,forpeopleoftengiveuppotentiallylucrativestartstotheircareersorinterruptthemtodogoodworkoverseas.PeoplewhoworkforthePeaceCorpsdosobecausetheywanttoandtokeepthePeaceCorpsdynamicwithfreshideas.38.Sociologistswouldarguethatthereisanaturalinclinationofhumanbeingstoengagethemselvesinhelpingothers,asanaturalinstincttopreservethespecies.Thuspublicdutyisasurvivalact.

Thequestionthenisraisedregardingpoliticalparticipation,whetheritcanbeclassifiedasanactofeconomicrationalityorofaltruism.39.Publicdutymaynotnecessarilymeanduty,althoughitmayincludethatconstantandactivepracticalparticipationinthedetailsofpoliticswithoutwhich,uponthepartofthemostintelligentcitizens,theconductofpublicaffairsfallsunderthecontrolofselfishandignorantorcraftyandvenalmen.Politicsoftenrequiresserviceincommittees,careandtroubleandexpenseofmanykinds,patientenduranceofrebuffs,chagrins,ridicules,disappointments,anddefeats.40.Allthesedutiesandservices,whenselfishlyandmeanlyperformed,stigmatizeamanasamerepolitician,butwhenperformedwithhonestyandvigilance,theybecomegradualbuildingblocks,stonebystoneandlayerbylayer,ofanationofself-restrainedliberty.

【答案】36.经济学家声称，利他主义与经济理性背道而驰，因为后者假定人们行为自私。

37.一些经济模型假设，利己主义者之所以表现出利他行为，是因为他们从中获得了一些利益或效用。例如，让他们自我感觉更好，或者有效防止社会动荡。

38.社会学家认为人类有一种帮助别人的自然倾向，这是保护同类的自然本能。因此，公共义务是一种生存行为。

39.虽然公共义务有时包括持续和积极参与政治事务，但是公共义务不一定意味着义务。

40.如果带着私心和恶意履行责任和提供服务，那就玷污了这份职业，徒留政客的名声。但是如果带着真诚与严谨，这些行为就会一点一滴、层层递进地建构自我约束下的自由国家。

9.单选题

Itisconsiderednot（

）tolitterinpublicplaces.

问题1选项

A.respectful

B.respected

C.respectable

D.respective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。respectful“对……恭敬的，尊敬的”；respected“受尊敬的，德高望重的”；respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的，体面的”；respective“各自的，分别的”。句意：在公共场所乱丢东西被认为是不被人尊敬的。C项符合题意。

10.单选题

Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritermaybeobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul—thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’sbiography—notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.

Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.

Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.

Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject,thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthestoryofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.

1.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?

3.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat（

）.

4.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho（

）.

问题1选项

A.thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjob

B.thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies

C.thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteafoodbiography

D.thesecretofabiographertowinmorereaders

问题2选项

A.Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.

B.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.

C.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.

D.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.

问题3选项

A.thebestbiographiesaretheones