考研考博-英语-商丘职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-商丘职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Initsannualreport,thegovernmentsaidatleastnolessthan2,000peoplediedintrafficaccidents.

问题1选项

A.interval

B.later

C.yearly

D.remote

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。annual表示“年度的，每年的”；A项interval“间隔的”，B项later“随后的”，C项yearly“每年的”，D项remote“遥远的”。句意：政府在其年度报告中称，至少有2000人死于交通事故。根据句意可知，该题选择C项正确。

2.单选题

Thegovernorwas___bythepublicformisusinghispowerforpersonalinterests.

问题1选项

A.sneaked

B.praised

C.flailed

D.rebuked

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项sneaked“溜；鬼鬼祟祟做事；向老师打小报告；偷偷地做；偷偷取得”；B选项praised“赞扬；（尤指唱歌）歌颂（上帝）”；C选项flailed“乱动；（用棍棒）猛击；（使）大幅波动；踉跄；用连枷打（谷）”；D选项rebuked“斥责，指责；控制”。句意：这位州长因滥用权力谋取个人利益而受到公众的___。本句表达“被公众斥责”，因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Itisnotforbiddentodreamofbuildingabetterworld,whichisbyandlargewhatthesocialsciencestrytohelpustodo.Howtomakecitiesmoreharmonious,reducecrimerates,improvewelfare,overcomeracism,increaseourwealth—thisisthestuffofsocialsciences.Thetroubleisthatthefindingsofsocialsciencesareoftendismissedasbeingtootheoretical,tooambitiousortoounpalatable.Themethodsofresearcharealsooftenattackedfortheirlackofrigor,andcriticsarequicktopointoutthatthepeoplewhomaketheimportantdecisionspaylittleattentiontowhatsocialscientistshavetosayanyway.Thiswouldchangeifthesocialsciencesmadethemselvesmorerelevantandreadyforthesocietyofthe21stcentury.

Socialsciencesbegantotakeshapeinthe19thcentury,butcameintotheirownatthebeginningofthe20thcentury,whenanumberofwell-establisheddisciplines,includingeconomics,sociology,politicalscience,historyandanthropologyreallymadetheirmark.Geographyandpsychologycouldbeaddedtothatlist.However,onlysociology,politicalscienceandeconomicshavesucceededinconsolidatingtheirpositioninthesocialsciencesmainstream.Theotherswerevirtuallyallmarginalized.Moreover,powerfulinstitutionalbarriersnowseparatethevariousdisciplines.

Hardlytherightatmosphereinwhichtogrowanddealwiththeharshcriticismwhichthesocialscienceshavecomeinforfrommanyquarters,includinggovernmentsandinternationalcommissions.Radicalmeasuresarenowbeingsuggestedtoturnthingsround,fromhowtoawarduniversitychairs,tosettingsyllabiandraisingfunds.

Theneedforde-compartmentalizingandstrikinganeworderintherelationshipbetweenthedisciplinesconcernsallofthesocialsciences,thoughperhapseconomicsmostofall.Onlyithasacquiredadominantpositioninmanagementandpublicaffairs.Somewouldsayithasfallenundertheswayof“unitarythinking”,withlittleroomfordebate,forexample,onthequestionofdebtreductionormonetarytightness.Moreover,manypeopledonotbelievethateconomicscienceformspartofsocialsciencesatall.Thisisasomewhatproblematicpositiontouphold,particularlyaseconomicdevelopmentsarelargelydeterminedbypolitical,socialandculturalfactors.Yet,economistsoftenhavedifficultyunderstandingortakingsuchfactorsintoaccount.Thishaslefteconomicsexposedtoattack,forexample,overitsprescriptionsfordevelopmentanditsanalysisofevents,suchasthecausesoftheAsiancrisis.Tomany,economicsreliestooheavilyonhypotheticalandsometimesunrealisticassumptions.

Cansocialsciencesbouncebackandassertthemselvesinthe21stcentury?Wewillprobablynotbeabletotellforafewdecades,sincethewaysinwhichsocietiesanalyzethemselvesdevelopveryslowly.Afterall,thesocialsciencesarerarelygiventosuddendiscoveriesandheadlinebreakthroughslikesomeothersciences.Whatismore,socialsciencesmaycontinuetofacethestoutresistanceofestablishedinstitutionsdefendingtheirownterritoryandopposinginnovationandchange.Coulditbethatsociety,whichbydefinitionseeksstability,hasanin-builtresistancetowardsindulginginanyformofself-analysis?Fewpeoplehaveanappetiteforhardtruth.Butperhapsintheinformationageandinthedematerializedeconomyoftheknowledgeworld,allthatcouldchange.Perhapssocietywilldiscoverapressingneedtoknowitselfmuchbetter,ifonlytosurvive.Socialscienceswillthenhaveadifferentstatus.

1.Thesocialsciencesarecriticizedfor____.

2.Theexpression“cameintotheirown”means____.

3.Theadviceoftheauthoristhatthesocialsciencesneedto____.

4.Amongthesocialsciences,economics,theauthormaintains____.

5.Thesocialscience,intheauthor’sopinion,____.

问题1选项

A.theirresearchmethodsandtheirresults

B.theirresearchmethods,theirresultsandtheirirrelevancy

C.theiremphasisonsocialissues

D.beingEmilydismissed

问题2选项

A.tookascendancyoverotherdisciplines

B.becameimportantintheirownright

C.developedtheirownparticularsetofproblems

D.developedfromotherdisciplinesbutbranchedout

问题3选项

A.reducesegmentation

B.createanewstrength

C.reducethedebateaboutthesocialsciences

D.doalloftheabove

问题4选项

A.shouldnotberegardedaspartofthesocialsciences

B.countenancesdebate

C.iscrucialforrationalandcomprehensivesolutions

D.isespeciallylimited

问题5选项

A.addressthehopesandfearsofhumans

B.oftenhavefindingsopposedtogovernmentorganizations

C.offerunpalatableadvice

D.maybedescribedbyalloftheabove

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Thesocialsciencesarecriticizedfor____.社会科学因____而被批评。

A.theirresearchmethodsandtheirresultsA.它们的研究方法和研究结果

B.theirresearchmethods,theirresultsandtheirirrelevancyB.它们的研究方法、研究结果以及它们的不相干性

C.theiremphasisonsocialissuesC.它们对社会问题的强调

D.beingstronglydismissedD.完全不被理会

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词arecriticizedfor定位到原文第一段。本段第三句提到“问题在于，社会科学的发现（thefindings）往往被认为太理论化、太雄心勃勃或太令人不快而不予理会。”第四句提到“研究方法（Themethods）也经常因为不够严谨而受到攻击。”第四、五句提到“做出重要决定的人很少关注社会科学家的观点。如果社会科学能让自己更贴近21世纪的社会，并做好准备，这种情况就会改变。”由此可知，社会科学常常因其研究发现、研究方法，以及不贴近社会实际而被批评。因此，B选项“它们的研究方法、研究结果以及它们的不相干性”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“它们的研究方法和研究结果”，忽略了“不贴近社会实际”，该选项属于以偏概全；

C选项“它们对社会问题的强调”，原文虽然提到了社会问题是社会科学的研究内容，但是这并不是社会科学被批评的原因，该选项属于曲解原文；

D选项“完全不被理会”，原文虽然提到社会科学的发现经常不被理会，但“不被理会”并不是社会科学被批评的原因，该选项属于曲解原文。

第2题:【选项释义】

Theexpression“cameintotheirown”means____.短语“cameintotheirown”的意思是____。

A.tookascendancyoverotherdisciplinesA.凌驾于其他学科之上

B.becameimportantintheirownrightB.自己本身变得很重要

C.developedtheirownparticularsetofproblemsC.形成了它们自己的一系列问题

D.developedfromotherdisciplinesbutbranchedoutD.从其他学科发展而来，但发展了分支

【答案】B

【考查点】词汇推测题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词cameintotheirown定位到原文第二段第一句，该句提到“社会科学在19世纪初具规模，但在20世纪初才____，当时包括经济学、社会学、政治学、历史学和人类学在内的一些成熟学科真正取得了成就（reallymadetheirmark）。”由此可知，根据事情的发展逻辑，社会科学在19世纪初具规模之后，到20世纪真正发展起来。后文“经济学、社会学、政治学、历史学和人类学”这些都是社会科学，根据“真正取得了成就”可以推测，社会科学变得重要了，另外，cameintotheirown的本义是“成为它们自己”。因此，B选项“自己本身变得很重要”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“凌驾于其他学科之上”，原文并未将社会科学和其他学科进行比较，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“形成了它们自己的一系列问题”，原文讲的是社会科学的发展，而不是“问题”，该选项属于曲解原文；

D选项“从其他学科发展而来，但发展了分支”，原文提到的都是社会科学的内容，没有其他学科，该选项属于无中生有。

第3题:【选项释义】

Theadviceoftheauthoristhatthesocialsciencesneedto____.作者的建议是社会科学需要____。

A.reducesegmentationA.减少分割

B.createanewstrengthB.创造新的优势

C.reducethedebateaboutthesocialsciencesC.减少关于社会科学的争论

D.doalloftheaboveD.以上都是

【答案】A

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Theadviceoftheauthor定位到原文第四段第一句，该句提到“打破学科间的分界，建立学科间关系的新秩序（de-compartmentalizingandstrikinganeworderintherelationshipbetweenthedisciplines）的需要关系到所有的社会科学”，由此可知，作者认为社会科学需要对体系内的各个学科之间的关系进行整合并建立新的秩序，因此，A选项“减少分割”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“创造新的优势”，原文只是提到整合各个学科以创造新的秩序，并没有说创造新的优势，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“减少关于社会科学的争论”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“以上都是”，B、C选项都不是。

第4题:【选项释义】

Amongthesocialsciences,economics,theauthormaintains____.在社会科学中，作者认为经济学____。

A.shouldnotberegardedaspartofthesocialsciencesA.不应该被视为社会科学的一部分

B.countenancesdebateB.支持辩论

C.iscrucialforrationalandcomprehensivesolutionsC.对于理性和全面的解决方案至关重要

D.isespeciallylimitedD.非常有限

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词economics定位到原文第四段。本段第一句提到“打破学科间的分界，建立学科间关系新秩序的需要关系到所有的社会科学，尽管经济学也许是其中最重要的（economicsmostofall）。”由此可知，作者认为社会科学中，经济学是最需要被整合并融入新秩序的。第四段第三句提到“有些人会说，它已经受到‘统一思维’的影响，没有多少辩论的空间，例如，在债务削减或货币紧缩的问题上。”，根据文章的行文逻辑，作者是不支持该观点的，即作者认为经济学也有可辩论的空间，B选项“支持辩论”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“不应该被视为社会科学的一部分”，可定位到原文第四段第四、五句，这两句提到“许多人（manypeople）根本不相信经济科学是社会科学的一部分。坚持这一立场多少有些问题。”由此可知，该选项是许多人的观点，而作者并不认同这一观点。因此，这并不是作者的观点，该选项属于张冠李戴；

C选项“对于理性而全面的解决方案至关重要”，原文并未提及理性而全面的解决方案，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“非常有限”，可定位到原文第四段第四、五句，在这两句作者表达了不同意经济学不是社会科学的观点，因为“经济发展在很大程度上取决于政治、社会和文化因素”，由此可知，作者认为经济学的研究是非常广泛的，不是有限的，该选项属于反向干扰。

第5题:【选项释义】

Thesocialscience,intheauthor’sopinion,____.作者认为社会科学____。

A.addressthehopesandfearsofhumansA.处理人类的希望和担心的事

B.oftenhavefindingsopposedtogovernmentorganizationsB.经常有与政府组织相反的发现

C.offerunpalatableadviceC.提出令人不快的建议

D.maybedescribedbyalloftheaboveD.以上都是

【答案】D

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】A选项“处理人类的希望和担心的事”可定位到原文第一段第二句，该句提到“如何让城市更和谐，降低犯罪率，改善福利，克服种族主义，增加财富——这是社会科学的内容。”“犯罪和种族主义”是人们担心的事，“让城市更和谐，改善福利，增加财富”是人类希望实现的事；B选项“经常有与政府组织相反的发现”可定位到原文第五段第四句，该句提到“社会科学可能会继续面临现有组织的顽强抵抗（facethestoutresistanceofestablishedinstitutions），捍卫自己的领域，反对创新和变化。”由此可知，社会科学的发现容易受到现有社会组织的抵触，据此推测，社会科学的发现可能与现有组织的利益相反。C选项“提出令人不快的建议”可定位到原文第一段第三句，该句提到“社会科学的发现往往被忽略，因为太理论化、太不切实际或者太令人不快（toounpalatable）。”由此可知，社会科学的有些发现是令人不快的。综上所述，A、B、C三个选项都符合原文，因此，D选项“以上都是”为最佳答案。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项属于以偏概全。

4.翻译题

Humansaretheonlysurvivinghominin（人亚科原人）speciesandaredistinctfromotherhomininspeciesinouruniquecombinationofcomplexmaterialculture,socialbehavior,bodilycharacteristics,andintelligence.WewillherereferonlytoanatomicallymodernhumansorHomosapiensas“humans.”Thesearepeoplewewouldcall“people”ifweweretostandeye-to-eyewithoneofthem.Toputitanotherway,ifwetraveledbackinatimemachineto200,000yearsagowewouldprobablyrecognizetheuprightwalkingbeingsashumanbeings(eventhoughtheyprobablydidnotyetuselanguageorsymbolismlikewedo),butthereisnoguaranteethatwewouldconnectthesamewaywithanythinglivingbeforethat,notnecessarilyevenwithNeanderthalswholivedsidebysidewithsomehumanpopulationsuntil30,000yearsago.Althoughsomescientistsrefertoeverythingwithinthehumangenus(Homo)as“humans,”wewillreservethattitleforourselvesonly.

【答案】人类是唯一幸存的古人类（人亚科原人）物种，与其他古人类物种不同的是，我们独特地结合了复杂的物质文化、社会行为、身体特征和智力。我们在这里只将解剖学上的现代人或智人称为“人类”。如果我们和他们中的一个面对面站着，我们就会称他们为“人”。换句话说,如果我们乘坐时光机回到200000年前我们可能会认识到作为人类直立行走的人(尽管他们可能还不像我们使用语言或象征意义)，但不能保证我们会以同样的方式与之前的任何生物联系在一起，甚至不一定是与尼安德特人，他们直到3万年前还与一些人类生活在一起。虽然有些科学家把人类属(人)的一切都称为“人类”，但我们只把这个头衔留给我们自己。

5.单选题

Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan________intraditionalmedia.

问题1选项

A.exist

B.exists

C.existing

D.toexist

【答案】A

【解析】考查定语从句。than可以做定语从句的关系代词。在此用法中than既充当比较作用，又充当代词作用，代替前面的theuseandcopyingofdigitalinformation，主语是复数，谓语动词用原型，所以A选项正确。句意：这些提案寻求在数字信息的使用和复制上给予比在传统媒体的使用和复制上更多的限制。

6.单选题

Recently,oneofmybestfriendsJennie,withwhomIhavesharedjustabouteverythingsincethefirstdayofkindergarten,spenttheweekendwithme.SinceImovedtoanewtownseveralyearsago,wehavebothalwayslookedforwardtothefewtimesayearwhenweseeeachother.

Overtheweekend,wespenthoursandhours,stayinguplateintothenight,talkingaboutthepeopleshewashangingaroundwith.Shestartedtellingmestoriesabouthernewboyfriend,abouthowheexperimentedwithdrugsandwasintootherself-destructivebehavior.Iwasblownaway!Shetoldmehowshehadbeenlyingtoherparentsaboutwhereshewasgoingandevenstealingouttoseethisguybecausetheydidn’twantheraroundhim.NomatterhowhardItriedtotellherthatshedeservedbetter,shedidn’tbelieveme.Herself-respectseemedtohavedisappeared.

ItriedtoconvinceherthatshewasrunningherfutureandheadingforbigtroubleIfeltlikeIwasgettingnowhere.Ijustcouldn’tbelievethatshereallythoughtitwasacceptabletohangwithabunchoflosers,especiallyherboyfriend.

Bythetimesheleft,Iwasreallyworriedaboutherandexhaustedbytheexperience.IthadbeensofrustratingthatIhadcomeclosetotellingherseveraltimesduringtheweekendthatmaybewehadjustgrowntoofaraparttocontinueourfriendship,butIdidn’t.Iputthepoweroffriendshiptotheultimatetest.We’vebeenfriendsforfartoolong.IhadtohopethatshevaluedmeenoughtoknowthatIwastryingtosaveherfromhurtingherself.Iwantedtobelievethatourfriendshipcouldconqueranything.

Afewdayslater,shecalledtosaythatshehadthoughtlongandhardaboutourconversation,andthenshetoldmethatshehadbrokenupwithherboyfriend.Ijustlistenedontheotherendofthephonewithtearsofjoyrunningdownmyface.Itwasoneofthetrulyrewardingmomentsinmylife.NeverhadIbeensoproudofafriend.

1.WhatwordbestsumsupJennie’sboyfriend?

2.WhatwastheattitudeofJennie’sparentstowardsherrelationshipwithherboyfriend?

3.HowdidtheauthorreacttoJennie’srelationshipwithherboyfriend?

4.HowdidtheauthorfeelwhenJennietoldhershehadbrokenupwithherboyfriend?

5.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyinthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Aloser.

B.Adruguser

C.Atroublemaker

D.criminal

问题2选项

A.Theywereratertolerant.

B.Theydidnotallowhertocontinueit.

C.Theywereindifferenttoit.

D.Theythoughttheirdaughterdeservedabetterfriend.

问题3选项

A.ShewasveryangrywithJennieforchoosingsuchafriend.

B.ShethreatenedtobreakupwithJennieifheradvicewasignored.

C.ShewasovercomewithpridethatJennietoldheraboutherboyfriend.

D.ShetriedherbesttodissuadeJenniefromcontinuing.

问题4选项

A.Shefeltrelieved.

B.Shefeltexhausted.

C.Shefeltfrustratedandangry.

D.Shefelthappyandproud.

问题5选项

A.Drugscandestroyinnocentyoungpeople.

B.Youngpeopleshouldbecarefulinchoosingtheirfriends.

C.Parentsshouldtakegoodcareoftheirchildren.

D.Thepoweroftruefriendshipcanconqueranything.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干问：哪个单词完美总结了Jennie的男朋友？A选项“一个失败者”，定位到第二段Shestartedtellingmestoriesabouthernewboyfriend,abouthowheexperimentedwithdrugsandwasintootherself-destructivebehavior（她的男友不仅吸毒而且有其他自残的行为）。第三段作者还说Ijustcouldn’tbelievethatshereallythoughtitwasacceptabletohangwithabunchoflosers,especiallyherboyfriend.（我只是不敢相信她真的认为和一群废柴在一起是可以接受的，尤其是她的男朋友。）也就是说珍妮的男友是位失败者，A选项最佳总结了她的男朋友。B选项“一个吸毒者”，C选项“一个惹是生非的人”，D选项“一个罪犯”。

2.判断推理题。题干问：Jennie的父母是如何看待她和男友这段感情的？B选项“他们不允许她继续和他在一起”，定位到第二段Shetoldmehowshehadbeenlyingtoherparentsaboutwhereshewasgoingandevenstealingouttoseethisguybecausetheydidn’twantheraroundhim.（她一直在向父母撒谎她要去哪里，甚至偷偷溜出去见那个男人，因为他们不希望她在他身边）因此我们可以得出她的父母是不同意她和他在一起的，答案为B。A选项“他们非常宽容”，C选项“他们对这个并不关心”，D选项“他们认为他们的女儿值得更好的”。

3.事实细节题。题干问：作者对于Jennie和她男朋友的这段感情是怎么看的？D选项“她尽自己的最大努力去劝Jennie分手”，作者在第二段抱怨说NomatterhowhardItriedtotellherthatshedeservedbetter,shedidn’tbelieveme.（不管我怎么努力告诉她她值得更好的，她都不相信我）。在第三段又说Itriedtoconvinceherthatshewasruiningherfutureandheadingforbigtrouble（我试图让她相信，她正在毁掉自己的未来，惹上大麻烦），也就是说作者一直想办法劝阻珍妮不要继续和她的男友来往了，答案为D。A选项“她对于Jennie选择了一个这样的男朋友感到很生气”，B选项“她威胁说，如果珍妮不听她的劝告，她就要同珍妮绝交”，C选项“她对于Jennie告诉她自己有男朋友而感到很骄傲”。

4.事实细节题。题干问：作者对于Jennie和她男朋友分手是怎么看待的？D选项“她感到高兴并骄傲”；定位到最后一段Ijustlistenedontheotherendofthephonewithtearsofjoyrunningdownmyface.（我只是在电话的另一端听着，喜极而泣。）证明作者得知这个消息之后又开心又激动，答案为D。A选项“她感到松了一口气”，B选项“她感到精疲力竭”，C选项“她感到沮丧并且生气”。

5.归纳概括题。题干问：作者写这篇文章是为了传递什么信息呢？D选项“真挚的友谊可以战胜一切”；从全文来看，珍妮和作者有着十分深厚的友谊，她们彼此都十分信任。而珍妮最近交上一位男友，这位男友不仅吸毒而且还有其他的自残行为——这让作者十分不安，希望珍妮立刻断绝她和这位男友的来往。但一开始珍妮并没有接受她的规劝，所以作者感到十分沮丧。作者只能以她们的深厚友谊为赌注，希望珍妮能相信作者是在尽力拯救她，希望她们的友谊能帮助她们克服一切困难。最终珍妮经过长时间的痛苦的思考，终于醒悟过来，和那位男友断绝了关系，摆脱了困境，因此答案为D。A选项“毒品可以摧毁无辜的年轻人”，B选项“年轻人在挑选伴侣时应该小心”，C选项“家长应该照顾关心他们的孩子”都不能完全概括整篇文章的意义。

7.翻译题

Onemightaskwhyspeculationispermittedwhenthereissorealadangerofloss.Thebasicreasonisthatspeculationcanperformusefulfunctionsintheeconomy.Buyingacommodityorthestockinthebeliefthatpriceswillrisespeedsmarketequilibriumandencouragesfasterentryofmoresuppliers.Ifthepricechangelaggeduntilafteranactualcommodityshortagehadoccurred,thefluctuationwouldprobablybesharperandmoresudden.Remedialsupplyactioncouldnotbefurtherdelayed.Similarly,ifspeculatorsforeseeasurplusinsomecommodity,theirsellingoffutureswillhelpdrivethepricedowntosomeextentbeforethesurplusactuallyoccurs.Whenspeculatorsforeseeashortageandbiduptheprice,theyarealsohelpingtoconservethepresentsupply.Asthepricegoesup,lessofthecommodityispurchased;ariseinpriceencouragesuserstoeconomize.Similarly,aloweringofpriceencouragesuserstobuymore,thushelpingtosellthesurpluswhichisdeveloping.

【答案】当确实存在遭受损失的风险时，人们不禁要问为什么允许进行投机活动。这其中根本的原因是投机能对经济活动产生有益作用。当人们预期商品价格的上涨速度要超过市场平衡点时，就会买入商品或股票并鼓励更多的供应商入市。如果价格的变化滞后，甚至在切实的商品短缺发生后，价格还没有变化，价格波动可能会更剧烈和更突然。调节性的供应行为此时丝毫不能耽搁。同样，如果投机商预测到某些商品会供应过量，这时他们如果卖出期货将有助于在切实的商品供应过量发生前将价格下调到一定水平。当投机商预测到商品会短缺并通过竞标抬高价格时，他们也在帮助囤积当前的商品供应。随着价格的上涨，人们购买的商品量就会减少；价格的上涨鼓励人们节约。同样，降低价格将会鼓励使用者购买更多的商品，进而有助于将正在形成供应过量的商品销售出去。

8.单选题

WhentheU.N.CommissionontheStatusofWomen(CSW)helditsinauguralmeetinginLondonbackin1946,theU.S.delegate,EleanorRoosevelt,readanopenlettertothewomenoftheworldcallingongovernmentstoencouragewomeneverywheretoparticipateinnationalandinternationalaffairs.Theletteralsourgedwomenwhoareconsciousoftheiropportunitiestocomeforwardandshareintheworkofpeaceandreconstructionastheydidinwarandresistance.

But66yearslater,theworldwidestruggleforgenderequalityandgenderempowermentcontinuesunabated——evenaswomenfindthemselvesdiscriminatedagainst,andvictimsofviolence,bothathomeandonthebattlefield.

AsIndia'sPermanentRepresentativetotheUnitedNationsAmbassadorHardeepSinghPuritoldtheSecurityCouncilonFebruary23,2012,closeto90percentofcurrentcasualtiesinwarsandsituationsofarmedconflictarecivilians,withthemajoritybeingwomenandchildren.

Obviously,womenbearadisproportionatelylargeshareoftheburdenofconflict,buthaveamarginalsayinmattersofwarandpeace,hesaid,pointingouttheirony.Thisisperhapsafunctionofthegenderimbalanceinoursocieties,reflectedinpositionsofpowerandinfluence,headded.

Despitethis,Puffargued,womenshouldnotbeviewedsolelyasvictimsofwar.Theyalsohavetoassumethekeyroleofensuringfamilylivelihoodsinthemidstofchaosanddestruction,andareparticularlyactiveinthepeacemovementsatthegrassrootslevelandcultivatingpeacewithintheircommunities.

Therefore,theabsenceofwomenatthepeacenegotiatingtableisunconscionable,declaredPuri,asheimplicitlycriticizedthefactthatpeacenegotiatorsareoverwhelminglymale.

YasmeenHassan,globaldirectorattheNewYorkbasedEqualityNow,saidthateconomicdownturnsbringwiththemrisingfundamentalismsandaclingingtopracticesandbeliefsthatposeachallengetogenderequality.

Similarly,shepointedout,Warandlackofsecurityleadtoacurtailmentofwomen'srights.Thedevelopingworldhasseenalotmoreinstability——economic,political,social——thathasoftenbeenexacerbatedbyconflicts,bothinternalandcrossborder,thatposethebiggestbarrierstogenderequality.

“Instabilityandconflictsalsomakewomen'srightsactivismdifficultaswomenmaybecomedividedonissuesofnationalorigin,raceandclass,”sheadded.

A10-daymeetingofthe45-memberCSW,beginningFebruary28,2012,willfocusonanotherbattlefrom:theempowermentofruralwomenandtheirroleinpovertyandhungereradicationandsustainabledevelopment.

Accordingtothenewly-createdU.N.Women,ruralwomenconstituteone-fourthoftheWorld'spopulationofsevenbillionpeople.Still,onlyfivepercentofagriculturalextensionservicesareprovidedforwomenfarmers,andinruralsub-SaharanAfrica,womenholdlessthan10percentofthecreditavailabletosmallholderagriculture.

“Ifruralwomenhadequalaccesstoproductiveresources,agriculturalyieldscouldreducethenumberofchronicallyhungrypeoplebybetween100and150million,”saysUNWomen.

Askedaboutthekeyachievementsongenderempowermentinthelastfiveto10years,Hassansaid.“Everyoneagreesthatitisanissuethathastobeputontheagenda——women'sempowermenthascometobeseenasessentialfordevelopmentand,moreimportantlyincurrenttimes,forbuildingpeace.”

Shesaidtheshacklesofcultureandreligion,thoughstillbindingwomenmuchmoreharshlythanmen,havecometobeseen——atleastinternationally——asnotinevitableandinfactbreakable.

GigiFrancisco,thePhilippines——basedgeneralcoordinatorofDevelopmentAlternativeswithwomenforaNewEra(DAWN),saidthatamidstthebackdropofuncertaintimesforeconomiesworldwideandre-commitmentsmadebytheinternationalcommunitytoendingpovertyandachievingsustainabledevelopment,thereisamoredeliberatefocusonordinarywomen'srolesinproductionandconsumptionacrosstheeconomicsouth.

Byrelievingwomen'spracticalburdenslinkedtotheirgenderroles,itisassumedthatwomenandtheirfamilieswillbecomemoreefficientinaccessinganddistributingresourcesthatwouldeventuallyredoundtosomedegreeofempowerment,shesaid.

Atthesametime,Franciscopointedout,whenwomenbecomemoreefficientinperformingtheirroles,therestofthesocietyandtheentireeconomybenefit.

Focusingontheissuesandconcernsofgrassrootswomenistherightthingtodo.“Howeverwhatisfundamentallywrongwiththisapproachisthatwithoutawomen'srightsperspectivethefocusonefficiencyconfersentitlementstopoorwomensolelyonthebasisoftheirlabor,”sheadded.

Aswell,theapproachdoesnotleadtoanytransformationoftheexistinggenderdivisionoflaborthatpositionswomeninasubordinatedwaywithinfamiliesandsocieties,sheadded.Andbeinglesspoordoesnotmeanthatthegendergaphadbecomelessunequal.

Askedaboutgenderprogress,Franciscosaidthattheriseinthenumberofwomenenteringofficialpositionsofpowerandauthorityatlocal,national,regionalandgloballevelsisamajorachievementinonekeyaspectofgenderequality.

ThisisundoubtedlyaclearfollowthroughonobligationssetintheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen(CEDAW)andthe1995BeijingPlatformforAction(BPFA)adoptedattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomeninChina.

Whileinstitutionalarrangementsandmechanismsforgenderequalityhaveprovidedtheframeworkinprogressivelyrealizinggenderbalanceinpoliticalreforms,changescouldnothavetakenplacewithouttheactionsbywomen'srightsadvocatesandmovementsthatpushedgenderequalityissuestotherealmofpublicdeliberationsandresistances.

“Incelebratingwomenwhoareinpositionsofpower,wemustrememberthatfirstly,thesituationforwomenleadersacrossandwithincountriesconsiderablyvary,”Franciscosaid.

Secondly,thatgains,eventhecelebratedones,maybetransientandseriouslythreatenedbyahostofneo-conservativereactionsthatemergefromsimultaneousupheavalsanduncertainties,andthirdly,powerfulwomenwillneedtobeassessednotintermsofhowlongtheyremainaspostergirlsforgenderequalitybutintermsoftheirconcretecontributionstoensuringthattherightsandwell-beingofordinarywomenaresecuredandpromoted.

“Andthattheprocessesofgovernanceatalllevelsremainaccountabletowomen'srightsorganizationsandmovements,”shesaid.

Relatedtothis,shesaid,isabigchallengethatUNWomennowhastoface:howitwillworkoutitsmechanismsandprocessesofpartnershipwithandaccountabilitytothewomen'smovementsinatransparentandconsultativeway.

Themainmessageofthispassageisthatwomentodayhavemadeextraordinaryprogressinattainingtherightstoparticipatingnationalandinternationalaffairs,forwhichtheirdeathtollinwarsandconflictishigherthanmen's.

Instability,risingfundamentalismcauseachallengetogenderequality.

Theroleofruralwomenineradicatingpovertyandhungerhasbeenfullyrealized.

Onekeyprogressingenderequalityis