考研考博-英语-东莞职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-东莞职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

AfterscrutinizingtheSternHitlerDiaries,handwritingexpertsproclaimedthemtobeforgeries.

问题1选项

A.examining

B.judging

C.protracting

D.detecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过……《希特勒日记》，字迹专家宣布这些日记是伪造的。examine“（仔细地）检查”；judge“判断”；protract“延长；绘制”；detect“发现，察觉”。字迹专家只有通过认真检查才能知晓这个日记是伪造的，因此可知划线单词scrutinize的意思是“详细检查”，选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Defendersofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomenoftenmaintainthateliminatingsuchlawswoulddestroythefruitsofacenturylongstrugglefortheprotectionofwomenworkers.Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyare,inpractice,moreofacursethanablessing.

Sex-definedprotectivelawshaveoftenbeenbasedonstereotypicalassumptionsconcerningwomen’sneedsandabilitiesandemployershavefrequentlyusedthemaslegalexcusesfordiscriminatingagainstwomen.AfterWorldWarII,forinstance,businessesandgovernmentsoughttopersuadewomentovacatejobsinfactories,thusmakingroominthelaborforceforreturningveterans.Therevivalorpassageofstatelawslimitingthedailyorweeklyworkhoursofwomenconvenientlyaccomplishedthis.Employershadonlytodeclarethatovertimehourswereanecessaryconditionofemploymentorpromotionintheirfactory,andwomencouldbequitelegallyfired,refusedjobs,orkeptatlowwagelevels,allinthenameof“protecting”theirhealth.Byvalidatingsuchlawswhentheyarechallengedbylawsuits,thecourtshaveconspiredovertheyearsinestablishingdifferentlessadvantageousemploymenttermsforwomen’scompetitivenessonthejobmarket.Atthesametime,eventhemostwell-intentionedlawmakers,courtsandemployershaveoftenbeenblindtotherealneedsofwomen.Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth.

Finally,laborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicals,forexample,posereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.Thusthesex-definedlegislationprotectsthehypotheticalfemaleworker,buthasnoeffectwhateveronthesafetyofanyactualemployee.Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescan’tbenegligible,sincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.Protectivelawsaimedatchangingproductionmaterialsortechniquesinordertoreducesuchhazardswouldbenefitallemployeeswithoutdiscriminatingagainstany.

Insum,protectivelaborlawsforwomenarediscriminatoryanddonotmeettheirintendedpurpose.Legislatorsshouldrecognizethatwomenareintheworkforcetostayandthattheirneeds—goodhealthcare,adecentwage,andasafeworkplace—aretheneedsofallworkers.Lawsthatignorethesefactsviolatewomen’srightsforequalprotectioninemployment.

9.Accordingtotheauthor,whichismosthelpfulindecidingthevalueofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomen?

10.Speciallaborlawsprotectingwomenworkerstendto（）.

11.Itcanbeinferredthatmanyemployeehealthinsuranceplans（）.

12.Ashortcomingofprotectivelaborlawsthatsingleoutaparticulargroupofworkersforprotectionis（）.

问题1选项

A.Anestimateofthenumberofwomenworkersinfavorofsuchlaws.

B.Ananalysisofthecosttoemployersofcompliancewithsuchlaws.

C.Asurveyoftheactualeffectssuchlawshavehadonwomenworkers.

D.Aconsiderationoftherealintentionsheldbytheadvocatesofsuchlaws.

问题2选项

A.makeitlesslikelythatwomenwillbeemployed

B.havelittleimpactofanykindonwomenworkers

C.modifythestereotypesthatemployersoftenholdconcerningwomen

D.increasethelikelihoodthatemployersdenywomendisabilityplans

问题3选项

A.meetminimumlegalrequirements

B.lackthespecialprovisionsforwomenworkers

C.coveronlysomecommonmedicalconditionsaffectingwomen

D.paythemedicalcostsassociatedwithpregnancyandchildbirth

问题4选项

A.suchlawsareoftentooweaktobeeffectiveatprotectingthegroupinquestion

B.employer’scompliancewithsuchlawsresultsinincreasedtensionamongworkers

C.suchlawsexertnopressureonemployerstoeliminatehazardsintheworkplace

D.compliancewithsuchlawsisoftencostlyforemployersconcerned

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】9.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyare,inpractice,moreofacursethanablessing.（即使对法院和雇主的历史实践进行简单的考察，也会发现这些法律的结果是苦涩的：在实践中，它们更多的是诅咒而不是祝福。），说明调查这些法律的实际影响是最有助于决定妇女特殊劳动保护法的价值的。因此C选项“调查这类法律对女工的实际影响”正确。A选项“对赞成这种法律的女工人数的估计”，B选项“对雇主遵守这类法律的成本的分析”，D选项“对这类法律的倡导者所持的真实意图的思考”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。

10.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Finally,laborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicals,forexample,posereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.（最后，仅保护特殊群体的劳动法往往无法保护实际工作中的工人。例如，一些化学物质对育龄妇女构成生育风险；使用这些化学物质的制造商遵守保护妇女免受这些危险的法律，拒绝雇用她们。），说明保护女工的特殊劳动法并不能保护她们的权益，反而会造成女性就业的困难。因此A选项“使女性就业的可能性降低”正确。B选项“对女工影响不大”，C选项“改变雇主对女性经常持有的刻板印象”，D选项“增加了雇主拒绝女性残疾计划的可能性”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。

11.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干关键词“healthinsuranceplans”可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth.（立法者和法院继续允许雇主为雇员提供医疗保险计划，该计划涵盖所有已知的人类医疗残疾，但与怀孕和分娩有关的残疾除外。），说明医疗保险计划涵盖大多数常见的疾病，但和女性相关的除外。因此B选项“缺乏对女工的特殊规定”正确。A选项“符合最低法律要求”，C选项“只涵盖一些影响妇女的常见病症”，D选项“支付与怀孕和生育有关的医疗费用”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。

12.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到第三段，第三段首先说到Finally,laborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.（最后，仅保护特殊群体的劳动法往往无法保护实际工作中的工人。），后面又举了化学工厂的例子Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescan’tbenegligible,sincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.（在这些工厂中，对男性工人健康的危险也不能被忽略，既然那些化学毒素能导致胎儿的生育缺陷或使妇女不育，那么推而广之，其必然会对人类的新陈代谢有害。），说明将某一特定劳动者群体单列出来加以保护的法律并不能解决实际问题，比如化学工厂对工人造成的危害依旧存在，因为这些工厂不会消除化学毒素的危害，只会遵守保护女性避免这些危险的法律而拒绝招聘她们。因此C选项“这些法律不会对雇主施加压力，使其消除工作场所的危害”正确。A选项“这种法律往往太弱，不能有效地保护有关群体”，B选项“雇主遵守这些法律导致工人之间的紧张关系加剧”，D选项“对有关雇主来说，遵守这些法律的成本往往很高”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。

3.单选题

Fishingaddsonlyabout1percenttotheglobaleconomy,butonaregionalbasisitcancontributeenormouslytohumansurvival.Marinefisheriescontributemoretotheworld’ssupplyofproteinthanbeef,poultryoranyotheranimalsource.

Fishingtypicallydoesnotrequirelandownership,andbecauseitremains,ingeneralopentoall,itisoftentheemployeroflastresortinthedevelopingworld—anoccupationwhentherearenootheroptions.Worldwide,about200millionpeopledependonfishingfortheirlivelihoods.WithinSoutheastAsiaalone,morethanfivemillionpeoplefishfull-time.InnorthernChile40percentofthepopulationlivesofftheocean.InNewfoundlandmostemploymentcamefromfishingorservicingthatindustry—untilthecollapseofthecodfisheriesintheearly1990slefttensofthousandsofpeopleoutofwork.

Althoughdebatesovertheconservationofnaturalresourcesareoftencastasaconflictbetweenjobsandtheenvironment,therestorationoffishpopulationswouldinfactboostemployment.MichaelP.SissenwineandAndrewA.RosenbergoftheU.S.NationalMarineFisheriesServicehaveestimatedthatifdepletedspecieswereallowedtorebuildtotheirlong-termpotential,theirsustainableusewouldaddabout$8billiontotheU.S.grossnationalproduct—andprovidesome300,000jobs.Iffishpopulationswererestoredandproperlymanaged,about20millionmetrictonscouldbeaddedtotheworld’sannualcatch.Butrestorationofecologicalbalance,fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.

Thenecessaryreductioninfishingpowerneednotcomeattheexpenseofjobs.Governmentcouldincreaseemploymentandreducethepressureonfishpopulationsbydirectingsubsidiesawayfromhighlymechanizedships.Foreach$1millionofinvestment,industrial-scalefishingoperationsrequireonlyonetofivepeople,whereassmall-scalefisherieswouldemploybetween60to3,000.Industrialfishingitselfthreatenstensofmillionsoffishermenworkingonasmallscalebydepletingthefishonwhichtheydependforsubsistence.

1.Theanimalsourcewhichsuppliesthemostproteinforhumanbeingis.

2.Paragraph2impliesthat.

3.Intheconflictbetweenjobsandtheenvironment,theauthortakessideswiththosewhoareinfavorof.

4.Thebalancebetweenjobsandtheemploymentcanbekeptif.

5.Thepassagesuggeststhatmakinglessuseofmoderntechnologymay.

问题1选项

A.beef

B.fish

C.pork

D.chicken

问题2选项

A.mostofmen’semploymentisfromfishing

B.mancanalwaysturntofishingforemployment

C.fortypercentofChileansliveonfishingboatsorships

D.fishinghasbeenthebiggestindustryinNewfoundland

问题3选项

A.increasingtheannualcatch

B.creatingmorejobs

C.gettinggreaterfiscalprofitability

D.conservingnaturalresources

问题4选项

A.fishingcapacityisfurtherincreased

B.fishingjobsarefurtherincreased

C.fewerwell-equippedfishingshipsareused

D.fewerspeciesareallowedtorebuild

问题5选项

A.reducepressureonfishpopulations

B.threatentheworld’sannualcatch

C.increasegovernment’sinvestment

D.costtensofthousandsoffishermen’sjobs

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二句话Marinefisheriescontributemoretotheworld’ssupplyofproteinthanbeef,poultryoranyotheranimalsource.“海洋渔业对世界蛋白质供应的贡献超过牛肉、家禽或任何其他动物来源。”第二步，综合理解，这里讲的是鱼类贡献的蛋白质比其他动物来源更多所以这里答案选B选项“鱼肉”，

A、C、D选项都是其他动物来源，所以不选，这里属于反向干扰。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到文章第二段第一句的最后一个分句...itisoftentheemployeroflastresortinthedevelopingworld—anoccupationwhentherearenootheroptions.“……在发展中国家，这往往是最后的谋生手段——当没有其他选择的时候时的一种职业”，当人们没有选择的时候可以选择这种职业，也就是人们总能通过渔业求生，所以答案选B选项“人们总是可以通过捕鱼来寻找工作”。

A选项“大多数人的职业是捕鱼”，定位到第二段第二句Worldwide,about200millionpeopledependonfishingfortheirlivelihoods.“全世界约有2亿人以捕鱼为生”。全球人口约60亿，而渔业占2亿，所以不能说大部分人靠渔业为生，这里属于偷换概念；

C选项“40%的智利人生活在渔船或船只上”，第一步精准定位，定位到第二段倒数第二句话InnorthernChile40percentofthepopulationlivesofftheocean“在智利北部，40%的人口靠海洋为生”。第二步，综合理解，该句只是说智利40%的人口靠海生活，并不是说40%的人口住在船上，这里属于曲意理解。

D选项“捕鱼一直是纽芬兰最大的产业”，第一步精准定位，定位到第二段最后一句话InNewfoundlandmostemploymentcamefromfishingorservicingthatindustry—untilthecollapseofthecodfisheriesintheearly1990slefttensofthousandsofpeopleoutofwork“在纽芬兰，大部分就业机会来自渔业或该行业的服务——直到20世纪90年代初鳕鱼渔业的崩溃，导致数万人失业”。第二步综合理解，鳕鱼在上个世纪90年代就已经崩溃了，因此纽芬兰的渔业早就崩溃了。而题干用的是现在完成时，表达的意思是渔业现在仍然是纽芬兰的支柱产业，这不符合题意，这里属于偷换概念。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第三段第一句话therestorationoffishpopulationswouldinfactboostemployment“但鱼类数量的恢复实际上会促进就业。”，第二步综合理解，从这里可知作者认为保护资源和就业之间没有冲突，保护了资源就能促进就业，所以作者是支持保护自然资源的，所以答案选D“保护自然资源”。

A选项“增加年捕获量”，定位到第三段最后一句话Butrestorationofecologicalbalance,fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.“但是，要恢复生态平衡、财政盈利能力和经济安全，就需要大幅减少商业捕鱼业的能力，以便使野生种群能够恢复”。这里作者倡导的是减少捕捞，所以这个选项不能选，这里属于反向干扰。

B选项“创造更多的就业机会”。见正确选项解析，这里属于曲意理解。

C选项“获得更大的财政盈利能力”。定位到第三段最后一句话Butrestorationofecologicalbalance,fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.“但是，要恢复生态平衡、财政盈利能力和经济安全，就需要大幅减少商业捕鱼业的能力，以便使野生种群能够恢复”。这句和题目无关，所以这里属于偷梁换柱。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第四段第二句话Governmentcouldincreaseemploymentandreducethepressureonfishpopulationsbydirectingsubsidiesawayfromhighlymechanizedships.（政府可以通过减少对高度机械化船只的补贴来增加就业并减少对鱼类种群的压力）。第二步，综合理解，上文讲到捕鱼能力的必要减少并不需要以牺牲就业为代价，然后作者提出了这个主意，减少对机械渔船的补贴，所以这里答案选C选项“更少的装备精良的渔船”。

A选项“捕捞能力进一步提高”，定位到第三段最后一句话...fiscalprofitabilityandeconomicsecuritywillrequireasubstantialreductioninthecapacityofthecommercialfishingindustrysothatwildpopulationscanrecover.“财政盈利能力和经济安全将需要大幅度降低商业捕鱼业的能力，以便使野生种群能够恢复”。从这里可知捕鱼能力应该减少而不是增加，所以不选A选项，这里属于反向干扰。

B选项“渔业工作进一步增加”。文章没有提到工作的增加，这里属于无中生有。

D选项“更少的物种被允许重建”，见正确选项解析，这里讲的是枯竭的物种允许其重建，而不是更少的物种恢复，这里属于偷换概念。

5.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步精准定位，定位到第四段最后一句Industrialfishingitselfthreatenstensofmillionsoffishermenworkingonasmallscalebydepletingthefishonwhichtheydependforsubsistence“工业捕鱼本身就威胁着数千万小规模捕捞的渔民，因为他们赖以生存的鱼类正在枯竭”。第二步综合理解，因为工业捕鱼导致渔业资源枯竭，更少的使用工业渔船也就是现代科技会让渔业恢复，鱼就会更多，鱼类种群的压力就没有那么大了，所以答案选A选项“减少对鱼类种群的压力”。

B选项“威胁到世界的年度捕捞”。定位到第四段最后一句Industrialfishingitselfthreatenstensofmillionsoffishermenworkingonasmallscalebydepletingthefishonwhichtheydependforsubsistence“工业捕鱼本身就威胁着数千万小规模捕捞的渔民，因为他们赖以生存的鱼类正在枯竭”。文章题干是减少现代科技的使用会威胁世界的年捕捞量，文章所描述的正是因为工业渔船的使用才造成渔业资源枯竭的，这里属于反向干扰。

C选项“增加政府投资”。文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

D选项“损失了成千上万渔民的工作”。第一步，精准定位，定位到第四段第一句话Thenecessaryreductioninfishingpowerneednotcomeattheexpenseofjobs.“捕鱼能力的必要减少并不需要以牺牲就业为代价”，所以D选项不选，这里属于反向干扰。

4.单选题

Veryfewexpertshave（）withcompletenewanswerstotheworld’seconomicproblems.

问题1选项

A.cometo

B.comearound

C.comeup

D.comeon

【答案】C

【解析】词组辨析题。cometo达到；comearound恢复；comeupwith提出；comeon快点。句意：很少有专家能对世界经济问题提出全新的答案。选项C符合句意。

5.单选题

Sharkshaveanundeservedreputationforbeingbloodthirstykillersthatroutinelymakesnacksoutoftourists.Althoughtheriskofgettingeatenbyasharkisextremelysmall,thesamecannotbesaidforunderwaterfiber-opticcablesthatcarrydataaroundtheworld.

Itseemssharkshaveamightycravingforthesevitalintercontinentalcommunicationlinks,whichhassetGoogleonamissiontoreinforceitstrans—PacificcablesbywrappingtheminaKevlar—likematerial.GoogleproductmanagerDanBelcherrevealedtheirshark-proofingeffortsatamarketingmeetinginBoston,NetworkWorldreports.

Butwhyaresharkszeroinginonourglobalcommunicationnetworks?SharkshaveanuncannyabilitytosenseelectromagneticfieldsinthewaterusingtinydetectorsintheirsnoutscalledampullaofLorenzini.Theorgans,whichlooklikefreckles,senseevenminutechangestoelectricalfieldsinthewater,helpingsharksfindprey,navigateorlocatefiber-opticcables.

“Nodoubttheelectromagneticfeldsassociatedwiththesewiresarehighlyattractivetothesesharks,”GeorgeBurgess,directoroftheFloridaProgramforSharkResearch,toldUSA.

Interestingly,sharksdon’tseemtobeluredtotheoldercoppercablesthatrununderwater.It’sledtospeculationthatsharksconfusethehigh-voltage,magneticemissionsfromfiber-opticcableswiththesignalsgivenoffbyfish.Updatedcableswillthuslikelyprotectthesharksandreduceenergy-wastingattacks.

Sharkshavebeengivingglobalcommunicationscompaniesheadachessincethe1980s.AccordingtotheNewYorkTime,afewsharkteethwerefoundplantedinacableoftheCanaryIslandsin1985.Everyyear,morethan50repairsareneededonunderseatranscontinentalcommunicationlinesduetodamagefromwildlife,fishingtrawlersandearthquakes,TheGuardianreports.

Google’sreinforcedcableswillbeinstalledaspartofanew$300millionsystemconnectingtheUnitedStatestoJapan,accordingtoapressreleasefromprojectpartnerNEC.ItwillresultinanInternetconnectionthatrelaysinformationacrossthePacificOceanat60terabytespersecond.That’sgoodnewsforInternetusers,butmaybethesharkshaveahiddenreason:Perhapsthey’resimplyfedupwithfear-mongeringdocumentariesthatcasttheminanegativelight.

1.Whatdoes“thesame”inParagraph1referto?

2.WhatisemphasizedinParagraph2?

3.Whydosharksbitefiber-opticcables?

4.Itcanbelearnedthatsharks（）.

5.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Thekillersmakingsnacksoutoftourists.

B.Theriskofgettingeatenbysharks.

C.Theundeservedreputationofsharks.

D.Thesmallchanceofsharkattacks.

问题2选项

A.Thedamagetocablescausedbysharks.

B.Thecostofunderseacablelines.

C.Thefunctionofunderwatercameras.

D.Thedevelopmentofunderseacables.

问题3选项

A.Theymistakecablesforfish.

B.Theylikebitingcable-shapedobjects.

C.Theyarecuriousaboutcables.

D.Theyenjoythetasteofcables.

问题4选项

A.likebothcoppercablesandfiber-opticcables

B.prefercoppercablestofiber-opticcables

C.areattractedtofiber-opticcablesonly

D.areattractedtocoppercablesonly

问题5选项

A.Sharksarenobloodthirstykillers.

B.Howsharkspicksignalsfromcables.

C.Sharksbenefitfromelectricalfield.

D.Fiber-opticcablesaresharks’prey.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.词义猜测题。由“Althoughtheriskofgettingeatenbyasharkisextremelysmall,thesamecannotbesaidforunderwaterfiber-opticcablesthatcarrydataaroundtheworld.（尽管被鲨鱼吃掉的风险非常小，但在全球范围内传输数据的水下光缆却并非如此。）”可知，虽然人类被鲨鱼吃掉的风险很小，但是水下光缆被鲨鱼吃掉的风险却并非如此。所以thesame表示被鲨鱼吃掉的风险。A选项“鲨鱼拿游客当点心”；C选项“鲨鱼被冤枉的名声”；D选项“被鲨鱼攻击的几率很小”都与上下文不符，因此B选项“被鲨鱼吃掉的风险”正确。

2.主旨大意题。第二段的最后一句话说到“GoogleproductmanagerDanBelcherrevealedtheirshark-proofingeffortsatamarketingmeetinginBoston,NetworkWorldreports.（据《网络世界》报道，谷歌产品经理丹•贝尔彻在波士顿的市场营销会议上透露了他们的防鲨鱼努力。）”，说明为了防止鲨鱼对电缆的破坏，人们做了很多努力，所以该段落更侧重于暗示鲨鱼对电缆造成的破坏。B选项“海底电缆线路的费用”在第二段没有表现出来；C选项“水下相机的功能”第二段没有提到；D选项“海底电缆的发展”第二段也没有提到。因此A选项“鲨鱼对电缆造成的损坏”正确。

3.事实细节题。文章第五段写道“It’sledtospeculationthatsharksconfusethehigh-voltage,magneticemissionsfromfiber-opticcableswiththesignalsgivenoffbyfish.（人们猜测鲨鱼会将光纤电缆发出的高压磁辐射与鱼类发出的信号相混淆。）”，所以鲨鱼会咬电缆是因为错把它们当成了鱼类。B选项“它们喜欢咬电缆形状的物体”文中没有提到；C选项“它们对电缆很好奇”；D选项“它们喜欢电缆的味道”都与原文不符，因此A选项“它们把电缆错当成了鱼”正确。

4.事实细节题。文章第五段写道“Interestingly,sharksdon’tseemtobeluredtotheoldercoppercablesthatrununderwater.（有趣的是，鲨鱼似乎不会被海底的旧铜电缆所吸引。）”，由此可知，鲨鱼只被光纤电缆吸引。A选项“铜电缆和光纤电缆都喜欢”；B选项“更喜欢铜电缆而不是光纤电缆”；D选项“只被铜电缆吸引”都与原文意思相悖，因此C选项“只被光纤电缆吸引”正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了鲨鱼对电缆光纤的破坏。A选项“鲨鱼不是嗜血的杀手”文中并没有侧重讲解；B选项“鲨鱼如何从电缆中接收信号”文章也没有提到；C选项“鲨鱼受益于电场”说法错误；D选项“光纤电缆是鲨鱼的受害者”更准确，因此D选项正确。

6.翻译题

Thehistoryofecologicalchangeisstillsoelementarythatweknowlittleaboutwhatreallyhappened,orwhattheresultswere.ThedestructionoftheEuropeanaurochsaslateas1627wouldseemtohavebeenasimplecaseofoverenthusiastichunting.Onmorecomplexmattersitoftenisimpossibletofindsolidinformation.ForathousandyearsormoretheFrisiansandNetherlandershavebeenpushingbacktheNorthSea,andtheprocessisculminatinginourowntimeinthereclamationoftheZuiderZee.What,ifany,speciesofanimals,birds,fish,shorelife,orplantshavediedoutintheprocess?IntheirheroiccombatwiththeseahavetheNetherlandersoverlookedecologicalvaluesinsuchawaythatthequalityofhumanlifeintheNetherlandshassuffered?Icannotdiscoverthatthequestionshaveeverbeenasked,muchlessanswered.

(1)People,then,haveoftenbeenadynamicelementintheirownenvironment,butinthepresentstateofhistoricalscholarshipweusuallydoknowexactlywhen,where,orwithwhateffectsman-inducedchangescame.Asweenterthelastthirdofthe20thcentury,howeverfortheproblemofecologicalbacklashismountingfeverishly.Naturalscience,conceivedastheefforttounderstandthenatureofthings,hadflourishedinseveralerasandamongseveralpeoples.Similarlytherehadbeenanage-oldaccumulationoftechnologicalskills,sometimesgrowingrapidly,sometimesslowly.ButitwasnotuntilaboutfourgenerationsagothatWesternEuropeandNorthAmericaarrangedamarriagebetweenscienceandtechnology,aunionofthetheoreticalandtheempiricalapproachestoournaturalenvironment.TheemergenceinwidespreadpracticeoftheBaconianbeliefthatscientificknowledgemeanstechnologicalpowerovernaturecanscarcelybedatedbeforeabout1850,saveinthechemicalindustries,whereitisanticipatedinthe18thcentury.(2)Itsacceptanceasanormalpatternofactionmaymarkthegreatesteventinhumanhistorysincetheinventionofagriculture,andperhapsinnonhumanearthhistoryaswell.

【答案】1.因此，人们在他们自己的环境中常常是一个动态的因素，但在目前的历史学术状态下，我们通常确实知道人为的变化在何时、何地或以何种影响出现。

2.它被接受为一种正常的行为模式，可能标志着自农业发明以来人类历史上最重大的事件，也许在非人类的地球历史上也是如此。

7.翻译题

ManyadvocatesofauniversalhealthcaresystemintheUnitedStateslooktoCanadafortheirmodel.WhiletheCanadianhealthcaresystemhasmuchtorecommendit,there'sanothermodelthathasbeentoolongneglected.ThatisthehealthcaresysteminFrance.

(1)AlthoughtheFrenchsystemfacesmanychallenges,theWorldHealthOrganizationrateditthebestintheworldin2001becauseofitsuniversalcoverage,responsivehealthcareproviders,patientandproviderfreedoms,andthehealthandlongevityofthecountry'spopulation.TheUnitedStatesranked37.

TheFrenchsystemisalsonotinexpensive.At$3,500percapitaitisoneofthemostcostlyinEurope,yetthatisstillfarlessthanthe$6,100perpersonintheUnitedStates.

(2)TheFrenchshareAmericans'distasteforrestrictionsonpatientchoiceandtheyinsistonautonomousprivatepractitionersratherthanaBritish-stylenationalhealthservice,whichtheFrenchdismissas"socializedmedicine".VirtuallyallphysiciansinFranceparticipateinthenation'spublichealthinsurance,SecuriteSociale.

Theirfreedomsofdiagnosisandtherapyareprotectedinwaysthatwouldmaketheirmanaged-care-controlledUScounterpartsenvious.However,theaverageAmericanphysicianearnsmorethanfivetimestheaverageUSwagewhiletheaverageFrenchphysicianmakesonlyabouttwotimestheaverageearningsofhisorhercompatriots.(3)ButthelowerincomeofFrenchphysiciansisallayedbytwofactors,Practiceliabilityisgreatlydiminishedbyatort-averselegalsystem,andmedicalschools,althoughextremelycompetitivetoenter,aretuition-free.Thus,Frenchphysiciansentertheircareers,withanydebtandpaymuchlowermalpracticeinsurancepremiums.

NordoFrance'sdoctorsfacethehighnonmedicalpersonnelpayrollexpensesthatburdenAmericanphysicians.SecuriteSocialehascreatedastandardizedandspeedysystemforphysicianbillingandpatientreimbursementusingelectronicfunds.

(4)It'snotuncommontovisitaFrenchmedicalofficeandseenononmedicalpersonnel.Whataconcept.Nobackofficearmyofbillingspecialistswhododailybattlewithinsurers'arcaneandconstantlychangingrulesofpayment.

NationalhealthinsuranceinFrancestandsupontwograndhistoricalbargains—thefirstwithdoctorsandasecondwithinsurers.

DoctorsonlyagreedtoparticipateincompulsoryhealthinsuranceiftheJawprotectedapatient'schoiceofpractitionerandguaranteedphysicians'resistancebypermittingthenation'salreadyexistinginsurerstoadministeritsnewhealthcarefunds.PrivatehealthinsurersarealsocentraltothesystemassupplementalinsurerswhocoverpatientexpensesthatarenotpaidforbySecuriteSociale.

Infact,inFrance,thesickeryouare,themorecoverage,care,andtreatmentyouget.Likeallhealthcaresystems,theFrenchconfrontongoingproblems.(5)TodayFrenchreformers'numberonepriorityistomovehealthinsurancefinancingawayfrompayrollandwageleviesbecausetheyhamperemployers'willingnesstohire.Instead,Franceisturningtowardbroadtaxesonearnedandunearnedincomealiketopayforhealthcare.

ReadthepassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

【答案】（1）尽管法国的医疗保健制度面临着很多的挑战，但2001年世界卫生组织仍将它排在第一位，原因是法国的医疗保健制度的覆盖面最广，拥有积极响应的医疗保健提供者,医患的自由性和国民健康、长寿。

（2）法国人和美国人一样也不愿意在患者选择上设限，并且他们坚决主张自主的私营执业者，而不是一种英国式的国民保健制度。法国人将这种国民保健制度视为“公费医疗制度”，不予采纳。

（3）但是两方面的因素弥补了法国医生的收入低的情形。反侵权法律制度大大减小了实践责任。另外,尽管进入医学院的竞争极其激烈，但其学费是免费的。因此，法国医生就业时很少欠债，所付的医疗事故保险费非常少。

（4）参观法国医用办公室看不到非医学的职员是很平常的事情。也就是说在后端办公的人员中，没有大批的医疗账单专家每天与保险公司不断改变的付款规则作战。

（5）)如今法国改革者优先考虑的事是不再从工资和工资税上为