Chapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情绪心理学教学课件

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotions1Chapter4BiologicalBasisofEmotions(I):EmotionalbrainFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions2CaseofPhineasGage(1885)&moderncasesofPhineasGage;Cannon’sresearch(1931)Papez(1937)hypothesisThreelevelofbrain&forebrainrevolution;LimbicsystemAmygdalaBasalgangliaOFC&VMPCLPCACCInsular,et.al.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions31.CaseofPhineasGageDamageofprefrontalcortex;Intact:language,skill,intelligence,attention,memory,perceptions;Damage:personalityandemotionregulationandmotivation;---whatfunctionsofprefrontalcortexinemotionalprocessing?Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioChapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情绪心理学教学课件Chapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情绪心理学教学课件Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotions6PatientA(Brickner,1932)Damage:allleftfrontallobesbeforeareaforlanguageremoved;allrightfrontallobesincludingcortexinfrontofareascontrollingmovement;ventral(orbital)surfaceandlowerpartoftheinternal(medial)surfaceofbothsidesoffrontallobes;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions7PatientAIntactfunctions:perception,memory,language,motorabilities,calculations,playgames,intelligence,physiologicalhealth;Changedinpersonality:boasted自夸ofhisprofessional,physicalandsexualpowers威力althoughhedidnotwork.Neverreturntoworkafterward.Impoverished贫乏emotionallife,nosignsofsad,embarrassment,ordistress.Passiveanddependent.Detachedfromothers.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions8Implication:variesfrontallobesandspecificfunctionsinemotionalprocessing.情绪受损---情绪分化性和丰富性减弱---部分情绪回路被损伤；情绪的动力性受损---情绪的主观体验损伤；或情绪影响认知，或认知影响情绪的功能出现损伤；情绪障碍与人格障碍;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions9Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions10CerebralcortexthalamusvisceraSkeletalmusclesReceptor/emotionalstimuli12345Cannon-Bardtheory(1931)Subjectiveemotion情绪体验:与认知评价有直接关系,与生理唤醒无关Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions112.PointsofCannonSubjectiveemotionalexperienceisresultedfrominteractionbetweenactivationinthalamusandcognitiveevaluationinneo-cortex;Physiologicalarousaliskindofnonspecificstateaccompaniedwithsubjectiveemotionalexperience.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions12Hypothalamuswasimportantfortheexpressionofemotion;otherregionsconnectedtoitwereresponsiblefortheexperienceofemotion.Sensory----》thalamus---threepathways:Neo-cortext新皮层—streamofthoughtLimbicsystem边缘系统andhypothalamus下丘脑----streamoffeeling;Striatalregion纹状区---streamofmovement;3.Papez(1937)’shypothesisaboutemotionalexperienceFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions13Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions144.ThreeLevelsinBrain

(Hughlings&Jackson,1959）Lowerlevel:simplereflexpathwaysincludingsuchfunctionsasreactionstosimplestimuli,posture,andmovement;Nextlevel:morerecentlyevolvedstructures,includingthoseofemotions;Highestlevel:mostrecentlyevolvedlevel,thecortexcontrolalllevelbelowit;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions15EvolutionoftheforebrainReptile爬行动物:Telecephalon端脑:corpusstriatum纹状体Diencephalon间脑:hypothalamus;Earlymammals早期的哺乳动物:Telecephalon:corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)边缘系统Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Mammals:Telecephalon:Neocortex新皮层+corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions16Figure5.3

Humanbrainatfivestagesofdevelopment

Thebrainalreadyshowsanadultstructureatbirth,althoughitcontinuestogrowduringthefirstyearorso.

Video

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions17EvolutionofforebrainandemotionStriatalSystem(纹状系统)EnlargedwiththeevolutionofreptilesDevotedschedulingandgeneratingoutlinescriptsfordailylife;有规律的作息方式Reptilianbehaviors(modernlizards)Preparationandestablishmentofahomesite建立家园/做窝Markingandpatrollingofterritory建立领地Formalizedfightingindefenseofterritory建立防御系统--“筑长城”Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions18Evolutionofforebrainandemotion（接上页）Foraging觅食Hunting狩猎Hoarding囤积Formingsocialgroupsincludinghierarchies形成有等级的社会团体;Greeting问候Grooming整饰Mating交配,Flocking聚集Migration迁徙…Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions19Continuing…TypesofbehaviorRoutinizing常规Imitationormimicry模仿Tropisms定向Repetitious重复Reenactments装扮Deceptivebehavior欺骗Hypothesis:thestriatalregionisinvolvedinschedulingspecies-characteristicbehaviorpatternsinmammalsthatarecomparabletothoseofreptiles;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions20communicativedisplaySignaturedisplay信号Challengedisplay挑战Courtshipdisplay求爱Submissivedisplay顺从Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions21Figure8.16

Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland

(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions22Figure12.1

Thelimbicsystem

Thelimbicsystemisagroupofstructuresintheinteriorofthebrain.Hereyouseethemasifyoucouldlookthroughatransparentexteriorofthebrain.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions235.LimbicsystemMaclean(1952):三个基本功能系统爬行脑reptilianbrain：以脑干为主，支配刻板行为；并产生一些基本情绪，如恐惧、愤怒及攻击行为；旧哺乳脑oldmammalianbrain/visceralbrainandlimbicsystem：以边缘系统为主，使动物具有体验和表达情绪的可能；产生基本情绪及社会情绪；新哺乳脑：新皮层，使动物具有更高级、更复杂的功能。进行情绪与认知的相互作用。Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions24LimbicsystemBroca(1878)：limbiclobe.边缘叶由胼胝体周围的皮层，如扣带回和颞叶内表面皮层（包括海马）组成。与嗅觉有关；IncludingmanyofcomponentsofthePapezCircuit.e.g.thalamus,hypothalamus,hippocampus,cingulatecortex,andamygdalaandPrefrontalCortex.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions25Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions26Continuing…ThelimbicsystemSelf–preservationbehaviorEatingcompetingMating交配Caregiving照顾Infantattachment婴儿依恋Socialfunction社会功能OldsandMilner(1954):self–stimulationonlimbicsystem;Limbicsystem:PleasurecentersorcentersofemotionsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions276.RolesofAmygdalaQuicklyemotionalresponse;Modulatedbyhighercognitiveprocess;EmotionalphysiologicalresponseRoleinsocialcognitive;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions28EarlystudiesKluver-Bucysyndrome(1939)Docile(温顺);Nofearoforiginalfearfulobjects;Changeinsexbehavior(hyper-sexuality);社会地位改变;TemporallobeorpsychomotorepilepsyFeelingofdesire,fear,anger,dejection,gratulantfeeling欣快;pugilisticbehavior拳击行为,paroxysm发作ofkissing;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions29312LeDoux(1995)的情绪双通道模型:杏仁核—生理反应;双通道影响杏仁核的激活;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions30AmygdalacentralnucleusCGLHPVNRPCfreezingBloodpressureStresshomonesStartlereflexCG:centralgray中央灰质;LH:lateralhypothalamus外侧下丘脑;PVN:paraventricularhypothalamus下丘脑室旁核，联系杏仁核与红核及纹状体;RPC:reticulopontiscaudalis网状系统-脑桥-苍白球；BruceKapp(1979)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions31EmotionalstimuliLABABCEEmotionalresponsesamygdalaLA：lateralNucleus;CE:centralnucleiB:basalAB:accessorybasalFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions32Fearconditioningexperimentonrats:Sound+briefmildshocktothefeetoftherats(ormeetacat);Conditionedresponses:bloodpressureandheartraterise,stresshormonesarereleasedintobloodstream;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions33EvidencesfromLeDoux(1988,1995)中央核(CE)损伤,不能形成条件反射;外侧下丘脑损伤:干扰血压变化;PVN损伤:干扰激素变化;RPC损伤:干扰惊跳反射;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions34Evidences

Subcorticalpathway-Ittakesabout12msinrat:quickly;Crudeimage;Corticalpathway:slowly,24ms,producedetailedandaccuraterepresentationandpreventinappropriateresponse;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions35Thalamus-amygdalaconnection:onesynapse;Thalamus-hippocampusconnection:severalsynapses;---takemore(40ms)time;----emotionalresponseisprimaryandquickly;AnatomicevidenceFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions36杏仁核的情绪反应功能

(Zola-Morgan,1991)EmotionandCognitionareseparatesystems?Bilateralamygdalectomies(onmonkeys):cognitivetaskintact,butemotionalrespondinginpropriately;Emotionaltest:Reactiontoemotionalstimulation;Hippocampiremoved:emotionalresponsesintact,butdifficultyonthecognitivetask;Cognitivetest:learningandrecall,matchingtosample,anddiscrimination;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions37NormalgroupFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions38Amyg.andHippo.removedFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions39HRemovedFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions40Amyg.Removed.OnlyFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions41Amygdala’sactivationtoConscious&unconsciousemotionalstimuliCarlsson&Petersson,2004(PET研究)Conscious:snakephobia:snake--A+snakephobia:spider—A-Unconscious:Snakephobia:snakeA+Snakephobia:spiderA+在无意识条件下,杏仁核有更强的激活;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions42Liu&Huang(Inpress)InvisibleBothintacterotic&mutilatedpictureselicitstrongerSCRthanscrambledones;VisibleJustmutilatedintactpictureselicitstrongerSCRthanscrambledones;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions43Humanamygdalainsocialjudgment(R.Adolphs,D.Tranel,andA.R.Damasio,1998)Questions:社会认知中情绪的作用?RoleofAmygdalainjudgmentofexpressivefaces?Subjects3bilateralamyg.Damage;7unilateralamyg.Damage;4right3leftControl:10braindamagebutnotinamyg.Norms:46undergraduatestudents;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions44Stimuliandtasks50positivefaces;50negativefacesForcedchoicetasksAnchorfaces(ratingas0.0)Veryapproachability可接近—veryun-approachabilityVerytrustworthiness可信---veryuntrustworthiness;Lexicalstimuli88Adjectivesanddescribedpersonalityattributes;20shortbiographiesaboutlifestylesandactivities;Judgment:veryLikeable(3)—veryun-likeable(-3)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions4550negativefacesFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions4650positivefacesFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions47conclusionsAmygdaladamagelettoincorrectjudgmenttonegativefaces;noeffectwasfoundinjudgmenttolexicaldescription;Nodamagedifferencebetweenrightandleftdamageofamyg.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions48Animalstudies:Singleunitrecordingstudiesinanimalsshowthatamygdalaneuronscanresponddifferentlytodifferentfaces(Leonard,etal.1985)andrespondselectivelydynamicsocialstimuli;Humanstudies:fMRIandPETstudiesalsoprovideconsistencyevidencestosupportthatamygdalacanresponsetofearfulfaces面部andvocal声音expression;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions49AmygdalaactivationandmemoryenhanceCahilletal.(1996)reportedonepatientwithamygdaladamagedidn’tshowmemoryenhancementforemotionalaspectsofstories.PETstudiesshowedthatlevelsofglucosemetabolisminrightamygdaladuringencodingcouldpredicttherecallofcomplexnegativeorpositiveemotionalstimuliuptoseveralweekslater(Cahill,etal.1996;Hamann,etal.1999);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions50Amygdalaactivationneedattention?Pesssoaet.al.(2002)suggestedactivationinamygdalabyemotionalfacesrequireattention;Andemotionalprocessinamygdalaissusceptibletotop-downcontrol.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions51AmygdalaactivationandattentionFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions52resultsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions53Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions547.Basalganglia:learningtoskillfullyattainrewardsAnatomy解剖组成：globuspallidus苍白球—旧纹状体(paleostriatum)Caudate尾状核\putamen壳核—新纹状体(neostriatum)、subthalamicnucleus底丘脑核substantianigra黑质Input（传入）:来自大脑皮层广泛区域;Output（传出）:通过丘脑直接传入到前额皮层，前运动皮层和运动皮层。Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions557.Basalganglia:learningtoskillfullyattainrewards损伤结果：运动计划和运动执行Parkinson”sdiseaseHuntington’sdisease形成趋与避的行为习惯和正情绪有密切关系；----习惯的形成总是发生在正情绪之中！！！---这些区域与好坏的判断/知觉有关，好—趋向，不好—避；如果这些部位损害，就可能无法辨认好/坏;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions56Figure8.16

Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland

(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions57SupportingevidencesLesionsstudies（损伤研究）:Impairperceptionofemotionconveyedthroughfacialexpressionandtoneofvoice（不能辨认声音与表情）;depression（抑郁）;Neuroimagingstudies:Activationwhenexperienceofpositiveemotion;Dopaminereleasinginbasalganglia;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions58Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions598.AnatomicconnectionsofObito-frontalcortex(OFC)andVentral-medialprefrontalcortex(VMPC)ReceivedinputfromeverysensorymodalityReciprocalconnectionswithsub-corticalbrainstemnucleiinvolvedinemotionReceivedinputfromfrontalandtemporallobesthatintegrateandassociateinformationfrommanymodalities.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions60Theorbitofrontalcortex(OFC)andrewardprocessingRolls(1996,1999)proposedthatOrbitofrontalregionisinvolvedinlearningtheemotionalvalueofthestimuli.OFCworkwithamygdalatolearnandrepresentrelationshipbetweennewemotionalstimuliandprimarydrive(e.g.food,drinkandsex).学习情绪刺激与这些基本的内驱力之间的关系。对情绪信息进行精细认知评价,产生情绪价(正-负评价)；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions61TocomputingthemotivationalvalueofexternalstimuliNeuroimaging:OFCactivationwhenpairedwithreinforcer;ContextdependentactionselectionLesionsofOFC/VMFC:impairabilitiestocontrolemotionaccordingcontextdemandingandthenimpairtheirsocialinteraction;Unabletouseemotionalcuestoguideandfacilitateadaptivebehaviors;例如：前额页损伤与决策；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions62TheventromedialPFCandbodilysignalsSomaticmarkerhypothesisbyDamasioetal.(1991).Emotionalphysiology;Subjectiveemotionalexperience;VentrolmedialcortexPFCisactingassomaticmarkertoprocesssomaticcodesactivatedbyemotionalstimuliandenableindividualtoconsideruncertainlyinformationandthanmakeadecisionbasedonemotionaspectsofstimuliarray.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions63TheventromedialPFCandbodilysignalsE.g.EVR,moderndayPhineasGage:vertrolmedialcortexdamage,cognitiveintactbutcan’tmakeareasonabledecision.----ModifiedversionofJames-Langeapproach;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions64Bechara,Damasioetal.(1994)Cardgameexperiment;Subjects:patientswithventromedialPFCdamage,healthcontrolsubjects;Task:cardgameFourconditions:

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions65ABCDgainpossibilitypenalties$100$100$50$5050%10%$250$125050%$5010%$250Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions66Trick:tooverlookimmediaterewards($100)andbecomesensitivetodelayedrewards(ortoavoidlargepenalties)Thepatientscan’tlearntofingerouttheoptimalsolutiontoperformthetask,andnormalsubjectswereabletoresponseemotionalsensitivelyandlearntofindoutagoodchoice.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions67OrbitalandventromedialfrontalcortexFunction:context-dependent(场依存）actionselection;Useandapplication:inhibitongoingemotionalresponsesbasedonanalysesofcontext;generateaffectivereactionsbasedontheseanalysesthatguidefurtherregulatoryjudgments;(依据环境特点进行情绪反应及情绪调节)Controlled;决定如何调节及如何实施调节;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions68ThePFCand‘top-down’regulationDavidsonetalproposethatPFCandACCsend“biassignals”(emotionalinformation)tootherpartsofbraintoguidebehaviorstowardsthemostadaptivecurrentgoals;Left-sidePFCisrelatedwithapproachgoalsandisactedasappetitiveregion;--趋近系统;Right-sidePFCregionsarerespondingtonegativesignalsandinvolvedinwithdrawalbehaviors;--回避系统；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions69LateralprefrontalandassociationcorticesRetrievingandstoringsemanticemotionknowledge;情绪知识的提取与存储;Useandapplication:identity识别stimuli&differentiate分化feelingstates;attribute归因emotionalqualitiestostimuli;repository存储ofregulatorystrategies&layemotionknowledge;Retrievalcanbeautomaticorcontrolled;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions70Representation表征ofEmotionconcepts情绪概念orschemas

图式TheabstractcauseofanexperienceThemeaningofasituationtotheindividualandhisorherimmediategoalsBodilysensationsExpressivemodesHowemotionfunctionsinterpersonallyEmotionalSemanticmemoryFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions71RoleofSemanticmemoryinemotion:Repository存储ofknowledgeaboutorigins,evolution,andsequenceofemotion;Whenlackamygdalaandbasalgangliaactivation,itcouldtoldwhatmeaningoftheobject;Whencombinedwiththeseactivation,itwillbepartofemotion.（？？！！）产生特异的体验（？？！！）增加信息的通达性（！）BuildingLinksbetweenstimuliwithsimilarvalence;不能单独产生情绪（！）Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions72AnteriorCingulateCortex(扣带回,ACC)AkeysubstratetogenerateconsciousemotionalexperiencesuggestedbyPapez;Apointtointegrationofvisceral,attentionalandemotionalinformationthatiscruciallyinvolvedintheprocessesofaffectiveregulationandotherformsoftop-downcontrol;Tomonitor/detectconflictinfo.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions73AnteriorcingulatecortexConflictmonitoring监控冲突;Useandapplication:monitoron-goingbehavioranddeterminewhetherchangeisnecessary;监控行为并决定是否需要改变Conflictdetectedautomaticallybutmakingchangestakescontrol;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions74AnatomyofACCHeterogeneousareaCorticalconnection:OFC，VMFC，parietal,motorcontrolSub-corticalconnection:amygdala,hypothalamus,striatum,motorcontrolandpainarea…..Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions75SupportingevidencesNeuro-imagingstudiesACCActivitywhenerroroccurrence,painfulexperience,conflict,uncertaintyACCactivitywhenpainfulexperienceERPstudiesPsychosurgicallesiontoACC:----Afteranemotionisgenerated,anACCsignalthatthecurrentbehaviorisinneedofchangeandtheinitiatesearchforcausesofconflict;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions76OtherareasinvolvedinemotionalbrainAnteriorinsularcortex前脑岛;Accumbennucleus:rewardcircuitofdopapimne;Hypothalamus:angercenterandhappycenter;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions77Multiplelevelsofemotionalprocesses

(KevinOchsner&LisaF.Barrett,2001Hypotheses:Emotiongenerationandregulationarehappenedinthesameprocesses;Multiplelevelsinvolvedindifferentlevelsofbrainandneuro-modulatorsanddifferentlevelsofconsciousnessandcontrol;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions78AutomaticemotionprocessingQuickly;Effortlessly;Rapiddetectionofpotentialthreatsorreward;Accessingofassociatedinformation;Initiateapproachoravoidancebehaviors;Automatic;Bottom-up;Elicitingbyprimaryappraisal;---存在快速/下意识的情绪反应;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions79ControlledemotionprocessingConsciouslyandAttentivelyControlledanddeliberatelyEffort-demandingprocessingForexamplePainperception--painlessenSubjectivereportofemotionalexperienceEmotiondisclosuredemonstratingDecisionmakingEmotionregulation---说明存在着可控/可调/有意识的情绪及调节过程Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions80FivesystemstoprocessemotionsAmygdala:automaticdetectpotentialthreatsBasalganglia:registeringreward&acquiringhabits,automaticallybutrequiresattention;Lateralprefrontalandassociationcortices:retrievalemotionknowledgeautomaticallyorcontrolled；Anteriorcingulatecortex:tomonitorconflictanddecidetoregulation;Orbitalandventromedialfrontalcortex:toguildbehaviorandregulationemotion;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions81InternalandexternalstimuliAC:SemanticemotionalknowledgeBG:rewardhabit&approachAMY:Threat&AvoidanceLPC：回忆情绪知识ACC：监测控制的需要OVFC：选择调节的反应Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions82FutureresearchEmotiongeneration,eg.IndividualdifferenceofemotionalexperienceEmotionregulation;Emotionandcognitioninteraction；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions83Howmanyemotionsystemsinbrain?Single-systemmodelsE.g.Cannon&Bard,Papes,Maclean,andDamasio;Dual-systemmodelsDavidsionvalenceasymmetrymodelLeftsideapproachsystemRightsidewithdrawalsystemMultiple-systemmodelsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions84情绪识别的左右半球不对称Right-sidedsuperiorityinrecognitionofemotionalexpression(Etcoff,1989):Gazzaniga(1988)report:onesplit-brainpatientscanrecognizeemotionallysignificanteventswhenfilmsareshownonlytotherightsidebuttheycan’tdescriptwhattheysaw;----filmclipfallintoright-sidecortex---feelscared;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions85Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions86左脑有损伤的病人在识别焦虑方面(识别说谎)更敏感;右脑比较发达的人在情绪识别上要更有优势;左脑发达的人言语能力较强;右脑对刺激物的情绪识别与其认知相独立;对情绪面孔的情绪识别与对面孔本身的识别不同;对声音的情绪识别与对声音本身的识别所以来的脑区不同;总之,右脑在情绪的识别上具有优势;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions87WHY?Tucker&Frederick(1989)：可能是因为右脑与杏仁核的连接更近，发展更早；Epstein(1993):右脑：体验自我，基于情绪的加工特点，形象化的、整体性、比喻性；左脑加工特点：言语性、符号性及分析为主；小时候哭得多的孩子（负情绪系统较强）言语发展较慢；右脑为情绪脑？情绪加工都在右脑进行？右脑发达的人：更抑郁？更有创造性？Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions88PositiveemotionsaremorestronglyrepresentedontheleftandnegativeemotionsontherightFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions89StudiesofDavidson(1992a)Stimulus:TwohappyfilmclipsTwodisgustfilmclipsRecording:EEGactivationLeftsideRightsideResults:Happy:moreleft-sideactivationDisgust:moreright-sideactivationConclusion:AsymmetryoffrontalemotionalactivationFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions90StudybyDavidson(1992b)AdultsplayvideotypegameTworewards:GainedMonetaryreward;Sufferedmonetarypunishment;10montholdinfantApproachtheirmothersApproachstrangersRecording:EEGactivationLeftsideRightsideResults:Happy:moreleft-sideactivationDisgust:moreright-sideactivationFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions91StudyofAffectivestylesSubjects:31Mon386childrenInhibitedMiddleUninhibited