Stylistics-1-2市公开课一等奖省赛课获奖课件

Stylistics-1-2Stylistics-1-2第1页1.learnsometheriesofstylistics(sound,gramma,meaning);2.learntousestylisticstoanalyzetexts(fromliteraryandnon-literarysources,includingtheEnglishofliterature,advertising,newsreporting,scienceandtechnology,legaldocuments,etc.);TeachingObjectivesStylistics-1-2第2页Example(Fromanovel)Afteraquarrelbetweenthetwolovers:Withaflowofwords,shestartedtoarguewithhim,thenshecheckedherselfandsaidcalmly,“listen,John,Iimagineyou’retiredofmycompany.There’snosenseinhavingteatogether.IthinkI’dbetterleaveyourighthere.”“That’sfine,”hesaid.“Goodafternoon.”“Good-by”

Stylistics-1-2第3页ExampleAdvertisements:1.Ifpeoplekeeptellingyoutoquitsmokingcigarettes,don’tlisten—Theyareprobablytryingtotrickyouintoliving.(公益广告)2.Shewantstoputhertongueinyourmouth.这句话出现在一则只有一个笑不露齿中年妇女大半身照广告上;这是什么广告?这句话是什么意思呢?Stylistics-1-2第4页Stylistics1.Stylistics--Simplydefined,itisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.GeneralStylisticsModernStylisticsLiteraryStylisticsVarietyFeaturesGenreFeaturesLiteraryTextStyleStylistics-1-2第5页2.Objectofstylistics:itstudiesthestylisticfeaturesofthemainvarietiesoflanguage,covering1).

functionalvarieties功效变体fromthedimensionoffieldsofdiscourse(differentsocialactivities),2).formalvsinformalvarietiesfromthedimensionoftenors趋向ofdiscourse(differentaddresser-addresseerelationships),3).

spokenvswrittenvarietiesfromthedimensionofmodesofdiscourse(differentmediums).4).variousgenres体裁ofliterature(fiction,drama,poetry)initsstudy.Stylistics-1-2第6页Terms1-1.WhatisLanguage??1).Modernlinguistics(Saussure)regardslanguageasasystemofsigns.2).Americanstructuralism结构主义representedbyBloomfieldregardslanguageasaunifiedstructure,acollectionofhabits.3).Fromthelate1950son,thefactthat‘mantalks’andtheimplicationsofthishumancapacityhavebeenatthecentreofinvestigationinthelinguisticsciences.Thetransformational-generative(TG)转换生成linguistsheadedbyNoamChomskyhavebeenconcernedwiththeinnateandinfinitecapacityofthehumanmind.Thisapproachseeslanguageasasystemofinnaterules(Chomsky,1957).Stylistics-1-2第7页4).Thesystemic-functional系统功效语言学linguistsheadedbyM.A.K.Hallidayseeslanguageasa‘socialsemiotic符号',asaninstrumentusedtoperformvariousfunctionsinsocialinteraction.Thisapproachholdsthatinmanycrucialrespects,whatismoreimportantisnotsomuchthat'mantalks'asthat'mentalk';thatis,thatlanguageisessentiallyasocialactivity(Halliday,1978).Stylistics-1-2第8页People’sactivities:

physicalactssuchascooking,eating,bicycling,runningamachine,cleaning,andverbalactsofalltypes:conversation,telephonecalls,jobapplicationletters;SPEECHACTs:actionscarriedoutthroughlanguage.SPEECHEVENTs:Socialactivitiesinwhichlanguage(eitherspokenorwritten)playsanimportantrolesuchasconversation,discussion,lecture,etc.(Contextdeterminesmeaningoffeaturesinsituations)RelevantTermsStylistics-1-2第9页SpeechEvents(analysis)1.Threecrucialaspectsofaspeechevent--thesubstantial(audiblesoundsorvisiblemarks),theformal(meaningfulinternalpatterns),andthesituational(relevantextratextualcircumstances);2.speecheventsdifferindifferentsituations,iebetweendifferentpersons,atdifferenttimes,indifferentplaces,fordifferentpurposes,throughdifferentmedia,andamidstdifferentsocialenvironments.Stylistics-1-2第10页CODE语码：asystemofsignalsorsymbolsusedforsendingaMESSAGE,apieceofinformation.ENCODING编码(meaning-to-sound/letter)：Inanyactofverbalcommunication，languagehasbeenregardedasasystemfortranslatingmeaningsintheADDRESSER‘s(thespeaker’s/writer‘s)mindintosounds/letters.DECODING译码，解码(sound/letter-to-meaning)：translatingsounds/lettersintomeaningsintheADDRESSEE‘s(thehearer’s/reader‘s)mind,withlexis词汇andgrammarastheformalcodemediatingbetweenmeaningandsound/letter.Stylistics-1-2第11页Internetlanguage1.字母缩略比如:ＦＴ(ｆａｉｎｔ晕倒)、ＭＭ、ＧＧ、ＰＦＰＦ、ｓｉｇｈ(叹息).2.数字或文字谐音:886、8147(别生气)；汉语谐音,如:斑竹(版猪或版竹均指版主)、稀饭(喜欢)、酱紫(样子)、美眉(妹妹)、偶(我)英语谐音,如:伊妹儿(ｅ-ｍａｉｌ谐音,电子邮件).3.生造或转义。A:借用汉语中指代、隐喻、拟声等修辞方式,或是旧词翻新,或单词+字母、数字等,如:东东、坛子(网站论坛)、说(后缀词)、3Ｑ(Ｔｈａｎｋｙｏｕ)、真ｅ心(真恶心)、帅Ｇ(帅哥)、网虫、菜鸟、大侠或大虾(网络高手)、灌水、恐龙、青蛙、拍砖头、楼上或楼下等。B:网络语言中还夹杂着很多台湾校园流行语.E.g.蛋白质(笨蛋+白痴+神经质)、偶像(呕吐对象)等。Stylistics-1-2第12页Terms1-2.Functionsoflanguage:

1).TheIDEATIONALorREFERENTIALfunction概念和指示功效（达意功效）servesforexpressingthespeaker's/writer'sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhis/herownconsciousness.2).TheINTERPERSONALorEXPRESSIVE/SOCIALfunction人际交往社会功效servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelations,fortheexpressionofsocialroles,andalsoforgettingthingsdonebymeansofinteractionbetweenonepersonandanother.3).TheTEXTUALfunction组篇功效providesmeansformakinglinkswithinthetextitselfandwithfeaturesofitsimmediatesituation.(FordetaileddiscussionseeHalliday,1971.)Stylistics-1-2第13页DifferenttypesoflanguagehaverelationswithpredominantfunctionsE.g.advertisingwithpersuasion,TVcommentarywithinformation,addresstermswithsocialroles.Literarytextscanberegardedasatypeoflanguagewhichperformsadistinctsocialfunction--anaesthetic美感orpoeticfunction.Thefunctionsarenotmutuallyexclusive:anutterancemaywellhavemorethanonefunction.

Stylistics-1-2第14页Terms2.Style–Ithasanumberofdefinitions;1).Stylemayrefertoaperson'sdistinctivelanguagehabits,orthesetofindividualcharacteristicsoflanguageuse,as'Shakespeare'sstyle',‘Hemingway’sstyle‘;2).Stylemayrefertoasetofcollectivecharacteristicsoflanguageuse,ielanguagehabitssharedbyagroupofpeopleatagiventime,as'Elizabethanstyle',inagivenplace,as'Yankeehumour',amidstagivenoccasion,as'thestyleofpublicspeaking';Stylistics-1-2第15页3).Stylemayrefertotheeffectivenessofamodeofexpression,whichisusedtoevaluatetheexpression,asa'clear'or'refined'style,“Hiswritinglacksstyle.”4).Stylemayrefersolelytoacharacteristicof‘good’or‘beautiful’literarywritings.Thisisthewide-spreaduseofstyleamongliterarycritics,as‘grand庄重style’,‘ornate华丽style’,‘lucid明晰style’,‘plain简单style’,etc；Styleusuallyvariesfromcasualtoformalaccordingtothetypeofsituation,thepersonaddressed,thelocation,thetopicdiscussed,etc.E.g.readapassage;interview;speaktoachildoroffercoffee;Stylistics-1-2第16页3.Stylisticvariation(语体变异):referstothedifferenceinthespeechorwriting.Thevariationcanbeobservedinpronunciation,wordsandsentencestructures.E.nunciationofsittingandmaking.E.g.1).Weweresomewhatdismayedbyhislackofresponsetoourinvitation.(moreformal)2).Wewereratherfedupthatshedidn’tanswerwhenweinvitedher.(lessformal)TermsStylistics-1-2第17页4.Register(语体style,语域)1).Definition:registerreferstoaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupation(e.g.doctors,lawyers;)orthesameinterests(e.g.stampcollectors,baseballfans).2).It’sfeatures:1).aspecialsetofvocabulary(technicalterminology:Jargon);E.g.tennis:deuce局末平分,love零分;2).specialgrammaticalstructure(e.g.LegalEnglish)TermsStylistics-1-2第18页Terms5.variety变体：atermsometimesusedinsteadoflanguage,dialect,sociolect,pidgin,creole,etc.Becauseitisconsideredmoreneutralthansuchterms,itmayalsobeusedfordifferentvarietiesofonelanguage,e.g.AmericanEnglish,AustralianEnglish,IndianEnglish.SofarastheEnglishlanguageisconcerned,therearedifferent‘Englishes’tofitdifferentsituations:forinstance,Old/ModernEnglish,British/AmericanEnglish,BlackEnglish,legalEnglish,scientificEnglish,liturgical礼拜式English,advertisingEnglish,formal/informalEnglish,spoken/writtenEnglish,etc.Stylistics-1-2第19页6.genre体裁Itreferstoaparticularclassofspeecheventswhichareconsideredbyaspeechcommunityasbeingofthesametype.E.g.prayers,sermons,conversations,songs,speeches,poems,letters,andnovels.Theyhaveparticularanddistinctivecharacteristics.Aspeechcommunityisallthepeoplewhospeakasinglelanguageandsharenotionsofwhatissameordiffernetinphonology音系学,grammar.TermsStylistics-1-2第20页C2.TheNeedforStylisticStudy

1.StylisticStudyHelpsCultivateaSenseofAppropriateness;2.StylisticStudySharpenstheUnderstandingandAppreciationofLiteraryWorks;3.StylisticStudyHelpsAchieveAdaptationinTranslation;4.Stylisticshelpussolvetheproblemsofinterpretationsincestyleisanintegralpartofmeaning.Stylistics-1-2第21页1.AppropriatenessLanguagehasawiderangeofvarieties.Peoplehavetorespondtoagivensituationwithanappropriatevarietyoflanguage,andastheymovethroughtheday,theychangethetypeoflanguagetheyareusingwiththechangingsituation.Theimportanceofappropriatenessinspeecheventscanbebestillustratedbyone'swayofdressing.E.g.(2.1)Stylistics-1-2第22页E.g.干杯1).foragrandoccasion:NowallowmetoproposeatoasttothefriendshipbetweenthepeoplesofChinaandtheUnitedStates,....2).onacommonoccasion:Here'stothehealthofourfriends!3).onacasualoccasion:Cheers！4).onaninformaloccasion,especiallywhenwereallyemphasizeemptyingtheglass：'Bottomsup'

Stylistics-1-2第23页2.UnderstandingandAppreciationofLiteraryWorks1).

literarycriticismgenerallyinvolvesthreeprocesses:DESCRIPTION→INTERPRETATION→EVALUATION;2).Inliterarycreation,awriterisconstantlyinvolvedinmakinglinguisticchoices-choicesbetweenonewordandanother,onestructureandanother,andsoon.Generallytherearetwokindsofchoices:first,thebreakingofnormalrulesoflinguisticstructure(whetherphonological,grammatical,lexicalorsemantic)--whatwecallDEVIATION;second,theoveruseofaparticularlinguisticfeature--whatwecallREPETITION.Stylistics-1-2第24页Bothdeviationandrepetitionproduceapsychologicaleffectonthemindofthereader--theymakeafeaturestandout.ThishighlightingofalinguisticfeatureagainstthebackgroundofthenormalsetofrulesfortheEnglishlanguageiswhatwecallFOREGROUNDING凸现.Examinationoftheforegroundedfeaturesthewriterhaschosenconstitutesanimportantaspectofthestylisticstudyofliterarytexts.Stylistics-1-2第25页MORMALPARADIGM范例ABNORMALPARADIGMadayagoagriefagoaweekagoajoyagoamonthagoatendernessagoAyearagoahappinessagoDylanThomas:

狄兰•托马斯:才华横溢诗人、剧作家和短篇小说家，其中形象化描述尤为出众，而他创作灵感多来自故乡南威尔斯美轮美奂风景和海景。他将大自然活力理想化，不惜笔墨地描写海浪唱着欢快小曲轻抚威尔斯海岸。

托马斯19出生于斯沃西（Swansea)，他曾形容这里是『曲线曼妙海岸』，以后又宣称『这片海是我世界』(Thisseawasmyworld)，Stylistics-1-2第26页Shakespeare'slinefromOthelloI

kissed

theeereI

killedthee.Thelineconsistsoftwoclauseslinkedbyere(古语：在—之前)inwhichIandtheearerepeated.Kissedandkilledarealsorepeatedinanumberofways:alliteration头韵(repetitionof/k/sound),assonance类韵(therepeatedvowel/i/),syllablestructure(bothCVCC),thesecondmorpheme词素(asapasttensemarker)andgrammaticalfunction(bothpredicators谓语withinparallelclauses).Therepetitivepatternopposesoneclausetotheother,andinparticularkissedtokilled,althoughtheyarenotantonyms,

theyfeellikelovevshateStylistics-1-2第27页3.StylisticStudyHelpsAchieveAdaptationinTranslation1).Thetranslatedtextmustbeadaptedtotheoriginalintermsoflanguagetypeandgeneraleffect.

E.g.油漆未干:'WetPaint'insteadof'Thepaintisnotdry'.E.g.'危险，此处有炸药'?2).Agoodtranslationshouldbeabletoexert施加onthereaderofthetargetlanguageanimpactsimilartothatoftheoriginaltextonthereaderofthesourcelanguage.3).Attentionshouldbepaidtoacarefulunderstandingofthelevelofformalitytheoriginaltextbelongsto.Stylistics-1-2第28页E.g.Tosomescholars,instructionemanates源于fromlectureorlaboratory;toothersitradiates发自于fromwithin.Noscholarissowelltaughtashewhocanteachhimself.(oldformalEnglish)E.g.Youknow,peoplearealwayssayingtheylearnfromteachers!Ok,sotheydo,sometimes.ButwhatIwanttogetacrossisthis:Youdon'talwaysfindyourteachersinschoolsorinlabs,either.Nosir!Sometimesyoufindtheteacherrightinyourowneyesandearsandbrains.That'swhereit'sat!(colloquialEnglish)学人中有受教于讲堂、试验室者，亦有教发之于内者。能自教自学，则学人中最上乘矣。