归化策略在张培基先生三篇英译散文中的应用 英语学专业

题目归化策略在张培基先生三篇英译散文中的应用AcknowledgmentsManypeoplehaveofferedmevaluablehelpinmythesiswriting,includingmytutor,myclassmatesandmyparents.Firstly,IwouldliketogivemysinceregratitudetoProf.MaBaoying,mysupervisorwho,withextraordinarypatienceandconsistentencouragement,gavemegreathelpbyprovidingmewithnecessarymaterials,adviceofgreatvalueandinspirationofnewideas.Itishersuggestionsthatdrawmyattentiontoanumberofdeficienciesandmakemanythingsclearer.Withoutherstrongsupport,thisthesiscouldnothavebeenthepresentform.MyheartfeltthanksalsogotoProf.LiQiang,myteacherofthesiswritingcourse,forhishelpinthemakingofthisthesisaswellashisenlighteninglecturesfromwhichIhavebenefitedagreatdeal.Then,Iampleasedtoacknowledgemyclassmatesfortheirinvaluableassistancethroughoutthepreparationoftheoriginalmanuscript.Theygraciouslymakeconsiderablecommentsandsoundsuggestionstotheoutlineofthispaper.Besides,Iamextremelygratefulformyroommatesfortheircommentsandwiseadvicethoughtheiradviceisnotalwaystaken,wherefaultsandinfelicitiesremain.Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomyparentsfortheirsupport;thecomputertheyprovidedformetosearchforinformationisofgreathelptocompletethisthesis.

AbstractWiththestrengtheningofChina’scomprehensivenationalstrength,Chinesecultureisnowwidelyspreadthroughouttheworld.EnglishtranslationofChineseliteraryservesasabridgeforEnglishreaderstounderstandChinaintheprocessoftheculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountries.ProseisaliterarygenrefullofflexibilityoccupiesanimportantpositioninChineseliterature.ModernChinese-prosefullydisplayedtheculturalheritageandsocialcustomsofChina.TranslationofmodernChineseproseisconduciveforEnglishreaderstounderstandChina,andthequalityofitstranslationalsoreflectsthetranslator’scapability.ThisthesisholdsthatdomesticationisaneffectivestrategyforthetranslationofmodernChineseprose,whichhelpsthereadertobetterunderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.TheapplicationofDomesticationStrategyintranslatingChineseprosewillmakethetranslatedtextmorereadabletotheEnglishreaders.ThisthesisattemptstoanalyzethreetypicalessaysinSelectedModernChineseEssays(1)throughcontrastinthelanguageandcaseanalysis,hopingtoexplorethepositiveeffectsofDomesticationStrategyonmodernChineseprosetranslation.Keywords:DomesticationStrategy;ChinesetoEnglishtranslation;prose摘要随着中国综合国力的增强，中国文化在世界范围内广泛传播。中国与英语国家之间的文化交流日益增多，在此过程中，英译中文文学作品为英语读者搭建了一座了解中国的桥梁。散文是一种灵活的文学体裁，在文学中占据着重要的地位。其中，中国现代散文充分展示了中国现代的文化底蕴和社会风俗，译好中国现代散文有利于英语读者了解中国，同时能否将其译好也是对译者翻译功底的考验。本文认为归化是英译中国现代散文的一种有效策略，能帮助减少中西文化之间的差异，翻译过程中能将中文作品中具有中国特色的内容处理成易于英语读者理解的内容。本文通过语言对比，案例分析，对《英译中文现代散文选（一）》中的三篇译作进行定量研究，以探究归化策略在英译中国现代散文中起到的积极作用。关键词:归化策略；英译汉；散文Contents云南民族大学毕业论文(设计)原创性声明 iAcknowledgments iiAbstract iii摘要 85576922\hiv1. Introduction 11.1TheTheoryofDomesticationStrategy 11.2Mr.ZhangandHisProseTranslations 12. LiteratureReview 32.1Studiesabroad 32.2DomesticStudy 43. ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyintheSelectedEssays 53.1SignificanceoftheSelectedEssays 53.1.1LinguisticFeaturesoftheOriginalTexts 53.1.2LinguisticFeaturesofTranslatedTexts 63.2ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyinSelectedEssays PAGEREF_Toc485576934\h63.2.1AtLexicalLevel 63.2.2AtSyntacticLevel 103.2.3AtTextualLevel 114. Conclusion 15References 16IntroductionInthischaptertheauthorwouldliketointroducerelevanttheorytobeusedinguidingthewritingofthisthesisandbasicbackgroundofprofessorZhangPeijiandhisworks.1.1TheTheoryofDomesticationStrategyIn1995,Venuti,afamousAmericanscholar,publishedhismonographTheTranslator’sInvisibility:“AHistoryofTranslation”.Hestatedthattranslationcouldneverbecompletelyequaltotheforeigntextthoughthetranslatortryasmuchaspossible,thetranslatorhastomakeachoicebetweenthedomesticatingmethodandtheforeignizationmethod.Thedomesticatingmethodreducestheforeignnessofsourcetext,andfitsthetargetlanguageculturalvalues.Whiletheforeignizationmethodkeepthestrangenessandstayexotic,makereadersfeelabroad(1995:20).“Foreignizingmethod”and“Domesticatingmethod”arerecognizedas“ForeignizationStrategy”and“DomesticationStrategy”lateron.CowieandShuttleworth(1997:44)oncealsostatedintheirdictionarythatDomesticationStrategyisatermthatVenutiappliedtogiveadescriptionoftranslationstrategy,itadoptsastyleoftransparencyandfluencytoachievethegoalofminimizingtheestrangementofthesourcelanguagetextfortargetlanguagereaders.Accordingtoitsgivendefinitions,DomesticationStrategyadoptsatranslatingmethodoftransparentandfluent,andaimstoreducethestrangenessoftheoriginaltext.1.2Mr.ZhangandHisProseTranslationsZhangPeijiisapreeminentacademicianandanexpertintranslation.ZhangPeijiwasbornin1921,inFuzhou,Fujian,China.HemovedtoShanghaiwithhisfamilywhenhewasachild,andspentmostofhischildhoodthere.HegraduatedasaBachelorofArtsin1945inEnglishLanguageandLiteratureDepartmentofSt.John’sUniversityinShanghai.Speakingoftranslation,ProfessorZhanghasmadegreatachievementsinboththeoryandpractice.HecompiledACoursebookinEnglish-ChineseTranslationin1980,whichhasbeenemployedasatextbookintranslationforEnglishmajorsinChinaforaboutthreedecades.Astotranslationpractice,ProfessorZhanghasworkedasatranslatorforabout50years.Histranslationsareverypopularwithalargenumberofreaders.SelectedModernChineseEssaysisthemostrepresentativeworkofhis,makingagreatcontributiontoChina’sculturalexchangewithEnglish-speakingcountries.Itconsistsoffourvolumes,andthreeessaysofthefirstvolumeareselectedforanalysisinthispaper.Theoriginalsofalltheessaysinthisvolumearewrittenbysomewell-knownChinesewriters,tonameafew,MaoDun,HuShi,LuXun,GuoMoruo,YeShengtao,LaoShe,ZhuZiqing,Bajin,LiDazhaoand,Bingxin.Additionally,allproseselectedaremasterworksoftheseoutstandingwritersand,enjoyahighreputationamongChinesereadersofdifferentbackgrounds.LiteratureReviewItisvitalforustoknowtherelevantstudiesaboutDomesticationStrategybeforewestarttoexploreitssignificance.ThischapterintroducestherelevantstudiesaboutDomesticationStrategy.2.1StudiesabroadEugeneNidaisoneoftherepresentativesofthedomesticationschool.Theessenceofhisfamoustranslationtheory,dynamicequivalenceandfunctionalequivalence,istofollowthelanguagehabitandculturemodelofthetargetlanguage.Heholdsthattheessenceoftranslationisthetransformationofform.Nidaputsthemeaningfirst,emphasizingthereader’sresponse,sohisdefinitionofequivalenceisalsomeasuredbythereader’sresponse.AccordingtoNida(1993:18),translationreferstothereproductionofthesourcetextfromthesemanticstothestylisticequivalentsinthetargetlanguage,usingtheclosestandmostnaturalequivalence.Fromasocialandculturalstandpoint,hearguesthattranslationshouldbecenteredonthetargettextandthetargetreaders,andthetranslationshouldbesmoothandnatural.Anythingintheoriginaltextthathindersthereader’sunderstandingshouldbedealtwithtoensurethatthetargetreaderscanusetheleasteffort.Nidareplicateshisviewonvariousoccasionsthat“thetranslationshouldbeessentiallytheclosestnaturalequivalentofsourceinformation”.TennesseeWilliams(2004:32)suggestedinAStreetcarNamedDesire(欲望号街车),“IfVirgilmustspeakEnglish,thenheshouldbelikenativespeakersofEnglishsay,likethepeopleofthiserathatisappropriate.”Williams’sremarksreflecttheideaofnaturalizationandthepopularizationofthetranslationstrategy.LawrenceVenuti(1995:20),inhisbookTheTranslator’sInvisibility—“AHistoryofTranslation”,referredtothefirstapproachas“foreignization”,whichwasdesignedtoconveytheexoticfeaturesoftheoriginal,whichthereaderreadasiftravelingabroad,everythingisfresh.Anotherapproachwascalled“domestication”.Inshort,DomesticationStrategytriestoconformtothetargetlanguagetranslationnormsandculturalcharacteristics,withoutthetranslationofthe“foreigner”,thereaderwillfeelasintimateastheirmothertongue.2.2DomesticStudyInmodernChinesehistory,freetranslationanddomesticationhasbeenthemainstreamofliterarytranslation.Assignificanttranslators,bothYanFuandLinShupracticeddomesticationintheirtranslations.Chinesemodernprosetranslationbelongstothecategoryofliterarytranslation.WhenitcomestothedomesticationinthetranslationofChineseprose,itisnecessarytostartwiththeapplicationofdomesticationinliterarytranslation.Infact,therehasbeenmuchdiscussionaboutwhetherliterarytranslationisadomesticatedtranslationoraforeignizedtranslation.Manyscholarsandtranslatorsalsoexpressedtheirviewsandmanydifferentopinionswereshared.Inhis2002articleintheChineseTranslation,ProfessorSunZhiliobservesthatChina’sliterarytranslationwillgraduallytransformfromdomesticationtoforeignization.HewrotethatthetranslationofChineseliteratureinthe21stcenturywillfurthertendtoforeignizedtranslation,andthecoreofitistotrytointerprettheheterogeneouselementsoftheoriginal,specifically,istotrytoconveytheoriginalexoticculturalcharacteristics,foreignlanguageforms,aswellastheauthor’sunusualwritingtechniques.Anotherscholar,GuoJianzhong(2009)arguesthatbothdomesticationandforeignizationcanachievetheirrespectivemissionsinthecultureofthetargetlanguage,andthushavetheirownvalueinviewsofdifferentpurposes,texttypes,authorintentionsandreadership.Thisthesistendstoelaboratethatatallevents,DomesticationStrategyisalwaysanimportantguidingprincipleofliterarytranslation.ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyintheSelectedEssaysInthissection,theauthorillustratestheapplicationofdomesticationinZhang’sversionsbyanalyzingtypicalexamplesselectedfromthreetranslatedworks.Theanalysesareconductedatsyntacticlevel,textuallevelandlexicallevel.3.1SignificanceoftheSelectedEssaysInthisthesistheauthorselectedthreetypicalessaystothepositiveinfluenceofapplyingDomesticationStrategyintheprocessofChinese-Englishtranslation.Thefollowingarethemajorcharacteristicsoftheselectedessays,boththeoriginalandtranslatedversions.3.1.1LinguisticFeaturesoftheOriginalTexts“艰难的国运与雄健的国民”(NationalCrisisVSHeroicNation),iswrittenbyLiDazhao,apatrioticwriterinChinaduringitsturbulentperiodofhistory.HewrotethisessaytoencourageChinesepeopletodevotethemselvestothegreatcauseofsavingthenation.Inhiswriting,manyfour-characterexpressionsfullofChinesecharacteristicsareemployed,suchas“艰难险阻”(difficultiesandobstacles),“平原无际”(plainslyingboundless),and“回环曲折”(teistandturn).Some,whentranslated,wouldbestrangetoEnglishreaderswithoutusingDomesticationStrategy.Meanwhile,reduplicatedwordsarealsopresentedinit,forinstance,“浩浩荡荡”(mighty),“高高兴兴”(cheerfully),“浊流滚滚”(turbidtorrents),whicharealsoinappropriatetodirectlytranslateintoEnglishwithoutDomesticationStrategyfunctioning.ThewriterusesanalogytoillustratesimilaritybetweenamightylongriverandthespiritoftheChinesenation.Theessayhasaclearandrationalstructure,athoroughexplanationofthereasonwhyChinesepeopleshouldbemorepositiveaboutwhattheyarefacing.Thedynamicthelanguagecreatedismagnificentandpowerful,passionatelyexpressedtheideathewritertriedtorevealtohisreaders.“匆匆”(TransientDay)waswrittenbyZhuZiqing,oneofthemostimportantwritersoftheMayFourthMovement.Theessayrevealsthewriter’sgrievanceinsadness,andreflectsthegeneralmoodoftheintellectualyouthduringtheMayFourthMovement.ZhuZiqingusedaseriesofparallelsentencesthataremostlyshort,appeartobelightandsmoothintextuallevel.Theapplicationofreduplicationmakesitslanguagerhythmic.“巷”(TheLane)waswrittenbyKeLing,reflectedthedepressionofthewriter.Alotofculture-loadedwordsareusedtodescribethelanesindifferentareasofChina.Idiomsarealsoappliedfrequently,makingtheprocessoftranslationmorecomplicatedfortranslator.3.1.2LinguisticsFeaturesofTranslatedTexts“艰难的国运与雄健的国民”wastranslatedintoNationalCrisisvsHeroicNationbyprofessorZhang.Thetranslatedversionisrationalfromtheperspectiveofthelanguageitself,whichisnotdifficultfortheEnglishreaderstounderstand.Itsufficientlycreatedthedynamicoftransparencyandfluency.ExpressionsoftypicalChinesecharacteristicssuchas“浩浩荡荡”(mighty),“一泻万里”(surgeforwardwithirresistibleforce),“绝壁断崖”(steepcliffs)andsoon,theyareallhandledproperlythroughtheuseofDomesticationStrategy.3.2ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyinSelectedEssaysInthissection,theauthorillustratestheapplicationofdomesticationinZhang’sversionsbyanalyzingtypicalexamplesselectedfromthethreetranslatedessays.Theanalysesareconductedatlexicallevel,syntacticlevelandtextuallevel.3.2.1AtLexicalLevelItisacommonacknowledgementthattherearealotofdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Thesameimplicationisoftendeliveredbycompletelydifferentterms.Forinstance,“白发”inChineseand“greyhair”inEnglishrefertothesamething.Besides,sometimesdistinctimplicationsaredeliveredbythesamewordorexpression.Anotherexample,“红”,apositivewordinChinese,meaningred,isoftenconnectedwithluckinessandhappiness,whileinEnglishtheword“red”isoftenconnectedwithbloodandconsideredasunluckyinsomeWesterncultures.Intheprocessoftranslation,thiskindoflexicaldifferenceshouldbetakenintoaccounttoapplyasuitabletranslationstrategy.Atthelexicallevel,theapplicationoftheDomesticationStrategyismainlyreflectedinthetranslationofreduplicationandfour-characterphrasesinChinese,andsometimesinthetranslationofcultural-loadedwords.Observeandanalyzethefollowing.Example1:SourceText:人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，因是高高兴兴的向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。(ZhangPeiji,2007:1)TargetText:Thehistoricalcourseofman’slifeisjustlikeajourney.Atraveleronalongjourneypassesthroughnowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad.Whileadeterminedtravelercheerfullycontinuoushisjourneyuponreachingasafeandsmoothplace,hefindsitstillmorefascinatingtocometoaruggedplace,theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich,hefeels,isbetterabletogenerateinhimawonderfulsensationofadventure.(ZhangPeiji,2007:3)Example1isselectedfromanessaywrittenbyLiDazhaoandtranslatedbyprofessorZhang.Asarevolutionist,LiDazhaowrotethisessaytoencourageChinesepeopletobravelymarchthroughdifficultiesandhardshipsinthecourseofhistory.Therearefivefour-characterexpressionsappliedinoriginaltext:“坦荡平原”(broad,levelplain),“崎岖险路”(rugged,hazardousroad),“高高兴兴”(cheerfully),“奇趣横生”(fascinating),“奇绝壮绝”(enormouslymagnificentspectacle).Theyformedastructureofsmoothandfluent,composinganeatandpowerfulsentencefullofstrengthandrhythm.LinguisticsformsofChineselanguageareunique,includingmanyfour-characterphrases,suchasidiomsandnon-fixedphrases,whicharetypicalformsofChineselinguistics.Chineseproseappliestheseexpressionsalot.However,Englishdoesnothavesuchexpressions.Therefore,ProfessorZhangappliedDomesticationStrategytotranslatethesefour-characterphrasesinthiscase.“有时是坦荡平原,有时是崎岖险路”isrenderedinto“nowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad”.“高高兴兴地往前走”istranslatedinto“cheerfullycontinuoushisjourney”.“愈是奇趣横生”isrenderedas“findsitstillmorefascinatingto”;“奇绝壮绝的境界”istranslatedinto“theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich”.Aswecanseeitinthetargettext,allthefour-characterexpressionsintheoriginaltextarenotdirectlytranslatedintofour-wordphrases.Theyaretranslatedintoacceptableexpressionsforforeignreaders.AccurateunderstandingofthesephrasesandproficiencyinEnglishgrammararebothvitalforthetranslation,allowingthetranslatortorenderthemintoappropriatephrasesandstructuresfollowingtheruleofEnglishlanguage,explainingtheircoremeaningvividlyandprecisely.ProfessorZhangtranslatedfour-characterphrasesintoEnglishbyusingDomesticationStrategyinalmosteverycase.ThemajorcauseofthefrequencyoftheapplicationofDomesticationStrategyinZhang’sworksisthedistinctivelinguisticsdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineselanguage.Firstly,Chineselanguagehasadistinctmodeofrepetitiontostresstheimplication.Secondly,thefour-characterphrasesinChineselanguagearedistinctfromEnglishlanguage.ThusnosuchexpressionswouldbeappliedinEnglish.Itisacommonlyacknowledgedthateverythinghasitstwosides.Whileitisausualanduniquemannertousefour-characterexpressionsinChineselanguage,DomesticationStrategydoeshelptoreducethestrangenessanddeliverstheimplicationmoreprecisely,helpingEnglishreaderstohaveaprofoundunderstandingofthetext.However,byreadingdomesticatedversionofawork,theEnglishreaderwouldnotbeenjoyingthecompletebeautyofChineseculturesincesomeofthemarenotawareoffour-characterexpressionsinChineselanguage.Hopefully,duetothewidespreadofChineseculture,therehasbeencountlessEnglish-speakingpeoplelearningbothChinesecultureandlanguage,thereforeChinesecharacteristicsisfamiliartomoreandmoreEnglishreaders.ThetranslationofreduplicatedwordsalsorequirestheapplicationofDomesticationStrategy.ReduplicationisarepresentativeChineseexpression.Itisusedtodescribetherepetitionofmorphemes,words,syllablesandsoon,soastocreateanaestheticsensationtothereaders.Reduplicatedwordshavevarioustypesofmode,suchas“金灿灿”(golden)isABBtype;“高高兴兴”(cheerfully),isAABBtype;“轻轻地”(gently)isAAtype,“热闹热闹”(bustling)isABABtype.ReduplicatedwordsusuallyappearinthesemodesinmodernChineseessays.FollowingexamplescanshowushowexactlyprofessorZhangtranslatedreduplicationsintoEnglish.Example2:SourceText:我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。(ZhangPeiji,2007:55)TargetText:Atthethoughtofthis,sweatoozesfrommyforeheadandtearstrickledownmycheeks.(ZhangPeiji,2007:57)Example3:SourceText:早上我起来的时候,小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟着旋转。(ZhangPeiji,2007:55)TargetText:WhenIgetupinthemorning,theslantingsuncaststwoorthreesquarishpatchesoflightintomysmallroom.Thesunhasfeettoo,edgingawaysoftlyandstealthily.And,withoutknowingit,Iamalreadycaughtinitsrevolution.(ZhangPeiji,2007:57)Example4:SourceText:我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间也将赤裸裸的回去罢？(ZhangPeiji,2007:56)TargetText:Ihavecometothisworldstarknaked,andinthetwinklingofaneye,Iamtogobackasstarknakedasever.(ZhangPeiji,2007:58)Example2,3,and4areselectedfrom“匆匆”(TransientDays),writtenbyZhuZiqingandtranslatedbyprofessorZhang.Originaltextcontainssixreduplicatedwords.Theyarevitalforreaderstounderstandthetext,butEnglishlanguagedoesnothavethesamelinguisticphenomenon,soprofessorZhangrenderedthemintoEnglishbyusingDomesticationStrategy.Inexample2,“头涔涔”istranslatedinto“sweatoozesfrommyforehead”,“泪潸潸”istranslatedinto“tearstrickledownmycheeks”,thesetwoexpressionshavevividlydescribedtheanxietyrevealedinoriginaltext.Therearethreereduplicatedwordsinexample3,“斜斜的”istranslatedinto“slanting”,“轻轻悄悄地”istranslatedinto“softlyandstealthily”,“茫茫然”isrenderedinto“withoutknowingit”.Thesewordsintheoriginaltextareusedtodescribethesecretmovementofthesun,thepassageofthetimeandtheunawarenessofthewriter.ProfessorZhangtranslatedthembymeansofDomestication,renderedthemintoacceptableexpressionsforEnglishreaders.Hechangedtheformofthembutkeptthecoremeaningofthem,makingEnglishreadershavethesamereactionasChinesereaders.3.2.2AtSyntacticLevelThereisahugedifferencebetweenEnglishsyntaxandChinesesyntax.ThestructureofEnglishsentencefollowsastrictrule.Thesentencehastobecomplete,theformofitisstandardized,althoughsomesentencesarelongandcomplex,buttheformisstillstandardized.SubjectsandverbsareindispensableforanEnglishsentence.Otherpartsofthesentenceareinterspersedamongthem.However,thestructureofChinese