普通微生物学

普通微生物学演示文稿第一页，共四十七页。优选普通微生物学第二页，共四十七页。ScheduleofMicrobiologyAcademicunit：2credithours/week×17weeksPracticalunit：3credithours/twoweeks(oddweek)×6weeks

Room:

Medicalbuilding1206

references：《微生物学》，沈萍主编，高等教育出版社«Microbiology»fifthedition,Prescott,Harley,KleinWebsite:第三页，共四十七页。ChapterⅠ:IntroductiontoMicrobiology第四页，共四十七页。1.microorganismsandMicrobiologyMicroorganisms(微生物)arenotequaltogerms(病菌).WhatisMicroorganism?Microorganisms——verytinylifeforms,mostofthemcannotbeseenwithoutmagnificationMicrobiology(微生物学)——thesciencedealswithmicroorganismsBasicaspectAppliedaspect第五页，共四十七页。Including:Bacteria(细菌),Fungi(真菌),Algae(藻类),Protozoa(原生动物)andViruses(病毒)Micrometer(m,微米)isalwaysusedtodescribethesizeofmicroorganisms

.Microscope(显微镜)isalwaysusedtoobserveindividualmicroorganism.第六页，共四十七页。ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsDiseases-----invisiblelivingcreaturesTheconflictoverspontaneousgeneration(自然发生学说）---livingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatterItalianphysicianFrancescoRedimeat---maggors？？3containersfinegauze：flieslayeggsonthegauzeuncovered:layeggsonthemeatpaper

第七页，共四十七页。ThescientificmethodProblemDevelophypothesisSelectinformationneededtotesthypothesisCollectinformationbyobservationorexperimentAnalyzeinformationfalsificationHypothesissupportedHypothesisrejectedConstructnewhypothesisExposetomoretestsEventualfalsificationDevelopnewhypothesisincorporatingstrongpointsofoldhypothesisControlgroup第八页，共四十七页。2.ImportanceofMicroorganismstoHumankindTheTotalofbacteriainsoil:10034×1012ton；onthesurfaceofmoney：9million；humanskin：100thousand/cm2；

mouth：>500kinds；

intestines：total1015

第九页，共四十七页。1）benefits

ofMicroorganismsManymicroorganismsbenefithumans,producingfoodsweeat,removingwastesweproduce,andmakingantibiotics(抗生素)andvaccines(疫苗)foruseinmedicine.Microorganismsareessentialformaintainingthebalanceofnatureandsustaininglifeonearth.Whichotherbenefitsdomicroorganismshave?第十页，共四十七页。Wineproduction第十一页，共四十七页。Wineandbeerproduction第十二页，共四十七页。Beerfermentation第十三页，共四十七页。Mushroomculture第十四页，共四十七页。Wastewatertreatmentwithmicroorganism第十五页，共四十七页。Methaneproduction第十六页，共四十七页。2）MicroorganismsandDiseaseThereducedimpactonhumankindofdiseasescausedbymicroorganismsisdueinparttoadvancesinourscientificknowledgeofmicroorganismsandtheirinteractionswithhuman.

——Vaccines(疫苗)andAntibiotics(抗生素)ThebattlebetweenhumansandmicroorganismswillcontinueEnemiesorfriends?

第十七页，共四十七页。Mortalityduetodifferentdiseasesin1900and1990’s第十八页，共四十七页。Chickenpox(水痘)第十九页，共四十七页。Measles(麻疹)第二十页，共四十七页。Smallpox(天花)第二十一页，共四十七页。Colorizedmicrographofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thatcauseAIDS,onthesurfaceofacell第二十二页，共四十七页。Coronavirus(冠状病毒)thatcauseSARS第二十三页，共四十七页。Avianinfluenzavirus(禽流感病毒)第二十四页，共四十七页。Streptococcussuis(猪链球菌)thatcancausedeathonbothpigsandhumanbeings第二十五页，共四十七页。DistributionofHIV/AIDSpatients第二十六页，共四十七页。Spoilageofdairy第二十七页，共四十七页。Spoilageoffood第二十八页，共四十七页。3.HistoricalPerspective

stageⅠ:DiscoveryofMicroorganismsLeeuwenhoek(列文虎克；吕文虎克)ofHollandinventedthefirstmicroscopeandmadethefirstrecordedobservationofbacteriain1670.第二十九页，共四十七页。Leeuwenhoek’smicroscopesandhissketchesofbacteria第三十页，共四十七页。LouisPasteur&RobertKoch

a.Pasteur

LouisPasteur（1822～1895）stageⅡ:experimentalstage第三十一页，共四十七页。Spontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms???第三十二页，共四十七页。b.KochRobertKoch（1843～1910）第三十三页，共四十七页。

discoveryofantibiotics：1929Fleming:discoveryofpenicillin1940Florey:purificationofpenicillinImmunologicalstudiesPasteur-----chickencholera（霍乱）stageⅢ:development第三十四页，共四十七页。MainBranchesofMicrobiologystageⅣ:modernmicrobiology第三十五页，共四十七页。4.classificationsandcharacteristics1）classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virusProkaryotic：Eubacteria(真细菌）

Archaebacteria（古细菌）Cellular:Eukaryotic：Fungi（真菌）

Algae（藻类）

Protozoa（原生动物）第三十六页，共四十七页。第三十七页，共四十七页。2）Characteristicssimplestructure,tinysize：measureunit：μmornmaveragelengthofrod：2μm

；1500rodbacteria=thelengthofasesametheratioofsurfaceareatovolume(SA/V)ofmicroorganismislargerthanotherorganism.acellular（virus）；unicellular；multicellular第三十八页，共四十七页。strongdigestionandtransformation

variouswaystoacquirenutrition

thesourceofthenutritiontomicoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,manyorganiccompounds

第三十九页，共四十七页。quicklyreproduce，easilyculture

EachE.Coli:10–12grams，20minutes/generationafter24hours：4.7×1022cells，theweightis4722tonsafter48hours：2.2×1043cells，theweightis2.2×1025tons=4000timesoftheweightoftheGlobe！

Manymicroorganismscanbeeasilyculturedinlabs！第四十页，共四十七页。strongresistbadenvironments,highmutationExtremeenvironment：hightemperature,lowT,highpressureHighmutationtosurvive:突变率：10-5

Lotmutationsinshorttime第四十一页，共四十七页。ProductionofPenicillin：20U/ml（1943）10000U/mlDosageofPenicillin：最高：105U/day（40s）数百万-千万单位/次第四十二页，共四十七页。broaddistribution

Soil,water,air,onthesurfaceofanimalsandplantsandsoon

10~20×104specieshavebeenconfirmed,onlyoccupy