当代研究生英语综合教程上1 2 4 7 8单元A篇 翻译与完型

Unit1Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.Incyberspace,we'llbeabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned--intellectualpropertycontentandaccesscontrol,Rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswhoqualifyononebasisoranother.Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosper(andperhapsgrowandsplitintosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities).Thosethatcan'tsurvive-eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff--willsimplywitheraway.译：一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，他们将渐渐萎缩消亡。Unit2Oncetheproblemisunderstood,improvementcomesnaturally.Womenwhofeelabandonedanddeprivedwhentheirhusbandswon'tlistentoorreportdailynewsmaybehappytodiscovertheirhusbandstryingtoadaptoncetheyunderstandtheplaceofsmalltalkinwomen'srelation-ships.Butiftheirhusbandsdon'tadapt,thewomenmaystillbecomfortedthatformen,thisisnotafailureofintimacy.Acceptingthedifference,thewivesmaylooktotheirfriendsorfamilyforthatkindoftalk.Andhusbandswhocan'tprovideitshouldn'tfeeltheirwiveshavemadeunreasonabledemands.Somecoupleswillstilldecidetodivorce,butatleasttheirdecisionswillbebasedonrealisticexpectations.译：一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴的发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能够得到安慰，因为她知道，对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。Unit4Theflowofnoveltiesinvocabulary,inidiom,eveninpronunciation,isnowoverwhelminglyeastward.WeseldomborrowanEnglishwordorphraseanymore,thoughweusedtoborrowmany;buttheEnglishtakeinourinventionsalmostasfastaswecanlaunchthem.TheAmericanmovie,Isuppose,islargelyresponsibleforthischange,butthereareunquestionablydeepercausestoo.Englishisstillabittight,abitstiff,morethanalittleartificial.ButAmericanhasgoneondevelopingwithalmostElizabethanprodigality.Alltheprocessesofword-forma-tionthatwereinoperationinShakespeare'sEnglandarestilloperationhere,andtheyproduceasteadystreamofneologismsthathewouldhaverelishedasjoyfullyasherelishedthenoveltiesactuallyproducedinhistime.译：新词汇、新习语、甚至新发音都以无法抗拒的势力源源不断传入东方。从前我们常常借用很多英语词或短语，但现在很少这样做。但英语却吸纳我们创造的词，我们创造有多快，其吸纳的速度几乎就有多快。我认为，美国电影固然对这一变化起了很大作用，但毫无疑问，还有更深刻的原因。英语依然有点太严格、有点僵硬，且过于矫揉造作。而美语的发展却像伊丽莎白时代一样繁荣。所有那些在英国莎士比亚时代应用的构词方法，现在依然在美国应用着，新词源源不断产生。如果莎翁健在，这些新词一定会使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的时代产生的新词使他欣喜若狂一样。Unit7Onthesamedaymycarbrokedown(again),myrefrigeratorconkedoutandIlearnedthatIneededrootcanalworkinmyrightreartooth.就在这同一天，我的车又坏了，电冰箱不制冷了；而且我还得知我的右后臼齿牙根管需要镶补。Ifweweresuddenlytoseethepaintjumpbackonanoldbuilding,wewouldknowthatsomethingwaswrong.Ifwesawaneggunscrambleitselfandjumpbackintoitsshell,wewouldlaughinthesamewaywelaughatamovierunbackward.如果我们突然看到油漆又跃回旧楼房的墙面，我们准会感到有问题。如果我们看到一个鸡蛋自己拼凑在一起又跳回蛋壳，我们准会开怀大笑，就像看一组倒放的电影镜头那样。Itiseasytoseeentropyinmarriages,whenthepartnersaretoopreoccupiedtopatchsmallthingsup,almostguaranteeingthattheywillfallapart.婚姻中很容易出现熵，当伴侣们过于忙于自己的事而忽视了弥补小小裂痕时，几乎可以肯定他们的婚姻要破裂。4.Thechancesthatitwillwanderawayfrommyrefrigeratorarealso50-50.Buttakebillionsofwarmandcoldmoleculesmixedtogether,andthechancesthatallthecoldoneswillwandertowardtherefrigeratorandallthewarmoneswillwanderawayfromitarevirtuallynil.它朝背离冰箱方向运动的概率也是50％。但是如果数十亿个冷热空气分子混合在一起，那么所有冷空气分子朝冰箱方向运动，同时所有热空气分子背离冰箱运动的概率实际上是零。5.Iftherewereonlyadozenorsoairmoleculesinmykitchen,itwouldbelikely—ifIwaitedayearorso—thatatsomepointthesixcoldestoneswouldcongregateinsidethefreezer.Butthemorefactorsintheequation—themoreplayersinthegame—thelesslikelyitisthattheirpathswillcoincideinanorderlyway.如果在厨房里只有十几个的空气分子，那么我等上一年左右，或许在某个时刻6个最冷的分子会聚集在冰箱里。但是，这一等式中的变量越多、参加这一游戏的角色越多，那么他们的路径井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。Unit81.Thefirstwaveinvolvedtangibleproducts-"hardware",asopposedtothecomputerprogramsthatconstitutesoftware.Inthe1960sand1970scompaniesintheSantaClaraValley,betweenSanJoseandSanFrancisco,producedsiliconmemorychipsforcomputers-thusthenameSiliconValley.译：第一次浪潮涉及有形产品——硬件，它与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。本世纪六七十年代，圣何塞和旧金山地带的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司为计算"2.Thesecondwaveofwealthcreationinvolvedsoftware-"application"softwarethatpeopleuseforworkorrecreation,likeword-processingprogramsorcomputergames,and"systems"softwareusedtorunbusinessesor,veryoften,computernetworksthemselves.译：财富形成的第二次浪潮涉及软件——包括人们用于工作或娱乐的“应用”软件，就像文字处理程序或者计算机游戏之类，以及用于管理业务和计算机网络自身运行的“系统”软件。3.Butboththehardwareandthesoftwarerevolutionswere,intheirwealth-creatingeffects,slowtoemergecomparedtowhatisunderwaynowbecauseoftheInternet.Lessthantenyearsago,TimBerners-Lee,aBritishphysicistworkingattheresearchcenterCERNinGeneva,inventedaschemeforlinkingdateonaparticularsubject,orseriesofsubjects,thatwerestoredondifferentcomputersindifferentplaces.译：但是无论是硬件革命还是软件革命，与现在因特网上所发生的情况相比，其财富创造的影响力都显得非常缓慢。短短数年之前，在日内瓦CERN研究中心工作的英国物理学家TimBerners-Lee发明了一种方案，用以连接与某一主题或一系列主题相关的数据，这些数据贮存在各地各种不同的计算机内。4.Theonlineauctionsitee-Bayisalsoprofitable,becauseitchargesacommissioneachtimebuyersandsellersconcludeadealonsite.Butmostoftoday'sInternetcompanieshavesubstantialshort-termlosses,whichstockmarketinvestorstypicallyassumewillturnintoprofitsinsomenever-quitearriving"YearThree"ofthebusinessplan.译：e—Bay网点的在线拍卖同样有利可图，因为它每拍卖一次都要向买卖双方收取一定的佣金。但是如今大多数国际互联网公司都承受着重大的短期损失，证券市场控资者通常认为这种损失会在商业计划里某个似乎永远不会到来的“第三年”中转为盈利。5.Thinastheserationalesforprofitabilitymanyultimatelyprovetobe,sofarthey'vebeensufficienttomakemanypeopleveryrich.Virtuallyallofthiswealthconsistsoftech-companystock,andtenyearsfromnowsomeormuchofitmayhavemeltedaway.译：尽管上述这些获利的基本模式最终将被证明是站不住脚的，但到目前为之，它们却足以使很多人十分富有。实际上所有这些财富都是由技术公司股组成的，在今后10年中，其中的一些股份或大多数股份会逐渐散失。Unit1ThewebmagazineFromtheWindowcontainspoetryandliteraturefromwell-knowwritersacrosstheglobal.Therearethoughtfularticlesanalyzingthestateoftheworldwelivein.ThereisevenapiecefromtheSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedStates,KofiAnnan.Itmaycomeassomesurprisetofindoutthattheeditorofthemagazineisa12-year-oldgirl,JoyNightingale.FromthewindowwonJoyNightingalethefirstprizeinthe1999childnetinternationalandCableandWirelessawards.ThesearegivenannuallyforthebestuseoftheInternetbyandforyoungpeople.Andtheyhighlightoneofthemostwelcomingaspectsofthevirtualworld.ChildrenhavetakentotheInternetasthoughtheyarebornsurfing.Perhapsthisisbecauseadultshavehadtochangetheirunderstandingoftechnologywhilechildrensimplyacceptitasnatural.Whateverthereason,childrencanbefoundbuildingwebsitesanE-mailingfriendsacrosstheworldwhileadultsarestillasking:”Tellmeagain-whereexactlyiscyberspace？”OfcoursethereisgrowingconcernaboutthefactthatChildrencantravelfarawayfromparentalsupervisionincyberspace.Inresponse,manyparentshaveinstalledsoftwarepackageswhichperventaccesstoviolentorpornographicwebsites.Childnetistakingamorepositiveline.Thewebsiteisagatewaytoaworldofeducationandentertainment.TherapidgrowthinInternetculturehasledanalyststospeculatethatsocietywillsoonbedividedbetweenthe“informationrich”and“informationpoor”.ForChildnetitisespeciallyimportantthatchildrenatthemarginsofsocietythroughpovertyordisabilityhavethechancetotaketheirplaceasequalcitizensinthevirtualworld.Unit2Whenyoucane-mailyourcolleaguesfromthecomfortofyourgarden,thereisnoneedtosufferanuncomfortablejourneyjusttospeaktothem.Ifyouneedanimportantdocument,itcanbefaxedviasatellitetoyourmobilephone,andviewedonlaptopcomputer.Youcanreceivethedocumentalmostimmediately,evenfromanothercontinent.Sincethepriceoftechnologygetslowereveryday,ownershipofthemeansofproductionbecomesareality.Havingboughtthecomputer,mobilephone,faxmachine,Internetconnectionandprinterthataretheironlymaterialtools,telecommutersbecometrueelectricpeasants.Livingandworkinginthesameenvironmentliketraditionalpeasantfarmers,theydonottillthesoilwiththeirhandsbutgrowservicesfromfertileresourcesoftheirminds.Withnofancyofficeonthetwenty-fifthfloor,however,themicro-entrepreneurcanhavetroubleprovinghisorhercredentials.Rightlyorwrongly,peoplerespondtostatussymbolslikebigofficesinsmartbuilding.”Ifthecompanycanaffordallthis,”peoplethink,“itmustbedoingprettywell.”Butfacedwithonepersondoingbusinessfromaroomathome,clientsaretemptedtothinkthattheircontactisnotsuchabig-shotafterall.Butisitnecessarilytruethatacentrallocationandalargeofficemakeabetterworker?Infact,studiesareshowthatmorehomeworkersactuallydisciplinedaboutcompletingtasksandindeedworklongerhoursthantheircolleaguesintheoffice.Likethetraditionalpeasantwhoownedhisland,theyfeelthattheyowntheirwork.Furthermoretheyaren’ttiedtoschedulebutworkwhenitsuitsthem.Ifthatmeanstakinganhourortwotoplaywiththechildrenandthenstayingupuntilmidnighttofinishapresentation,thenetresultisahappierworkerwhohascompletedthetask.Unit4WemayroughlyclassifythespeakersofEnglishintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.Intheformergroupwe,obviously,wouldincludeEngland,Canada,theUnitedStates,Australia,andNewZealand.Naturally,notallpeopleinthesecountriesspeakEnglishnatively,butalargemajoritydo.Inthelattergroup,wewouldinclude,amongothers,India,Denmark,Kenya,Burma,Turkey,Ethiopia,andthePhilippines.NotallthesecountriesuseEnglishforthesamepurpose.EachofthemusesEnglishforimportantsocialandcommercialactivities.Englishofthealsoservesasanofinternationalsecondlanguage.Itisoneimportantlanguagescommerce.ItsuseininternationaldiplomacyisstrengthenedbyitsacceptanceasoneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations.Englishisalsothelanguageofthemajorityoftechnicalmaterialsintheworld;therefore,manypeopleheavilyrelyonEnglishtocommunicatewithpeopleofsimilartrainingandinterests.Learningasecondlanguageextendsone’svisionandexpandsthemind.Lookingattheworldoroneselfthroughadifferentlanguagesystemshowsthelimitsofone’sownperceptionandaddsnewdimensionstofamiliarobjectsorevents.Asecondlanguageteachesusdifferentwaysoflabelingandorganizingourexperiences.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofapeopleandtheirculture;knowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofyourheritage.Unit7Ihavealwaysdislikedbeingaman.Thewholeideaofmanhoodinamericaispitiful,alittlelikehavingtowearanill-fittingcoatforone`sentirelife.Eventheexpressionbeaman.strikesmeasinsulting无礼的andabusive粗鲁的.Itmeans:bestupid愚蠢的,beunfeeling,obedientandsoldierly,andstopthinking.Manmeansmanly–howcanonethinkaboutmenwithoutconsideringtheterribleambition抱负ofmanliness男子汉?Andyetitispartofeveryman`slife.Itisahideous丑恶的andcripplinglie;itnotonlyinsistson坚持differenceandconnives纵容atsuperiority,itisalsobyitsverynaturedestructive-emotionallydamagingandsociallyharmful.Theyouthwhoissubverted,asmostare,intobelievinginthemasculine男性的idealiseffectivelyseparatedfromwomen–itisthemostsavagetriballogic–andhespendstherestofhislifefindingwomenariddleandanuisance.Ofcourse,thereisafemaleversion版本ofthismaleaffliction.Itbeginswithmothersencouraginglittlegirlstosay(tootheradults),“doyoulikemynewdress?”Inasense从某种意义上讲,girlsaretraditionallyurgedto鼓励pleaseadultswithakindofcoquettishness,whileboysareenjoinedtobehavelikemonkeystowardeachother.The9-year-oldcoquetteproceedsto进行becomewomanishinasubtlepowergameinwhichshelearnstobesexuallyindispensable,sociallydecorativeandalwaysalerttoaman`ssenseofinadequacy.Femininity-beingladylike-impliesneedingamanaswitnessandseducer;butmasculinitycelebratestheesclusivecompanyofmen.Thatiswhyitissogrotesque奇怪;andthatisalsowhythereisnomanlinesswithoutinadequacy–becarseitdenies否决menthenaturalfriendshipofwomen.Itisveryhardtoimagineanyconceptofmanlinessthatdosenotbelittlewomen,anditbeginsveryearly.AtanagewhenIwantedtomeetgirls–let`ssaythetreacherousyearsof13to16–Iwastoldtotakeupasport,getmorefreshair,jointheboyscouts,andIwasurgednottoreadsomuch.Unit8Latenextcentury,whenscholarsarescriptingthedefinitivehistoryofthePC,theselastfewyearsofhigh-octanegrowthmayactuallybedepictedastheDarkAges.Historianswillmarvelathowwetoiledinfrontofmonolithic,beigeBUBs(biguglyboxes),sufferingundertheoppressiveglareofcathode-raytubeswhileourlegssc