外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 教师用书U2

2ITeachingObjectivesAfterlearningUnit2,students(Ss)areexpectedtodevelopthefollowingacademicskillsandknowledge:ProfessionalknowledgeReadingGetacquaintedwithsomecollocations(e.g.,economicdownturn,economicwell-being,free-marketeconomy,theinvisiblehand)SummarizethemainideasofatextandidentifyessentialUnderstanddifficultsentences(e.g.sentenceswithabstractmeaningorambiguousreference)Analyzecomplexorcontroversialissuescritically(e.g.,theunseenforcesthatmovethefree-marketeconomy,theroleofgovernmentinthemarket)LearnhowtoshapeanacademicessayandwriteanoutlineResearchingIndependentlylocateandstudyavarietyofresources(articles,books,videos,etc.)toknowtheroleofgovernmentinthemarketinamorespecificwayAcquiresomespecializedvocabularyofeconomicsLearnsomeacademicwordsinthetextsGetacquaintedwithsomecollocationsAcquiresomeformalexpressionsALead-inTeachingStepsAskSstoworkinpairsanddothetaskinLead-in.TheninviteseveralSstosharetheiranswerswiththewholeclass.AnswerKeys1.Theinvisiblehand.2.Oureconomiclifeismadepossiblebytheskillandlaborofvastnumbersoftotalstrangers.Theactivitiesofcountlessfar-flungmenandwomenhavetobeintricatelychoreographedandpreciselytimed.However,noonecoordinatesit,andyettheydocooperate.’s“theinvisiblehand”—themysteriouspowerthatleadsinnumerablepeople,eachworkingforhisowngain,topromoteendsthatbenefitmany.Outoftheseemingchaosofmillionsofuncoordinatedprivatetransactionsemergesthespontaneousorderofthemarket.WhatIdotocelebratetheSpringFestivalgobacktomyhometownbytrainPeoplewhoseskillandlaborarerequired•ticketagent•driver•conductor•trackmaintenanceworkers…decoratemyhomewithcoupletsandart•calligraphercraftshavethefamilyreuniondinneronSpring•farmerFestival’seve•cook•waitergotoSpringFestivalfairswithmyfamily•fairorganizer•ticketagent•supplier•peddler…TextAnalysisTeachingSteps1.OverviewAskSstopreviewTextAbeforeclass.Or,allocatesometimeforSstoreadthetextquicklyinclass.TheninviteseveralSstosummarizethemainideaofTextA.2.In-DepthAnalysis1)ShowSsthefollowingwordsandaskthemtocontributetotheclassasmuchaspossiblewithwhattheyknowaboutthesewords.ProvideadditionalinformationinSupplementaryInformationwhennecessary.theinvisiblehandfree-marketeconomyeconomicdownturnAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations••••2)ExplainsomeimportantlanguagepointsinLanguageSupporttoSs.3)DiscusswithSstheinvisiblehandintheauthorseyesbydoingTask1inCriticalreadingandthinking.4)OrganizeagroupdiscussionaboutthequestionsfromTask2inCriticalreadingandthinking.EncourageSstothinkindependently,criticallyandcreativelyandsharetheirideaswitheachother.SupplementaryInformation1.free-marketeconomyInafreemarketeconomy,thelawsandforcesofsupplyanddemand,ratherthanacentralgovernment,regulateproductionandlabor.Thepricesforgoodsandservicesareself-regulatedbybuyersandsellersnegotiatinginanopenmarket.Mostcompaniesandresourcesarenotownedbythestate.Instead,theyareownedbyprivateindividualsorentitieswhoarefreetotradecontractswitheachother.2.economicdownturnAneconomicdownturnisageneralslowdownineconomicactivityoverasustainedperiodoftime.Itoccurswhenthevalueofstocks,property,andcommoditiesfall,productivityeithergrowsmoreslowlyordeclines,andGDPshrinks,standsstillorexpandsmoreslowly.Itcanhappeninaspecificregion(e.g.theAsianfinancialcrisisinthelate1990s)oronaglobalscale(e.g.theglobalfinancialcrisisinthelate2000s).Themainfeaturesofaneconomicdownturnincluderisingunemployment,fallingshareandhouseprices,lowconsumerconfidenceanddeclininginvestment.4．AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations,usuallyabbreviatedasTheWealthofNations,isAdamSmithsmasterpiece.Itwasfirstpublishedin1776,andiswidelyconsideredtobethefirstmodernworkineconomics.ThroughreflectionovertheeconomicsatthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution,thebooktouchesuponbroadtopicssuchasthedivisionoflabor,productivityandfreemarkets.LanguageSupport1.Individualbuyersandsellerswillactaccordingtowhatisintheirownbestinterests.(Para.2)Thephraseinonesinterest”meansforonesbenefitoradvantage（为了……的利益；为……着想）.Therearesomerelevantexpressions,suchasintheinterestof,inone’sowninterest,andinonesbestinterest.e.g.It’sobviouslyintheirinteresttoincreaseprofits.Isuspectit’sinyourownbestinteresttoquitnow.2.Customersarelikewisetypicallylookingoutfortheirself-interests.(Para.4)Thewordlikewise”isusedtosignalacomparisonthatexplainshowthingsaresimilar（同样的；此外）.e.g.Inthisepisode,wewilllikewisedealwithanotherextremelycommonquestion.Justwatertheseplantstwiceaweek,andlikewisetheonesinthebedroom.Otherspecialwordsandexpressionsareoftenusedtosignalthecomparisonoftwoormorepeople,places,things,ideas,etc.Herearesomeexamplesofthesesignpostsforyourreference:similarly,both,justas,andalso,resemble,parallel,inthesamemanner,inthesameway,alike,equally3.Themarketbecomesmoreefficientasbuyersandsellersmoveinthesamedirection—asifdirectedbyaninvisiblehand.(Para.5)这里的asif用于省略句。如果asif引导的从句是“主语＋系动词”结构，asif介词短语或分词。e.g.Shelefttheroomhurriedlyasif(shewas)angry.Tomraisedhishandsasif(hewasgoing)tosaysomething.4.Boththesupportersandcriticsoftheinvisiblehandtheorycaninfluencethewaythatnationstackleeconomicdownturns.(Para.8)这里的theway是先行词，其后是that引导的定语从句。先行词是theway时，其后定语从句的引导方式有三种：1)theway+thate.g.Ilikethewaythattheteachergiveshislessons.2)theway+inwhiche.g.Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhespeakstome.3)theway+从句（省略了that或inwhich）e.g.Therewereseveraltheoriesaboutthewaythefirestarted.5.Thosewhobelieveintheinvisiblehandaremorelikelytofavorahands-offorlaissez-faireapproachbythegovernmentregardlessoftheconditionoftheeconomy.(Para.9)regardlessof:withouttakingintoaccount不管；不顾e.g.Hejogseverydayregardlessoftheweather.Theclubwelcomesallnewmembersregardlessofage.AnswerKeysCriticalreadingandthinkingTask1/OverviewTheinvisiblehandisametaphorfortheunseenforcesthatmovethefree-marketeconomy.Whatistheinvisiblehand?Supportersbelievethatifyouleavemarketforcesalone,itwillhelpeveryone.Criticsarguethatifyouallowbusinessownersgreatfreedom,they’llbehaveinamannerthatwillharmmorevulnerablepeople.Whatdopeoplethinkoftheinvisiblehandtheory?Theconceptdatesbackto1776.ItappearedinabookWhatisthehistoryofthewrittenbytheScottishphilosopherAdamSmithentitledAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations.Task2/Pointsfordiscussion(SuggestedAnswers)Markethasitsownwayofpunishingbusinessmalpractices.Forexample,ifafastfoodchainsellscontaminatedfood,nation-widedemandfortheirfoodwillgodown,alongwiththeirprofit.Whenacompanysellsdefectiveproducts,theyhavetodealwithliabilitycosts.Languagebuilding-upAnswerkeysTask1/Specializedvocabulary11看不见的手3存货2公共利益4购买5定价过高7垄断的兴起6经济衰退8关注自身利益21priced2stock3gain5theinvisiblehand7economicdownturn4monopoly6purchases8publicinterestTask2/Academicvocabulary1primarily3inclined5items2overall4regulate6option7concepts9promote8instinctively10InvisibleTask3/Collocations1datesbackto3havethebestchanceof5indemand2intheirownbestinterest4lookoutfor6regardlessof8leaving…alone7putfaithinTask4/FormalEnglish1.likewise3.Conversely2.purchase4.mitigate5.sought,merchandise,exorbitantTranslationofTextA看不见的手—经济的发展。当经济在“看不见的手”的概念下运行时，店主们会选择他们想要提供的产品。他们自然会选择他们认为最好销售的产品。他们可能希望他们的顾客满意，但他们主要还是出于自身利益来经营。店主们出售这些商品是因为他们想赚钱。所以，利己之心是激励因素。同样地，顾客通常也会关注自己的利益。他们不想把钱浪费在不适合他们的物。—仿佛被一只看不见的手指挥着。为什么看不见的手很重要?“看不见的手”的概念让卖家可以自由地满足买家的需求。如果卖家目前提为这些产品设定自己的价格。格向他们提供所需产品的卖方身上。有些人认为，如果放任市场力量，它将可以帮助到每个人。但另一些人认为，如那些相信“看不见的手”的人更有可能赞成政府不干涉市场或采取自由放任主义的做法，而不管经济状况如何。不太倾向于相信斯密的“看不见的手”经济经济衰退。“看不见的手”理论的历史是什么？1776·斯个想法。同时那也是一个特权阶层利用国际贸易和殖民积累巨大财富的时代。斯密认为，市场上的自由竞争可以作为一种防止垄断崛起的防御手段。斯密质的商品，公众就会反抗。顾客会通过逃往竞争企业来表达他们的不满。的企业主，并奖励以有利于所有相关方的方式经营的企业主。斯密说，买卖双方会本能地关注自己的利益，但却在不经意间通过这样的做TextBTextAnalysisTeachingSteps1.Lead-inAskSstorecalltheunseenforcesthatmovethefree-marketeconomy.2.OverviewAskSstopreviewthetext.PutSsintopairsandaskthemtosummarizethemainideaofTextB.InvitesomeSstosharetheiranswerswiththeclass.3.In-DepthAnalysis1)AskSstofindouttheroleofgovernmentinthemarketprovidedinTextB.Provideadditionalinformationwhennecessary.TheSupplementaryInformationbelowisforT’sreference.2)ExplainsomeimportantlanguagepointsinLanguageSupporttoSs.3)InvitesomeSstosummarizethemajorpointsofthetextonthebasisoftheOverviewTaskofCriticalreadingandthinking.SupplementaryInformation1.Mankiw,N.GregoryMankiwisanAmericanmacroeconomistwhoiscurrentlytheRobertM.BerenProfessorofEconomicsatHarvardUniversity.Asastudent,hestudiedeconomicsatPrincetonUniversityandMIT.Asateacher,hehastaughtmacroeconomics,microeconomics,statistics,andprinciplesofeconomics.HeisbestknowninacademiaforhisworkonNewKeynesianeconomics.Hisresearchincludesworkonpriceadjustment,consumerbehavior,financialmarkets,monetaryandfiscalpolicy,andeconomicgrowth.2.economicwell-beingEconomicwell-beingisapersonsorfamilysstandardoflivingbasedprimarilyonhowwelltheyaredoingfinancially.Ithaspresentandfuturefinancialsecurity.Presentfinancialsecurityincludestheabilityofindividuals,families,andcommunitiestoconsistentlymeettheirbasicneeds;havecontrolovertheirday-to-dayfinances;makeeconomicchoicesandfeelasenseofsecurity,satisfaction,andpersonalfulfillmentwithone’spersonalfinancesandemploymentpursuits.Futurefinancialsecurityincludestheabilitytoabsorbfinancialshocks,meetfinancialgoals,buildfinancialassets,andmaintainadequateincomethroughoutthelife-span.3.marketfailureThemarketfailurereferstotheinefficientdistributionofgoodsandservicesinthefreemarket.Marketfailureshappenwhenindividuals’pursuitofpureself-interestleadstoresultsthatarenotefficient.Undersomeconditions,governmentinterventionmaybeindicatedinordertoimprovesocialwelfare.Themaintypesofmarketfailureincludeasymmetricinformation,concentratedmarketpower,publicgoodsandexternalities.4.externalityExternalityreferstothecostsincurredorthebenefitsreceivedbyathirdparty,whodoesnothavecontroloverthegenerationofthecostsorbenefits.Inotherwords,externalitiesoccurwhentheeffectofproductionorconsumptionofgoodsandservicesimposescostsorbenefitsonotherswhicharenotreflectedinthepriceschargedforthem.Theycaneitherbepositiveornegative.Ademonstrationofthenegativeexternalityistheproductionofexcessgoods.Anexampleofapositiveexternalityistheinfluenceofawell-educatedworkforceonafirmsproductivity.LanguageSupport1.Yetthereisanotherreasonweneedgovernment:Theinvisiblehandispowerful,butitisnotomnipotent.(Para.3)Theword“”isusedtosignalacontrast.Acontrastillustrateshowtheyaredifferent.e.g.Hehasagoodjob,andyetheneverseemstohaveanymoney.Greatprogresshasbeenmade,yetmuchstillremainstobedone.Someotherwordsandexpressionsareoftenusedtosignalthecontrastoftwoormorepeople,places,things,ideas,etc.Herearesomeexamplesofthesesignposts:ontheotherhand,in/bycontrast,however,while,whereas,although,nevertheless,differentfrom,unlike,instead(of),conversely,ratherthan,asopposedto,some…whileothers…2.Althoughtheinvisiblehandusuallyleadsmarketstoallocateresourcestomaximizethesizeoftheeconomicpie,thisisnotalwaysthecase.(Para.4)notalwaysthecase:并非总是如此e.g.Thisisnotalwaysthecaseasillustratedbythefollowingexample.Whilethesecolorsmightcomeoutasverynaturaltous,itwasntalwaysthecaseatanothertimeorinothercultures.Arelevantexpression:alwaysthecase常常如此；习以为常3.Aswewillsee,onepossiblecauseofmarketfailureisanexternality,whichistheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewellbeingofabystander.(Para.4)aswewillsee:正如我们所见e.g.Aswewillsee,somewoodsarenaturallysuitedtomodel-shipbuilding,whileothersarenot.Aswewillsee,theCleanAirActcontainsspecificprovisionsrelatingtotheprotectionofparksandwildernessareas.4.Forexample,ifeveryoneintownneedswaterbutthereisonlyonewell,theownerofthewellisnotsubjecttotherigorouscompetitionwithwhichtheinvisiblehandnormallykeepsself-interestincheck;…(Para.4)Inthetext,thephrasesubjectto”refersto“beingaffectedbyorpossiblyaffectedby(something)”（受……的影响）.e.g.Thescheduleistentativeandsubjecttochange.Othermeaningsofthephraseareshownbelow:i)likelytodo,have,orsufferfrom(something)容易遭受e.g.Mycousinissubjecttopanicattacks.ii)dependentonsomethingelsetohappenorbetrue取决于e.g.Thesaleofthepropertyissubjecttoapprovalbythecitycouncil.5.Publicpolicyismadenotbyangelsbutbyapoliticalprocessthatisfarfromperfect.(Para.6)farfromperfect:远非完美的；还很不完善的e.g.Whiletheindustryhasmadeadvancements,stilfarfromperfect.Thelawsandregulationsconcerningtheenvironmentalprotectionarestillfarfromperfect.AnswerKeysTask/Overview1.rules,institutions2.efficiency3.equaldistributionLanguagebuilding-upAnswerKeysTask1/Academicvocabulary1resources3enforcing5outcomes7allocate2scope4maintain6assured8maximize10Nonetheless9externalityTask2/Collocations1counton2lefttoitsowndevices3takeintoconsideration5keep…incheck7attimes4issubjectto6inpractice8farfromResearchingTeachingSteps1)GuideSstoworkingroupsof4-5andbrainstormthereal-worldexamplesshowingtheessentialroleofgovernmentinthemarket.2)AskSstochooseoneexampletoclarifytheroleofgovernmentbasedontheguidelinesinthetask.3)Invitesomegroupstoreporttheirexamplestotheclass.Beforetheystart,explainthefollowingrolesassignedwithineachgroupinaresearchprocess:Facilitator:Thinkaboutthewholegroupandmanagethetaskandthelearningprocess.Makesureeveryonefeelsincludedandhasajobtodobeforeandthediscussion.duringPresideoverthediscussion.Recorder:Makenotesofthegroupdiscussion.Workwiththereporter,whowillhavetoreadfromthenotes.Reporter:Summarizeandpresentthediscussionresultstothewholeclass.Speakonbehalfofthegroup.TranslationofTextB政府有时可以改善市场结果亚当·对政府政策的适当作用和范围的看法。生产。我们所有人都依靠政府提供的警察和法院来执行我们对我们生产的东西所持有的权利——而“看不见的手”依赖于我们执行这些权利的能力。要么是改变“蛋糕”的分配方式。首先考虑效率的目标。虽然“看不见的手”通常会引导市场配置资源以最大限度地扩大经济“蛋糕”的规模，但情况并非总是如此。经济学家们用“市场失场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性，即一个人的行为对一个局外人的福祉的影响。过度影响市场价格的能力。例如，如果镇上每个人都需要水，但只有一口井，那么井的所有者就不会受到严酷竞争的影响，而这种严酷竞争正是“看不见的手”高经济效率。现在再考虑平等的目标。即使“看不见的手”产生了有效的经济产出，它仍上有权势的人。有时，它们是由初衷美好但并不充分了解情况的领导人制定的。时不合理。ViewingTeachingSteps1.GuideSstolearnthewaytofindmajorpointsinalecturebyreadingtheinformationonPage36.GetSsreadyforTask.2.DrawSs’attentiontothebaeforewatchingthevideoclip.3.PlaythevideoclipandaskSstocompleteTask.4.PlaythevideoclipagainandaskSstocompleteTask.AnswerKeysTask1Q1:iscollaborativeconsumptiondifferentfrombuying,rentingorsharingQ2:dothecustomer,thepeerserviceproviderandtheplatformproviderparticipateintheexchangeQ3:aretheactorsexpectedtodointhetransactionTask2Q11)three2)temporary3)marketQ21)cheaper,community,authentic,risks2)income,whentoprovidetheservice,peoplearoundtheworld3)profits,trends,networks,productsQ31)rules,userprofile2)apersonalized,trust3)matchmaker,benefitbothsidesScriptTomandAnnaaregoingtoParisusingAirbnb,anappthatconnectspeoplewithavailableshort-termaccommodations.TheapartmenttheyfindbelongstoJulie,whorentsoutherguestroomwhenshedoesn’tneedit.Thiseconomicexchangeiscalledcollaborativeconsumption.It’salsoknownasthesharingeconomy,oraccess-basedservices.Afewyearsagoitdidn’texist.ButnowservicessuchasAirbnb,Uberandothersaremakingheadlines.Let’sanswerafewquestionstofigureoutwhatmakescollaborativeconsumptionsorevolutionary.Howisitdifferentfrombuying,rentingorsharing?First,collaborativeconsumptionalwaysinvolvesthreeactors.Acustomer,inourcase,TomandAnna.Apeerserviceprovider,Julie.Andaplatformprovider,likeAirbnb.Buyingorrentinggenerallyonlyinvolvestwoactors,acompanyandaconsumer.Second,incollaborativeconsumption,accesstogoodsisonlytemporary.JulieownstheflatandgivesTomandAnnatherighttouseitbutonlyfortheweekend.Thereisnotransferofownership.Finally,collaborativeconsumptionusesthemarketasopposedtosocialmechanisms.IfTomandAnnawerefriendswithJulie,theywouldn’tpayfortheroom.NowwhydoTom,Ana,Julieandtheplatformproviderparticipateinthisexchange?Forthecustomersthemainmotivationiscost.Julie’sroomischeaperthanahotelroomofthesamestandard.TomandAnnaalsoenjoyAirbnb’ssenseofcommunityandfindtheirtravelexperienceismoreauthentic.Plustheybearnoneoftherisksofowningsuchaflat.Overall,quiteasweetdealforTomandAnna.Forthepeerserviceprovider,themainmotivationisgainingadditionalincomefromanunderutilizedasset.AdditionallyJuliebenefitsfromthefreedomtochoosewhichdayssherentsouttheroomandhowshewantstodoit.Andshegetstomeetpeoplefromaroundtheworld.Fortheplatformprovider,themainmotivationisofcourseprofits.Theplatformprovidersmightalsoenjoyreactingtomarkettrends,buildingnetworksandco-creatingsociallyinnovativeproductswiththeirusers.Thatisthehowandwhyofcollaborativeconsumption.Nowwhataretheactorsexpectedtodointhesetransactions?TomandAnnaareexpectedtoobeyJulie’sapartmentrules.ThiswillkeepJulieandAirbnbmotivatedtoprovidetheflattoothercustomers.TomandAnnaarealsoexpectedtoprovideadetaileduserprofileandtointeractwithJulieandtheplatformtofostertrustandbuildthecommunity.Julie,ontheotherhand,mustofcourseownanasset.ButJuliealsoneedsgoodsocialskills.Sheneedstobeawelcominghost,whocanofferapersonalizedserviceandcanfostertrust.ThisisveryimportanttopreserveJulie’sandAirbnb’sreputation.Finally,theplatformprovidersareexpectedtofulfiltheirroleasmatchmakers.Theyneedtoprovidetheapp.Buttheymustalsoensurethatthesu