2019年12月四级真题第二套

PartII1.A)Thenumberofmalenurseshasgonedown.B)Thereisdiscriminationagainstmalenurses.C)Thereisagrowingshortageofmedicalpersonnel.D)Thenumberofnurseshasdroppedtoarecordlow.2.A)Workingconditions.B)Educationalsystem.C)Inadequatepay.D)Culturalbias.3.A)Hefelloutofalifeboat.B)Hewasalmostdrowned.C)Helosthiswayonabeach.D)Heenjoyedswimminginthesea.4.A)Thelifeboatspatrolthearearoundtheclock.B)Thebeachisagoodplacetowatchthetide.C)Theemergencyservicesareefficient.D)Thebeachisapopulartouristresort.5.A)Itclimbed25storeysatonego.B)Itbrokeintoanofficeroom.C)Itescapedfromalocalzoo.D)Itbecameanonlinestar.6.A)Releaseitintothewild.B)Returnittoitsowner.C)Senditbacktothezoo.D)Giveitaphysicalcheckup.7.A)Araccooncanperformactsnohumancan.B)Araccooncanclimbmuchhigherthanacat.C)Theraccoondidsomethingnopoliticiancould.D)Theraccoonbecameasfamousassomepoliticians.8.A)Shereceivedabonusunexpectedly.B)Shegotawell-payingjobinabank.C)Shereceivedherfirstmonthlysalary.D)Shegotapayraiseforherperformance.9.A)Twodecadesago.B)Severalyearsago.C)Justlastmonth.D)Rightaftergraduation.10.A)Hesentasmallchecktohisparents.B)Hetreatedhisparentstoanicemeal.C)Hetookafewofhisfriendstoagym.D)Heimmediatelydepositeditinabank.11.A)Joinhercolleaguesforgymexercise.B)Visitherformeruniversitycampus.C)Buysomeprofessionalclothes.D)Budgethersalarycarefully.12.A)Hehasjusttoomanythingstoattendto.B)Hehasbeenoverworkedrecently.C)Hehasadifficultdecisiontomake.D)Hehasjustquarreledwithhisgirlfriend.13.A)Turntohisgirlfriendforassistance.B)Giveprioritytothingsmoreurgent.C)Thinktwicebeforemakingthedecision.D)Seekadvicefromhisfamilyandadvisor.14.A)Hisgirlfrienddoesnotsupporthisdecision.B)Heisnotparticularlykeenonthejoboffered.C)Helacksthemoneyforhisdoctoralprogram.D)Hisparentsandadvisorhavedifferentopinions.15.A)Theyneedtimetomakepreparations.B)Theyhaven’tstartedtheircareersyet.C)Theyneedtosaveenoughmoneyforit.D)Theyhaven’twontheirparents’approval.16.A)Expressingideasandopinionsfreely.B)Enrichingsocialandintellectuallives.C)Acquiringinformationandprofessionalknowledge.D)Usinginformationtounderstandandsolveproblems.17.A)Travelingtodifferentplacesintheworld.B)Playinggamesthatchallengeone’smind.C)Improvingmind-readingstrategies.D)Readingclassicscientificliterature.18.A)Participateindebatesordiscussions.B)Exposethemselvestodifferentcultures.C)Discardpersonalbiasesandprejudices.D)Giveothersfreedomtoexpressthemselves.19.A)Whydogscanbefaithfulfriendsofhumans.B)Thenatureofrelationshipsbetweendogs.C)Thereasonagreatmanypeoplelovedogs.D)Howdogsfeelabouttheirbondswithhumans20.A)Theybehavelikeotheranimalsinmanyways.B)Theyhaveanunusualsenseofresponsibility.C)Theycanrespondtohumansquestions.D)Theycanfallinlovejustlikehumans.21.A)Theystaywithonepartnerforlife.B)Theyhavetheirownjoysandsorrows.C)Theyexperiencetrueromanticlove.D)Theyhelphumansinvariousways.22.A)Arareanimal.B)Ahistoricalsite.C)Acowbone.D)Apreciousstone.23.A)Datingit.B)Preservingit.C)Measuringit.D)Identifyingit.24.A)Thechannelneedstointerviewtheboy.B)Theboyshouldhavecalledanexpert.C)Theboy’sfamilyhadactedcorrectly.D)Thesiteshouldhavebeenprotected.25.A)Conductamoredetailedsearch.B)AsktheuniversitytorewardJude.C)Searchforsimilarfossilselsewhere.D)Seekadditionalfundsforthesearch.PartIIISectionAFinally,somegoodnewsaboutairplanetravel.Ifyouareonaplanewithasickpassenger,youareunlikelytogetisthe26Bofanewstudythatlookedathowrespiratoryviruses27Lonairplanes.Researchersfoundthatonlypeoplewhowereseatedinthesamerowasapassengerwiththeflu,forexample—oronerowinfrontoforbehindthatindividual—hadahighriskofcatchingtheillness.Allotherpassengershadonlyavery28Kchanceofgettingsick,accordingtothefindings.Mediareportshavenotnecessarilypresented29Ainformationabouttheriskofgettinginfectedonanairplaneinthepast.Therefore,thesenewfindingsshouldhelpairplanepassengerstofeelless30Otocatchingrespiratoryinfectionswhiletravelingbyair.Priortothenewstudy,littlewasknownabouttherisksofgetting31Cinfectedbycommonrespiratoryviruses,suchasthefluorcommoncold,onanairplane,theresearcherssaid.So,to32Etherisksofinfection,thestudyteamflewon10different33Ginthe.duringthefluresearchersfoundthatpassengerssittingwithintwoseatson34Dsideofapersoninfectedwiththeflu,aswellasthosesittingonerowinfrontoforbehindthisindividual,hadaboutan80percentchanceofgettingsick.Butotherpassengerswere35Hsafefrominfection.Theyhadalessthan3percentchanceofcatchingtheflu.A)Accurate准确的B)conclusion结局,结果C)directly直接了当的D)either两者之一的E)evaluate评估F)explorations探索G)flights航班H)largely在很大程度上I)nearby附近J)respond回应responseK)slim纤细的，苗条的L)spread传播M)summit顶峰，峰会N)vividly生动形象的O)vulnerable脆弱的bevulnerabletoSectionBIsBreakfastReallytheMostImportantMealoftheDay早餐真的是一天中最重要的一餐吗[A]Alongwitholdclassicslike“carrotsgiveyounightvision”and“Santadoesn’tbringtoystomisbehavingchildren”,oneofthemostwell-wornphrasesoftiredparentseverywhereisthatbreakfastisthemostimportantmealoftheday.Manyofusgrowupbelievingthatskippingbreakfastisaseriousmistake,evenifonlytwothirdsofadultsintheUKeatbreakfastregularly,accordingtotheBritishDieteticAssociation,andaroundthree-quartersofAmericans.[A]除了“胡萝卜给你夜视”和“圣诞老人不会给行为不端的孩子带来玩具”等古老的经典名言外，各地疲惫的父母们最熟悉的一句话是早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。根据英国饮食协会(BritishDietticAssociation)的数据，我们中的许多人从小到大都认为不吃早餐是一个严重的错误，即使只有三分之二的英国成年人经常吃早餐，而大约四分之三的美国人也是如此。[B]“Thebodyusesalotofenergystoresforgrowthandrepairthroughthenight,”explainsdietspecialistSarahElder.“Eatingabalancedbreakfasthelpstoupourenergy,aswellasmakeupforproteinandcalciumusedthroughoutthenight.”Butthere’swidespreaddisagreementoverwhetherbreakfastshouldkeepitstopspotinthehierarchy(ip)ofmeals.Therehavebeenconcernsaroundthesugarcontentofcerealandthefoodindustry’sinvolvementinpro-breakfastresearch—andevenoneclaimfromanacademicthatbreakfastis“dangerous”.[B]饮食专家莎拉·埃尔德解释说：“人体整夜都要消耗大量的能量储备来生长和修复。”“吃一顿均衡的早餐有助于补充我们的能量，还能补充整晚消耗的蛋白质和钙。”但是，关于早餐是否应该保持其在餐饮等级(IP)中的首位，人们普遍存在分歧。人们对谷类食品的含糖量和食品业参与支持早餐的研究表示担忧，甚至有一位学者声称早餐是“危险的”。[C]What’stherealityIsbreakfastanecessarystarttothedayoramarketingtacticbycerealcompaniesThemostresearchedaspectofbreakfast(andbreakfast-skipping)hasbeenitslinkstoobesity.Scientistshavedifferenttheoriesastowhythere’sarelationshipbetweenthetwo.InoneUSstudythatanalysedthehealthdataof50,000peopleoversevenyears,researchersfoundthatthosewhomadebreakfastthelargestmealofthedayweremorelikelytohavealowerbodymassindex(BMI)thanthosewhoatealargelunchordinner.Theresearchersarguedthatbreakfasthelpsreducedailycalorieintakeandimprovethequalityofourdiet—sincebreakfastfoodsareoftenhigherinfibreandnutrients.[C]现实是什么早餐是一天的必要开始，还是谷类食品公司的一种营销策略研究最多的早餐(和不吃早餐)是它与肥胖的联系。对于为什么两者之间存在联系，科学家们有不同的理论。美国的一项研究分析了5万人七年来的健康数据，研究人员发现，那些把早餐作为一天中最丰盛的一餐的人比那些午餐或晚餐吃得多的人更有可能身体质量指数(BMI)更低。研究人员认为，早餐有助于减少每天的卡路里摄入量，并提高我们饮食的质量-因为早餐食物通常含有更高的纤维和营养素。[D]Butaswithanystudyofthiskind,itwasunclearifthatwasthecause—orifbreakfast-skipperswerejustmorelikelytobeoverweighttobeginwith.Tofindout,researchersdesignedastudyinwhich52obesewomentookpartina12-weckweightlossprogramme.Allhadthesamenumberofcaloriesovertheday,buthalfhadbreakfast,whiletheotherhalfdidnot.Whattheyfoundwasthatitwasn’tbreakfastitselfthatcausedtheparticipantstoloseweight:itwaschangingtheirnormalroutine.[D]但与任何这类研究一样，目前还不清楚这是不是原因，或者不吃早餐的人一开始就更有可能超重。为了找出答案，研究人员设计了一项研究，52名肥胖女性参加了一个12周的减肥计划。所有人在一天中摄入的卡路里都是相同的，但一半人吃早餐，而另一半人没有。他们发现，导致参与者减肥的不是早餐本身，而是改变了他们的日常生活方式。[E]Ifbreakfastaloneisn’taguaranteeofweightloss,whyistherealinkbetweenobesityandbreakfast-skippingUAlexandraJohnstone,professorofappetiteresearchattheUniversityofAberdeen,arguesthatitmaysimplybebecausebreakfast-skippershavebeenfoundtobelessknowledgeableaboutnutritionandhealth.“Therearealotofstudiesontherelationshipbetweenbreakfasteatingandpossiblehealthoutcomes,butthismaybebecausethosewhoeatbreakfastchoosetohabituallyhavehealth-enhancingbehaviourssuchasregularexerciseandnotsmoking,”shesays.[E]如果单靠早餐不能保证减肥，为什么肥胖和早餐之间存在联系阿伯丁大学(UniversityOfAberdeen)食欲研究教授亚历山德拉·约翰斯通(UAlexandraJohnstone)认为，这可能只是因为人们发现，不吃早餐的人对营养和健康的知识较少。她说：“有很多关于吃早餐和可能的健康结果之间关系的研究，但这可能是因为那些吃早餐的人选择习惯性地进行有益健康的行为，比如定期锻炼和不吸烟。”[F]A2016reviewof10studieslookingintotherelationshipbetweenbreakfastandweightmanagementconcludedthereis“limitedevidence”supportingorrefutingtheargumentthatbreakfastinfluencesweightorfoodintake,andmoreevidenceisrequiredbeforebreakfastrecommendationscanbeusedtohelppreventobesity.[F]2016年，一项针对早餐与体重管理关系的10项研究的综述得出结论，支持或驳斥早餐影响体重或食物摄入量的观点的证据“有限”，在早餐建议被用来帮助预防肥胖之前，还需要更多的证据。[G]ResearchersfromtheUniversityofSurreyandUniversityofAberdeenarehalfwaythroughresearchlookingintothemechanismsbehindhowthetimeweeatinfluencesbodyweight.Earlyfindingssuggestthatabiggerbreakfastisbeneficialtoweightcontrol.Breakfasthasbeenfoundtoaffectmorethanjustweight.Skippingbreakfasthasbeenassociatedwitha27%increasedriskofheartdisease,a21%higherriskoftype2diabetesinmen,anda20%higherriskoftype2diabetesinwomen.Onereasonmaybebreakfast’snutritionalvalue—partlybecausecerealishorrified(Wn20=Jli‘i)withvitamins.Inonestudyonthebreakfasthabitsof1,600youngpeopleintheUK,researchersfoundthatthefibreandmicronutrientintakewasbetterinthosewhohadbreakfastregularly.TherehavebeensimilarfindingsinAustralia,Brazil,CanadaandtheUS.[G]萨里大学和阿伯丁大学的研究人员正在研究我们进食时间如何影响体重背后的机制，目前这项研究已经进行了一半。早期的研究结果表明，早餐吃得多对控制体重有好处。人们发现早餐影响的不仅仅是体重。不吃早餐与心脏病风险增加27%，男性患2型糖尿病风险增加21%，女性患2型糖尿病风险增加20%相关。其中一个原因可能是早餐的营养价值--部分原因是谷类食品富含维生素。在一项关于英国1600名年轻人早餐习惯的研究中，研究人员发现，经常吃早餐的人纤维和微量营养素的摄入量更好。澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大和美国也有类似的发现。[H]Breakfastisalsoassociatedwithimprovedbrainfunction,includingconcentrationandlanguageuse.Areviewof54studiesfoundthateatingbreakfastcanimprovememory,thoughtheeffectsonotherbrainfunctionswereinconclusive.However,oneofthereview’sresearchers,MaryBethSpitznagel,saysthereis“reasonable”evidencebreakfastdoesimproveconcentration—therejustneedstobemoreresearch.“Lookingatstudiesthattestedconcentration,thenumberofstudiesshowingabenefitwasexactlythesameasthenumberthatfoundnobenefit,”shesays.“Andnostudiesfoundthateatingbreakfastwasbadforconcentration.”[H]早餐还与改善大脑功能有关，包括注意力集中和语言使用。一项对54项研究的回顾发现，吃早餐可以改善记忆，尽管对其他大脑功能的影响尚不确定。然而，该综述的研究人员之一玛丽·贝丝·斯皮茨纳格尔(MaryBethSpitznagel)表示，有“合理的”证据表明早餐确实能提高注意力--只是需要更多的研究。她说：“看一看测试注意力的研究，显示有益处的研究数量与发现没有益处的研究数量完全相同。”“而且没有研究发现吃早餐不利于集中注意力。”[I]What’smostimportant,someargue,iswhatweeatforbreakfast.High-proteinbreakfastshavebeenfoundparticularlyeffectiveinreducingthelongingforfoodandconsumptionlaterintheday,accordingtoresearchbytheAustralianCommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation.WhilecerealremainsafirmfavouriteamongbreakfastconsumersintheUKandUS,arecentinvestigationintothesugarcontentof‘adult’breakfastcerealsfoundthatsomecerealscontainmorethanthree-quartersoftherecommendeddailyamountoffreesugarsineachportion,andsugarwasthesecondorthirdhighestingredientincereals.[i]有些人认为，最重要的是我们早餐吃什么。根据澳大利亚联邦科学和工业研究组织的研究，高蛋白早餐被发现在减少一天晚些时候对食物和消费的渴望方面特别有效。虽然麦片仍然是英国和美国早餐消费者的最爱，但最近一项对“成人”早餐麦片含糖量的调查发现，有些麦片每部分的游离糖含量超过每日推荐量的四分之三，糖是麦片中第二或第三高的成分。[J]Butsomeresearchsuggestsifwe’regoingtoeatsugaryfoods,it’sbesttodoitearly.Onestudyrecruited200obeseadultstotakepartina16-week-longdiet,wherehalfaddeddesserttotheirbreakfast,andhalfdidn’t.Thosewhoaddeddessertlostanaverageof40poundsmore—however,thestudywasunabletoshowthelong-termeffects.Areviewof54studiesfoundthatthereisnoconsensusyetonwhattypeofbreakfastishealthier,andconcludethatthetypeofbreakfastdoesn’tmatterasmuchassimplyeatingsomething.[J]但是一些研究表明，如果我们要吃含糖的食物，最好是早点吃。一项研究招募了200名肥胖成年人参加为期16周的节食，其中一半人在早餐中添加甜点，另一半没有。添加甜点的人平均减掉了40磅--然而，这项研究无法显示长期影响。一项对54项研究的回顾发现，关于哪种早餐更健康，目前还没有达成共识，并得出结论，早餐类型并不像简单地吃东西那么重要。[K]Whilethere’snoconclusiveevidenceonexactlywhatweshouldbeeatingandwhen,theconsensusisthatweshouldlistentoourownbodiesandeatwhenwe’rehungry.“Breakfastismostimportantforpeoplewhoarehungrywhentheywakeup,”Johnstonesays.“Eachbodystartsthedaydifferently—andthoseindividualdifferencesneedtoberesearchedmoreclosely,”Spitznagelsays.“Abalancedbreakfastisreallyhelpful,butgettingregularmealsthroughoutthedayismoreimportanttoleavebloodsugarstablethroughtheday,whichhelpscontrolweightandhungerlevels,”saysElder.“Breakfastisn’ttheonlymealweshouldbegettingright.”[K]虽然没有确凿的证据表明我们到底应该吃什么，什么时候吃，但共识是，我们应该听从自己的身体，在饥饿的时候吃东西。约翰斯通说：“早餐对于那些醒来时感到饥饿的人来说是最重要的。”Spitznagel说：“每个人开始这一天的方式都不同，这些个体差异需要更仔细地研究。”埃尔德说：“均衡的早餐真的很有帮助，但全天有规律的饮食更重要的是让血糖在一天中保持稳定，这有助于控制体重和饥饿水平。”“早餐不是我们应该做对的唯一一餐。”36.Accordingtooneprofessor,obesityisrelatedtoalackofbasicawarenessofnutritionand37.Somescientistsclaimthatpeopleshouldconsumetherightkindoffoodat38.Opinionsdifferastowhetherbreakfastisthemostimportantmealofthe39.Ithasbeenfoundthatnoteatingbreakfastisrelatedtotheincidenceofcertaindiseasesinsome40.Researchersfounditwasachangeineatinghabitsratherthanbreakfastitselfthatinducedweight41.Tokeeponeselfhealthy,eatingbreakfastismoreimportantthanchoosingwhatto42.Itiswidelyconsideredwrongnottoeat43.MoreresearchisneededtoprovethatbreakfastisrelatedtoweightlossorfoodintakeF44.PeoplewhoprioritisebreakfaststendtohavelowercaloriebuthighernutritionalintakeC45.Manystudiesrevealthateatingbreakfasthelpspeoplememoriseand36.根据一位教授的说法，肥胖与缺乏基本的营养和健康意识有关。37.一些科学家声称人们应该在早餐时食用正确的食物。38.关于早餐是否是一天中最重要的一餐，意见不一。39.在一些国家，人们发现不吃早餐与某些疾病的发病率有关。40.研究人员发现，导致体重减轻的是饮食习惯的改变，而不是早餐本身。41.为了保持健康，吃早餐比选择吃什么更重要。42.人们普遍认为不吃早餐是错误的。43.需要更多的研究来证明早餐与减肥或食物摄入量有关。44.优先吃早餐的人往往卡路里较低，但营养摄入量较高。45.许多研究表明，吃早餐有助于人们记忆和集中注意力。SectionCPassageOneTextbooksrepresentan11billiondollarindustry,upfrom$8billionin2014.TextbookpublisherPearsonisthelargestpublisher—ofanykind—intheworld.Itcostsabout$1milliontocreateanewtextbook.Afreshmantextbookwillhavedozensofcontributors,fromsubject-matterexpertsthroughgraphicandlayoutartiststoexpertreviewersandclassroomtesters.Textbookpublishersconnectprofessors,instructorsandstudentsinwaysthatalternatives替代品,suchasopene-textbooksandopeneducationalresources,simplydonot.Thisconnectionhappensnotonlybymeansofcollaborativedevelopment,reviewandtesting,butalsoatconferenceswherefacultyregularlydecideontheirtextbooksandcurriculaforthecomingyear.Itistruethattextbookpublishershaverecentlyreportedlosses,largelyduetostudentsrentingorbuyingusedprinttextbooks.Butthiscanbechalkeduptotheexcessivelyhighcostoftheirbooks—whichhasincreasedover1,000percentsince1977.Arestructuringofthetextbookindustrymaywellbeinorder.Butthisdoesnotmeantheendofthetextbookitself.WhiletheymaynotbeasdynamicasaniPad,textbooksarenotpassiveorlifeless.Forexample,overthecenturies,theyhavesimulateddialoguesinanumberofways.From1800totheresentday,textbookshavedonethisbyposingquestionsforstudentstoanswerinductively.Thatmeansstudentsareaskedtousetheirindividualexperiencetocomeupwithanswerstogeneralquestions.Today’spsychologytexts,forexample,ask:“Howmuchofyourpersonalitydoyouthinkyouinherited”whileonesinphysicssay:“Howcanyoupredictwheretheballyoutossedwillland”Expertsobservethat“textbookscomeinlayers,somethinglikeanonion.”Foranactivelearner,engagingwithatextbookcanbeaninteractiveexperience:Readersproceedattheirown“customize”theirbooksbyengagingwithdifferentlayersandlinkages.Highlighting,Post-Itnotes,dog-earsandothertechniquesallowforfurthercustomizationthatstudentsvalueinprintbooksoverdigitalformsofbooks.教科书代表着一个价值110亿美元的产业，高于2014年的80亿美元。教科书出版商皮尔逊是世界上最大的出版商。制作一本新教科书大约要花费100万美元。一本新生教科书将有数十名撰稿人，从主题专家到平面和布局艺术家，再到专家评论员和课堂测试员。教科书出版商将教授、教师和学生联系起来，这是开放式电子教科书和开放式教育资源等替代方案根本无法做到的。这种联系不仅通过合作开发、审查和测试的方式实现，而且在教职员工定期决定来年教科书和课程的会议上也是如此。诚然，教科书出版商最近报告了亏损，主要是由于学生租用或购买二手纸质教科书。但这可以归因于他们的图书成本过高-自1977年以来上涨了1000%以上。教科书行业的重组很可能是顺理成章的。但这并不意味着教科书本身的终结。虽然它们可能没有iPad那么有活力，但教科书并不是被动的或没有生命的。例如，几个世纪以来，他们以多种方式模拟对话。从1800年到现在，教科书通过提出问题让学生归纳回答来做到这一点。这意味着学生们被要求利用他们的个人经验来提出一般问题的答案。例如，今天的心理学课本会问：“你认为你继承了多少人格”而物理学的人会说：“你怎么能预测你抛出的球会落在哪里呢”专家观察到，“教科书是层次分明的，有点像洋葱。”对于一个积极的学习者来说，接触教科书可以是一种互动的体验：读者按照自己的节奏进行，他们通过参与不同的层次和联系来“定制”他们的书籍。高亮显示、便利贴、狗耳和其他技术允许学生进一步定制纸质书，而不是数字形式的书。doesthepassagesayaboutopeneducationalresourcesA)Theycontributetoteachingasmuchastolearning.B)Theydon’tprofitasmuchastraditionaltextbooksdo.C)Theycan’tconnectprofessorsandstudentsastextbooksdo.D)Theycompetefiercely激烈的forcustomerswithtextbookproducers.isthemaincauseofthepublishers’losses损失A)Failuretomeetstudentneed.B)Industryrestructuring.C)Emergenceofe-books.D)Fallingsales.doesthetextbookindustryneedtodoA)Reformitsstructures.B)Cutitsretailprices零售价.C)Findreplacementsforprintedtextbooks.D)Changeitsbusinessstrategyperiodically定期地.arestudentsexpectedtodointhelearningprocessA)Thinkcarefullybeforeansweringeachquestion.B)Askquestionsbasedontheirownunderstanding.C)Answerquestionsusingtheirpersonalexperience.D)Giveanswersshowingtheirrespectivepersonality各自的个性.doexpertssayaboutstudentsusingtextbooksA)Theycandigitalize数字化theprintseasily.B)Theycanlearninaninteractiveway.C)Theycanpurchasecustomizedversions定制的版本.D)Theycanadapt改编thematerialthemselves.46.这篇文章对开放教育资源有什么看法a)他们对教学的贡献不亚于对学习的贡献b)它们不像传统教科书那样受益c)他们不能像教科书那样把教授和学生联系起来d)他们与教科书生产商为争夺客户展开了激烈的竞争47.出版商亏损的主要原因是什么a)未能满足学生的需求b)产业结构调整c)电子书的出现d)销售额下降48.教科书产业需要做些什么a)改革体制b)降低零售价c)寻找印刷教科书的替代品d)定期改变经营策略49.学生在学习过程中应该做些什么a)在回答每个问题之前仔细考虑b)根据自己的理解提出问题c)根据他们的亲身经历回答问题d)给出显示各自个性的答案50.专家们对学生使用教科书有何看法a)他们可以很容易地将指纹数字化b)他们可以通过互动的方式学习c)他们可以购买定制版本d)他们可以自己改编材料PassageTwoWhenwethinkofanimalsandplants,wehaveaprettygoodwayofdividingthemintotwodistinctgroups:oneconvertssunlightintoenergyandtheotherhastoeatfoodtomakeitsenergy.Well,thosedividinglinescomecrashingdownwiththediscoveryofascas/egthat’strulyhalfanimalandhalfplant.It’sprettyincrediblehowithasmanagedtohijackthegenesofthealgaeonwhichitfeeds.Theslugscanmanufacturechlorophyll,thegreenpigmentinplantsthatcapturesenergyfromsunlight,andholdthesegeneswithintheirbody.Thetermkleptoplastyisusedtodescribethepracticeofusinghijackedgenestocreatenutrientsfromsunlight.Andsofar,thisgreenseaslugistheonlyknownanimalthatcanbetrulyconsideredsolar-powered,althoughsomeanimalsdoexhibitsomeplant-likebehaviors.Manyscientistshavestudiedthegreenseaslugstoconfirmthattheyareactuallyabletocreateenergyfromsunlight.Infact,theslugsusethegeneticmaterialsowellthattheypassitontotheirfuturegenerations.Theirbabiesretaintheabilitytoproducetheirownchlorophyll,thoughtheycan’tgenerateenergyfromsunlightuntilthey’veeatenenoughalgaetostealthenecessarygenes,whichtheycan’tyetproduceontheirown.“There’snowayonearththatgenesfromanalgashouldworkinsideananimalcell,”saysSidneyPiercefromtheUniversityofSouthFlorida.“Andyethere,theydo.Theyallowtheanimaltorelyonsunshineforitsnutrition.Soifsomethinghappenstotheirfoodsource,theyhaveawayofnotstarvingtodeathuntiltheyfindmorealgaetoeat.”Theseaslugsaresogoodatgatheringenergyfromthesunthattheycanliveuptoninemonths