烟雾探测器原理初探本科毕业论文

烟雾探测器原理初探本科毕业论文题目烟雾探测器原理初探二?一五年五月theirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromotethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityofanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecompetitivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmentofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofresourceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwin-winprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation,examinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheindustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstate-ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructionmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,improvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingtotheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhigh-qualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetobuildahigh-qualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structureoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.SeriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecountryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxpolicy,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.内容摘要............................................................1关键词..............................................................1Abstract............................................................1Keywords............................................................11、烟雾探测器的应用现状及发展趋势...................................21.1应用现状.....................................................231.2发展趋势.....................................................2、烟雾探测器的种类及原理...........................................42.1感烟式火灾探测器.............................................42.1.1离子感烟式火灾探测器...................................42.1.2光电感烟式火灾探测器...................................52.1.3空气采样感烟式火灾探测器...............................62.2感温式火灾探测器.............................................82.2.1定温式火灾探测器.......................................82.2.2差温式火灾探测器......................................10112.2.3差定温式火灾探测器....................................2.2.4光纤感温式火灾探测器..................................112.3感光式火灾探测器............................................132.3.1红外感光式火灾探测器..................................132.3.2紫外感光式火灾探测器..................................142.3.3图像火焰火灾探测器....................................142.4声音火灾探测器..............................................152.5复合探测器..................................................152.6可燃气体探测器..............................................162.6.1催化型可燃气体探测器..................................162.6.2半导体型可燃气体探测器................................163、有效减少人为因素干扰的方法及护理................................183.1合理选择和合理安装..........................................183.1.1正确选定火灾探测器的类型..............................183.1.2安装位置的确定........................................183.2增加防护装置................................................193.3探测器的定期清洗与更换......................................194、各类烟雾探测器的比较............................................205、研究心得........................................................21参考文献...........................................................23onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot2y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimprofirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,内容摘要:烟雾探测器的原理初探的核心就是对各种烟雾探测器的工作原理进行介绍。然后对各种烟雾探测器进行比较研究，通过比较研究得出设计一款全新烟雾探测器的一些思路。本文先介绍烟雾探测器的应用现状和发展趋势，让人们对烟雾探测器有个大概的了解。其次，是对烟雾探测器的种类及原理进行分析比较，让人们对烟雾探测器有了更深入的了解，以便于人们对烟雾探测器的选择和购买。再次，是讲解烟雾探测器的安装位置和护理，以减少人为因素对烟雾探测器的干扰。最后，是通过前面的比较研究得到的一些研究心得。关键词:烟雾探测器工作原理比较研究研究心得Abstract:Smokedetectors,theprincipleofapreliminarystudyofthecoreistointroducetheworkingprincipleofallkindsofsmokedetectors.Andthenonacomparisonofallkindsofsmokedetectors,throughcomparativestudyonsometrainofthoughtabouthowtodesignanewsmokedetector.Thispaperfirstintroducesapplicationsituationanddevelopmenttrendofsmokedetectors,letpeopleknowaboutsmokedetectorshaveaballpark.Next,itisthetypeandprincipleofsmokedetectorscarriesontheanalysiscomparison,letpeopletosmokedetectorshaveadeeperunderstanding,sothatthepeople'schoiceofsmokedetectorsandbuy.Again,itisexplainedtheinstallationpositionofsmokedetectorandnursing,toreduceman-madefactorsinterferencewithsmokedetectors.Finally,throughthecomparativestudyofthefrontresearchresults.Keywords:SmokedetectorWorkingprincipleAcomparativestudyResearchexperience1引言:火灾对人们的生命安全和财产安全有着很大的威胁。因此，在各种场所预防火灾已成为不得不考虑的一个因素。烟雾探测器是用于火灾初期的探测并发出警报，以便人们采取相应的灭火措施。是人们预防火灾的主要手段。而烟雾探测器对人们来说既熟悉又陌生。熟悉是烟雾探测器已经慢慢的在我们日常生活中普遍开来。陌生是我们对烟雾探测器到底了解多少呢,它的应用现状、它的发展趋势、它的种类、它的原理及各种烟雾探测器的优缺点和适用范围我们了解吗,这些都是接下来力图给大家解决的问题。并通过对各种烟雾探测器的比较研究，我将给出设计一款全新烟雾探测器的思路。1、烟雾探测器的应用现状及发展趋势烟雾探测器是在人类长期与火灾的斗争中产生和发展起来的，其对于火灾的探测和报告着火部位起着重要作用。一般火灾的产生可分为四个阶段:预燃、闷燃、火焰燃烧和剧烈燃烧。传统探测器一般都在火灾发展的后三个阶段才能实现报警，而此时火势已经发展的相当严重。即使扑救及时，也会造成极大的损失。1890年英国成功研制出第一个感温式火灾探测器，从而开创了人类火灾自动探测报警技术的新纪元;20世纪50年代，离感烟探测器的出现，使得人类早期火灾探测技术向前迈进了一大步;20世纪70年代末，高寿命的光电元件技术取得突破，光电感烟探测器应运而生。20世纪80年代后，火灾探测技术与其他技术开始了广泛的交叉与结合，探测智能、监控智能和抗干扰算法在火灾探测技术中[1]的应用，使火灾探测技术进入了一个全新的发展时期。那么它的应用现在和发展趋势如何呢,1.1应用现状随着人们对火灾防治重视程度越来越强，火灾探测技术得到了与前所未有的发展，在西方许多发达国家，火灾探测器的生产与应用已相当普遍，甚至普及到improfirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot2y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,according一般家庭，成为保卫人们生命与财产安全的有力工具。在我国，火灾探测器的研究与生产起步较晚，直到20世纪80年代才有了较大的发展，一般情况下，都采用感烟探测器。但随着社会经济和建筑技术的迅速发展，各式各样的建筑工程大[1]量涌现，对烟雾探测器的种类、形状及性能要求也越来越多。据统计，感烟式探测器仍是目前使用最为广泛的一种探测器，各种感烟式探测器在国外市场上的销售和使用量约占火灾探测器总量的70%左右。在日本，离子感烟火灾探测器只占市场份额的3%以内，而光电感烟火灾探测器则占97%以上，成为主流产品。火焰自动探测技术主要应用于工业、国防等领域的防火、防爆环境。国外新出现的体型火焰探测技术，是该领域的一大突破。它是采用红外摄像监视燃烧的烟、温、气体和火焰在空间的分布，也称之为机械图像探测技术。它优越于点型和线型火灾探测技术，是最为直观、确切的，可广泛应用于火焰监视、火灾探测上。在发达国家，采用紫外红外火焰探测技术的新型火警探测器已广泛应用于航空领域，无论在抗电磁干扰还是环境干扰方面，它都比传统的火警探测器更可靠，是飞机火警探测技术的发展趋势。1.2发展趋势新探测技术的发展进一步拓展了火灾探测的应用领域，为一些传统探测器无法胜任的环境提供了有效的手段。相关技术的发展，如傅立叶近红外光谱技术、[2]弱信号处理技术、低功耗MCU技术进一步促进了传统探测技术的改进，使得传统探测器在技术和性能上有了显著的提高。火灾探测器朝着极早期探测、多传感器复合探测和探测器小型化、智能化的方向发展。也就是说，随着烟雾探测器与新技术的进一步结合，烟雾探测器已进入一个科学化、系统化的发展轨道，有着广阔的发展前景和应用市场，并将在生产和生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。3[3]2、烟雾探测器的种类及原理2.1感烟式火灾探测器感烟式火灾探测器是对燃烧过程中产生的烟粒子的一种感应，可以探测物质燃烧初期产生的气溶胶或烟粒子的浓度。用于火灾早期的探测，是目前世界上应用最为广泛烟雾探测器。它的种类有如下三种:2.1.1离子感烟式火灾探测器离子感烟探测器是由两个内含放射元素“镅241”串联的电离室、场效应管及开关电路组成的。如图1所示，内电离室即补偿室是密封的，烟不易进入;外电离室即检测室是开孔的，烟能够顺利进入。在串联两个电离室的两端接入24V直流电源。在极板间形成电场，在电场的作用下，离子分别向正、负极板运动形成离子流。当发生火灾时，烟雾进入检测电离室，由于烟雾粒子的直径远远大于被电离的空气粒子的直径。烟雾粒子很容易吸附被电离的正、负离子，因而减慢了离子在电场中的移动速度，而增大了正负离子中和的机率，使离子流减小，检测电离室中空气的等效阻抗增加;而补偿室因无烟进入，电离室的阻抗保持不变，因此，引起施加在两电离室两端分压比的变化。分压比增加到一定值时，开关电路运行，发出报警信号。所以说离子感烟探测器是利用电离室离子流的变化正比于进入电离室的烟雾浓度来探测火灾的。补偿室检测电离室图1检测电离室与补偿室连接示意图firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot4y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimpro2.1.2光电感烟式火灾探测器光电感烟探测器的探测基础是光与烟颗粒的相互作用，一是，烟雾粒子吸收光。一是，烟雾粒子将光散射。所以光电感烟探测器可分为减光式和散射光式两种类型。(1)散射式光电感烟探测器散射式光电感烟探测器由检测暗室、发光元件、受光元件和电子电路组成，如图2所示，当无烟雾时，发光元件发射的一定波长的光线直射在发光元件对应的暗室上，而安装在侧壁上的受光元件不能感受到光线即发光元件和受光元件在检验暗室中成一定的角度。但当火灾发生时，烟雾进入检测暗室。光线在前进的过程中照射在不规则分布的烟雾粒子上，产生散射，散射光的的不规则性使一部分散射光照在受光元件上。当烟雾粒子越来越多，散射到受光元件上的光就越来越强，产生的光电信号也越强。当达到一定值时，散射光的能量就足够产生一定大小的激励电流，可以用于激励外电路发出火灾信号。[2]图2散光式光电感烟探测器原理(2)减光式光电感烟探测器如图3所示，减光式光电感烟探测器的受光元件是安装在发光元件的正对面。没有烟雾时，发光元件和受光元件之间的光通量是个定值。当检测暗室内进5入烟雾时，烟雾粒子对光源发出的光产生吸收和散射作用，因而使受光元件接收的光线减少，从而使受光元件上产生的光电流降低。光电流相对于初始标定值的变化量大小，反映了烟雾的浓度，据此可通过电子线路对信息进行阈值比较放大、判断、数据处理或数据对比来进行计算，通过放大电路发出相应的火灾报警信号。[2]图3减光式光电感烟探测器总而言之，光电感烟探测器是利用烟雾能够改变光的传播特性这一基本特性而研制的。[4]2.1.3空气采样感烟式火灾探测器空气采样感烟探测器用高灵敏度的感烟探测器对被监控设备或区域吸取的空气样品进行连续的分析，以检测其中是否有烟的成分。简单的概括就是将周围环境中的空气进行采样与检验室内的设定阈值进行比较来判断是否发生了火灾。其中比较常见的是即主动式空气采样感烟火灾探测报警系统。又HSASDHSASD分为浓度计式和激光粒子计数式两种。HSASDHSASD[5](1)浓度计式HSASD采用浓度计工作原理的测量室，其测量光源一般采用氙闪光灯，安HSASD装在测量室顶部位置。测量室内被涂以黑色吸光材料，在测量室的一侧装有一系列带有一定孔径的盘片，透过它们使测量室中心部位的光线能集中到一个光电管上;当光通过测量室时，烟粒子将光线各向散射，大部分的光被测量室的黑色墙壁所吸收，但在中心部分的散射光线则可通过带孔的盘片到达光电管，产生一个小的光电脉冲。通过直接探测测量室中心的光脉冲的直流电压，就能反应测量室中心的烟粒子总数。firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot6y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimpro(2)激光粒子计数式HSASD如图4所示，图的左上部分是不是有点眼熟,就是前面介绍的散光式光电感烟探测器原理结构图，即在没有烟雾时，光接收器是接收不到光信号的。由图可知，其内置的抽气泵在管网中形成了一个稳定的气流，使警戒区域中的空气样品不断的从抽样孔中进入检测室进行检测。为了防止空气中的粉尘和其他颗粒对检测造成干扰，所采集的空气样品要经过一道过滤网。通过过滤器之后，检测室内的烟雾将使光发生散射，这样之后光接收器就接受到光信号。一个光脉冲信号对应一个烟雾粒子，之后根据处理过的脉冲信号数来反映烟雾粒子数，与预先设定的各报警级别响应阈值相比较，达到或超出这一值时，将发出报警信号。[6]图4空气采样感烟探测系统工作原理[7]种类性能特点适用范围影响因素灵敏度高、历史悠久、粉尘颗粒宾馆客房、办公楼、图书馆、粒子感烟探测器技术成熟、性能稳定影剧院等公共场所灵敏度高、对湿热气流粉尘颗粒、易受电磁干宾馆客房、办公楼、图书馆、扰动性大环境适应性扰、散射光式光电感烟影剧院等公共场所光电感烟探测器好探测器对黑烟不灵敏灵敏度高、因为是主动过滤器可能过滤掉烟雾电厂、变电站、卷烟厂、式探测，可以提前预报粒子。过滤器上沉积的古迹建筑、物流仓库、电信空气采样感烟探测器火灾隐患，为扑救赢得颗粒可能引起光的散机房、高科技厂房、洁净室、更多的时间。性价比非射。剧院、博物馆、食品加工厂、常高。冷冻仓库、超高层大楼、核浓度式对电HSASD7压要求高、寿命短。废料仓库、矿山等。表格1感烟式火灾探测器之间的比较2.2感温式火灾探测器通常情况下，温度的变化是不会很大的。但发生火灾后，环境温度将升高，且温度的变化速率很快。因此根据这一特性人们研制出了感温式火灾探测器。如:定温式火灾探测器、差温式火灾探测器和差定温式火灾探测器三类。也可以根据温度影响光在光纤中的传播特性，而生产出了光纤感温探测器。2.2.1定温式火灾探测器定温式火灾探测器简单的说就是在仪器上设定一个温度，当环境温度达到或高于这个设定值的时候，仪器发出火灾报警信号。其关键是温度到某一值时，热敏元件的变化而导致报警。其又可以分为以下三类:(1)双金属定温探测器它是将两种不同热膨胀系数的金属构造在一起，当环境温度升高时，由于两金属的热膨胀系数不同，两金属受热后也将发生不同程度的变形从而使导电接触点的接触来使报警电路闭合从而实现报警。如图5所示，铜合金片和不锈钢管是两种热膨胀系数不同的金属材料，不锈钢管的热膨胀系数大于铜合金片的热膨胀系数。将他们以一定的形状构造在一起。常温下，铜合金片两电接点是分开的，如图5中的(a)。当发生火灾后，环境温度升高，不锈钢管和铜合金都将伸长，但是膨胀系数大的不锈钢管的伸长量大于铜合金的，这使得两电接点接触，如图5中的(b)。从而实现了报警。当然，这只是其中一种结构形状。firmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot8y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimpro[6]图5双金属定温探测器结构图(2)易熔金属定温探测器如图6所示，当发生火灾时，易熔合金熔化，被压缩的要弹簧恢复原状使弹性接触片与上面的调整螺钉接触。从而发出报警信号。调整螺钉弹性接触片易熔合金特种螺钉图6易熔金属定温探测器结构图(3)电子式定温探测器其原理关键就是热敏电阻，当环境温度升高时，热敏电阻的阻值将发生变化，要么变大要么变小，来使电路存在一个电压差，为报警电路提供报警电压，从而发出报警信号。当温度降低后，其又恢复原来的阻值。这样就可以反复使用。如R图7所示，是一个负热敏电阻，随环境温度升高其阻值减小，A点的电位将升T高，当环境温度达到或超出某一值时，A点的电位将高于B点，电压比较器输出高电平，使报警电路报警。9[6]图7热敏电阻定温火灾探测器的电路原理图2.2.2差温式火灾探测器差温式火灾探测器就是利用发生火灾时，环境温度急剧变化这一特性研制出来的。种类有以下几种:(1)膜盒式差温探测器如图8所示，一般情况下，环境温度变化缓慢，盒内的大气压通过漏气孔与周围环境气压保持平衡，波纹片与固定的接触点隔离。当发生火灾时，环境温度急剧升高，感温外壳把热量传到盒内，空气受热膨胀，而漏气孔的排出量较小。从而使膜盒内气压升高而使波纹片与定触点接触，电路接通，从而发出报警信号。[6]图8膜盒式差温探测器结构(2)电子式差温探测器他是由基准热敏电阻和热敏电阻串联组成的感应元件，他们相当于离子感烟探测器的内、外部电离室，即基准热敏电阻相当于检测电离室，而另一个热敏电阻相当于补偿室。基准热敏阻置于随环境中，另一热敏电阻用绝热金属与环境隔onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,attractinjectionthesocialinvestmenttotheind,examwinprinciple,intheframeworkofnationalpoliciesandregulations,strictinspectionandargumentation,legalconsultation-ceswithinthegroup,thecityresources,otherindustriesandregionalresources,mutualtrust,mutualbenefit,seekingwinresourntofthemarket.(four)topromotetheintegrationofresources.Tofurtherbroadentheirhorizons,effectiveintegrationofivestrength,walkingbusinessroadthecompetitionofalienationandcharacteristics,thepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmepetitfanumberofunique,marketinfluenceandcoverageofthebrand,theimplementationofkeybreakthroughs,toenhancethecomacquisitionperformance,enhancethecompetitivestrength.Concentratedmanpower,carefulplanning,packagingandpublicityoethebrand.Toestablishbrandawareness,awarenessoftheuseofbrand,brandvalue,brandtheirownconditionstodevelopthecorrectroad,themaximumtoavoidinvestmentrisk,gainprofit.(three)vigorouslypromot10y,andactivelyseekpolicy,projectsandfunds,enterpriseandindustrygroupmissiontopromoteleapfrogdevelopment.polictryandtheXXpolicy,especiallythepolicyofindustrialdevelopment,financialinvestmentpolicy,financialpolicyandtaxouslystudythepolicyforpolicy.Seriousresearchaboutsocialsupportthedevelopmentofculturalundertakingsinthecounreoptimizationandupgradingability,enhancecorecompetitiveness,adapttotheneedofmarketcompetition.(six)seriqualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimprofirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,离，通常情况下，这样两热敏电阻交接点对地的电压一样。当发生火灾，探测空间温度上升，基准电阻阻值将发生变化，这样两热敏电阻交接点对地的电压将存在一个差值。这一值达到或超出某一范围后，将发出报警信号。(3)空气管式线性差温探测器它的原理和膜盒式差温探测器的工作原理是一样的，其结构图如图9所示。空气管置于监控的环境中，一般情况下，温度变化缓慢，空气管中的的空气通过透洞孔与环境联通，大气压平衡。而当发生火灾时，温度急剧升高，管内空气膨胀来不及从透洞孔排泄出去，从而使膜片和接点接触来实现报警。[6]图9空气管式线型差温探测器结构图2.2.3差定温式火灾探测器它就是将差温式和定温式两种感温探测器组合在一起，所以这种探测器拥有两者的功能。虽然组合在一起，但两者不是相互影响，其中一种功能失效，不会影响到另一种功能的发挥。所以很大程度的提高了对火灾探测的准确性。其类型有膜盒与易熔组合的机械式差定温探测器和电子式差温与电子式定温组合的电子式差定温探测器两种。[8]2.2.4光纤感温式火灾探测器光纤感温探测系统是利用光导纤维中传输时产生的自发喇曼散射和光时域[9]反射技术来获取空间温度分布信息的。光纤感温式火灾探测器有两种类型:(1)分布式光纤感温探测器当在光纤中注入一定能量和宽度的激光脉冲时，激光在光纤中向前传播的同时，自发产生喇曼散射光波，喇曼散射光波的强度受所在光线散射点的温度影响而有所改变，通过获取沿光纤散射回来的北向喇曼光波，可以调出光纤散射点的11温度变化。同时，根据光纤中光波的传播速度与探测时间的物理关系，可以对温[9]。度信息点进行定位(2)光纤光栅感温探测器如图11所示，当宽带光经光纤传输到光栅处时，光栅将有选择地反射回一窄带光、在光栅不受外界影响时，该窄带光中心波长为一固定值，而当环境,B温度或被接触的物体温度发生变化或受到外力时，光栅栅距将发生变化，反射,的窄带光中心波长值将随之发生变化，这样可以通过检测窄带光中心波长的变化值，测量到光栅处的温度变化。[6]图10光纤光栅结构原理图种类性能特点影响因素适用场所性能稳定、可靠性强、环环境温度厨房、锅炉房、发电机房、境适应好，造价较高，安易熔金属定温探测器只烘干车间、地下车库、吸定温式感温探测器装维护不便能一次性使用。烟室等性能稳定、可靠性强、环温度变化剧烈的环境对厨房、锅炉房、发电机房、境适应好，造价较高，安其影响挺大，烘干车间、地下车库、吸差温式感温探测器装维护不便烟室等差定温式感温探测器性能稳定、可靠性强、环高温环境或温度多变的厨房、锅炉房、发电机房、境适应好、准确率高，造环境都对其有影响烘干车间、地下车库、吸价较高，安装维护不便烟室等qualityprofessionalmanagementteam,hardwork,andpromotetheentireworkforceknowledgestructure,agestructure,structu-uildahighqualitymanagementmanagementpersonnel,andstrivetob-totheneedofindustrialdevelopment,vigorouslytheintroductionofhighvetheabilitytorespondtomarketcompetition,improvemanagementandoperationofthemarket.Atthesametime,accordingimprofirmlyestablishtheconceptofthemarket,enhancethesenseofcrisistoadapttomarketcompetition,thesenseofurgency,onmanagementpersonnel.Strengthenthemanagementofeducationandtrainingofcadresandworkersoftheexistingbusiness,ownedassets.(five)tostrengthentheconstructi-ustrygroup,toachieveleveragingthedevelopment,ensurethatthevalueofstateinationandapprovalprocedures,strictregulationofeconomicactivities,att