2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号73

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

中国有许多不同的宗教，如外来的佛教、基督教和伊斯兰教，以及本土的道教。寺庙是中国人为尊重佛教，对佛教建筑的新称呼。它是我国悠久历史文化的象征，也是宝贵的艺术珍品。寺庙文化完整地保存了我国各个朝代的历史文物，也渗透到国民生活的各个方面。各地一年一度的庙会不仅丰富了文化氛围，也同时促进了地方旅游业的发展。

【答案】TherearemanydifferentreligionsinChina,suchasforeignBuddhism,Christianity,IslamandnativeTaoism.“Temple”，anewnameforBuddhistarchitecture,embodiesChinesepeople’srespectforBuddhism.ItisasymboloflonghistoryandcultureinChinaandalsopreciousarttreasures.ThetempleculturehascompletelypreservedthehistoricalrelicsofvariousdynastiesinChina,andhaspenetratedintoallaspectsofnationallife.TheannualtemplefairsinallpartsofChinanotonlyenrichtheculturalatmosphere,butalsopromotethedevelopmentoflocaltourism.

2.单选题

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolongerecologists

问题1选项

A.erest

B.perfected...hinder

C.diverted...arouse

D.vetoed...irritate

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析题。exhaust“排出，耗尽，使精疲力尽，详尽论述”；interest“使感兴趣，使关心，使注意，使参与，使有利害关系”；B选项的perfect“使……完美（完善）”；hinder“阻碍，妨碍，成为阻碍”；C选项的divert“使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse“激起，引起（感情、态度），唤醒某人，激发，行动起来“；D选项的veto“否决，禁止，反对”；irritate“刺激，使兴奋，激怒”。根据句意‘迄今为止，还没有任何植物类型或生态系统，人们对它们的研宄能达到如此详尽无遗的地步，以致它不再能够引起生态学家的兴趣’确定A选项正确。

3.单选题

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.

TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoonfromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationshadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandfloramultiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing"striking*'intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.

Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcold,andpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimates,aregreat.Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandrous(一妻多夫制)societiestypicaloftheregion.Lattimoreseesthemaintenanceofmultiple-husbandhouseholdsasbeingpreservedfromearlierformsbytheharshconditionsoftheTibetanuplands,whichpermittednoexperimentationand"froze"thecultureswhichcamethere.Kawakita,ontheotherhand,seesthepolyandryasawayofeasilypermittingthebesthouseholdertobecometheheadhusbandregardlessofage.HisdetailedstudiesoftheBhoteavillageofTsumjedoseemtosupportthisideaofpolyandryasamethodoftalentmobilityisasituationwhereeventhebesttalentisbarelyenoughforsurvival.

Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.

1.Whatarethe“unusualtraitsorsituations”referredtointhefirstsentence?

2.Thepurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

3.Theauthor’sknowledgeofTibetisprobably

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldprobablybethemostagreeabletoMontesquieu?

5.ThespeciesoffaunaandfloraremaininginTibetafterthePleistoceneglaciationscanproperlybecalledcontinentalbecausethey（

）.

问题1选项

A.Patternsofanimalandplantgrowth.

B.FoodandfoodpreparationpatternsoftheuplandTibetans.

C.SocialandfamilialorganizationoftypicalTibetansociety.

D.Alloftheabove.

问题2选项

A.analyzethepossiblecausallinksbetweenTibetanecologyandsociety

B.describethesocialorganizationoftypicalTibetanvillages

C.describeTibetanfaunaandflora

D.analyzethemysteriesofthesuddenappearanceoftheHimalayas

问题3选项

A.basedonfirsthandexperience

B.theresultoflifelongstudies

C.derivedfrombooksonly

D.limitedtogeologicalhistory

问题4选项

A.Allregionshavedifferentsoilsandthus,differentcultures.

B.someregionswithsimilarclimateswillhavesimilarcultures.

C.Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.

D.Theplantsofacountry,bybeingthefoodofitspeople,causethepeopletohavesimilarviewstooneanother.

问题5选项

A.areoriginallyfoundincontinentalclimates

B.aretheonlylifeformsinTibet,whichisasbigasacontinent

C.havebeenfoundinotherpartsoftheAsiancontinent

D.arefoundinlandmassthatusedtobeaseparatecontinent

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘第一句中提到的“不寻常的特征或情况”是什么？’根据第三段第一句“..thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.青藏高原地带是干燥的大陆性气候，动物和植被与同纬度的相似，但是与更北的地区有些不同，那里更干燥。”可以推知A项动植物生长模式‘’符合其特征。根据第三段倒数第二句“Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.这种植物的品种也同样有限，一些观察人士发现，即使是相对肥沃的东部藏谷，也不超过70种植物。只有不到10种粮食作物。藏文“茶”是主要的主食，也许可以取代不可缺少的蔬菜。”可知B项‘高原藏人的食物和食物制作模式’符合。根据第四段中“Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandroussocietiestypicaloftheregion.这些困难肯定对当地后来不同寻常的一妻多夫制的出现产生了影响”可知，可知C选项‘典型的藏族社会家庭组织’符合。所以ABC选项都谈及到了这种不寻常的特征，所以D选项正确。

2.主旨大意题。题目提问‘这篇文章的目的是什么？’文章第一段最后一句‘Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.一个地区的生态只造成该地区居民所面临的一些问题，而一种文化所面临的问题虽然对其发展很重要，但并不能决定它的发展。’指出生态会影响但不决定人文风气。最后一段尾句“Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.总而言之，尽管可以提出论点说，由于土地的严酷条件，已经存在的一妻多夫制得到了加强和保护(就目前而言)，但在这种情况下，把任何性质更强的原因因素都归罪于生态影响，那肯定是言过其实了。”谈及当地一妻多夫制的社会组织结构可能受到生态该环境的影响。因此，可推知A选项“分析青藏地区生态和社会之间的可能因果联系”正确。

3.推理判断题。题目提问‘作者对西藏的了解可能是什么？’本文并未谈及作者自己的经历和研究，而是分别引述了Montesquieu’sview和Armand的描述，以及Lattimore和Kawakita的观点，因此，作者对青藏高原的了解是C选项‘源于书本’。

推理判断题。题目提问‘根据文章，下列哪项最可能是Montesquieu同意的？’文章第一段介绍了青藏高原的地理特征和文化，然后提出“HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.然而，不打算采用孟德斯鸠关于气候和土壤的观点作为文化决定因素。”因此，可以推知‘孟德斯鸠是环境决定论支持者，即外部环境决定人文风气’，C选项“在共享土地和气候的同一个地方，文化基本上是相同的”符合他的观点。

4.细节事实题。题目提问‘更新世冰蚀以后，仍然存在于西藏的动植物群可以成为大陆性的动植物群，是因为什么？’根据第三段中“Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.因此，在冰川期结束后，原始大陆物种中仅存少数种类的生物。”所以，它们被称为大陆性动植物群是因为A选项‘它们原来是在大陆性气候中被发现的’。

4.单选题

Becausemanyofthemineralsfoundontheoceanfloorarestill（

）onland,whereminingisrelativelyinexpensive,miningtheoceanfloorhasyettobecomea（

）enterprise.

问题1选项

A.scarce;common

B.accessible;marginal

C.unidentified;subsidized

D.plentiful;profitable

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。先看第一个空白处的选项，scarce“缺乏的，罕见的”；accessible“可到达的，可接近的，易懂的”，这个词的用法比较灵活；unidentified“不能辨认的，无法识别的”；plentiful“大量的，充足的”，根据题目前面部分中的关键词still和整个句意‘由于海底发现的许多矿物在陆地上仍然大量存在，且陆地上开采又相对廉价，因此，对海底开采还有待于变成一种有利可图的事业’推断出第一个空可以填plentiful或者accessible。再看填入第二个空白处的选项，common“普通的，常见的”；marginal“边缘的，末端的”；subsidized“补贴的，补助的”；profitable“有利的，赢利的”，根据题目后部分形容陆地上开采的relativelyinexpensive和关键词yet可以推断出第二个空应该填profitable,故答案选项为D。

5.单选题

Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.outofquestion

B.withinquestion

C.withoutquestion

D.outofthequestion

【答案】D

【解析】短语辨析。A选项“毫无疑问，没问题”；C选项“毫无疑问”；D选项“不可能，根本谈不上”；B选项不是一个短语；根据句意‘在两党之间有了这样的冲突后，和解是不可能的了’确定D选项正确。

6.单选题

Wehadbeenwantingtoexpandourchildren’shorizonsbytakingthemtoaplacethatwasunlikeanythingwe’dbeenexposedtoduringourtravelsinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InthinkingaboutwhatwaspossiblefromGeneva,wherewearebased,wedecidedonatriptoIstanbul,atwo-hourplaneridefromZurich.

Weenvisionedthetripasapreludetomoreexoticones,perhapstoNewDelhiorBangkoklaterthisyear,butthoughtour11-and13-year-oldsneededafirststepawayfrommanicuredboulevardsandpristinemonuments.

Whatwedidn’tforeseewasthereactionoffriends,whowarnedthatwewereputtingourchildren“indanger,”referringvaguely,andmostincorrectly,todisease,terrorismorjusttheunknown.TohelpusgetacquaintedwiththepeculiaritiesofIstanbulandtogiveourchildrenachancetochoosewhattheywereparticularlyinterestedinseeing,weboughtanexcellentguidebookandreaditthoroughlybeforeleaving.

Friendlywarningsdidn’tchangeourplanning,althoughwemighthavemoreprudentlycheckedwiththeU.S.StateDepartment’slistoftroublespots.Wedidn’tseealotofchildrenamongtheforeignvisitorsduringoursix-daystayinIstanbul,butwefoundthetouristareasquitesafe,veryinterestingandvariedenougheventosuitourson,whoseoft-repeatedrequestisthatwenotsee“everysingle”churchandmuseuminagivencity.

Vaccinationsweren’tneededforthecity,butwewereconcernedaboutadaptingtothewaterforashortstay.Soweusedbottledwaterfordrinkingandbrushingourteeth,aprecautionthatmayseemexcessive,butweallstayedhealthy.

Takingtheadviceofafriend,webookedahotela20-minutewalkfrommostofIstanbul’smajortouristsites.Thisnotonlygotussomemorningexercise,strollingovertheKarakoyBridge,buttookuspastacolorfulassortmentoffishermen,vendorsandshoeshiners.

Fromateenagerandpre-teen’sview,Istanbulstreetlifeisfascinatingsincealmosteverythingcanbeboughtoutdoors.TheywereatagoodagetospendtimewanderingthelabyrinthoftheSpiceBazaar,whereshopsdisplaymoundsofpungentherbsinsacks.Doingthiswithyoungerchildrenwouldbehardersimplybecausethestreetsaresopackedwithpeople;itwouldbeeasytogetlost.Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.TheyalsolearnedtofigureouttherelativevalueoftheTurkishlira,notasmallmatterwithitsmanyzeros.

BeingexposedtoIslamwasanimportantpartofourtrip.Visitingthemosques,especiallytheenormousBlueMosque,wasourfirstglimpseintohowthismajorreligionispracticed.Ourchildren’scuriosityalreadyhadbeenpiquedbythefivedailycallstoprayeroverloudspeakersineverycomerofthecity,andthescarvescoveringtheheadsofmanywomen.

Navigatingmealscanbetroublesomewithchildren,butakebab,boughtonthestreetorinrestaurants,wasunfailinglypopular.Sincewehaddecidedthistripwasnotforgourmets,kebabssparedustheagonyoftryingtofindarestauranteachdaythatwouldsuittheadults*desiretotrysomethingnewamidchildren’sinsistencethatthefoodbeservedimmediately.Gradually,webranchedouttotrysomeotherTurkishspecialties.

AlthoughoursonhadstudiedIslambriefly,itisimpossibletobepreparedforeveryawkwardquestionthatmightcomeup,suchasduringourvisitstotheTopkapiSarayi,theOttomanSultans'palace.Noguideswereavailablesoitwasdo-it-yourself,usingourguidebook,whichcheatedusofalotofinterestinghistoryandanecdotesthataprofessionalguidecouldprovide.Nexttime,weresolvedtomakesucharrangementsinadvance.

Onthistrip,wewanderedthroughthemagnificentcomplex,withitsimperialtreasures,itscourtyardsanditsharem.Thelastrequiredabitofexplanationthatwewouldhavehappilylefttoalearnedthirdparty.

1.ThecouplechoseIstanbulastheirholidaydestinationmainlybecause（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

3.Welearnfromthecouple’sshoppingexperiencebackhomethat

（

）.

4.ThelasttwoparagraphssuggestthattovisitplacesofinterestinIstanbul

（

）.

5.ThefamilyhaveseenorvisitedallthefollowinginIstanbulEXCEPT（

）.

问题1选项

A.thecityisnottoofarawayfromwheretheylived.

B.thecityisnotonthelistoftheU.S.StateDepartment.

C.thecityisbetweenthefamiliarandtheexotic.

D.thecityismorefamiliarthanexotic.

问题2选项

A.Thefamilyfoundthecitywasexactlywhattheyhadexpected.

B.Theirfriendswereopposedtotheirholidayplan.

C.Theycouldhavebeenmorecautiousaboutbringingkidsalong.

D.Theywereabitcautiousaboutthequalityofwaterinthecity.

问题3选项

A.theywereusedtobargainingoverprice.

B.theypreferredtobuythingsoutdoors.

C.streetmarketsweretheirfavorites.

D.theypreferredfashionandbrandnames.

问题4选项

A.guidebooksareveryuseful.

B.aprofessionalguideisamust.

C.onehastobepreparedforquestions.

D.onehastomakearrangementsinadvance.

问题5选项

A.religiousprayers.

B.historicalbuildings.

C.local-stylemarkets.

D.shoppingmallboutiques.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题是问这对夫妻选择伊斯坦布尔作为它们的度假目的地的主要原因。从第一段内容与第二段开头“Weenvisionedthetripasapreludetomoreexoticones,perhapstoNewDelhiorBangkoklaterthisyear.我们把这次旅行想象成更多异国情调之旅的前奏，也许今年晚些时候会去新德里或曼谷”一句可以知道这家人打算选择一个较为陌生但又与家较近的地方作为旅游目的地。C选项‘这个城市介于熟悉和陌生之间’正确。

2.细节事实题。本题是问选项中哪一项叙述是错误的。由文章第四段中的“...butwefoundthetouristareasquitesafe,veryinterestingandvariedenougheventosuitourson.但是我们发现旅游区非常安全，非常有趣，而且种类繁多，甚至适合我们的儿子。”一句可知当他们到达伊斯坦布尔旅行之后才发现这里和旅行之前所了解到的信息是不一样的，所以A选项“这家人发现这个城市和他们设想中的是一样的”错误，符合题意。

3.细节事实题。本题是问我们可以从这对夫妻的购物经历中了解到什么。由文章第七段中的“Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.对于我们两个人来说，他们的购物经验包括百货公司和购物中心的精品店，当你发现你可以讨价还价的时候，你可能会以一件东西的价格买到两件东西，这让我很惊讶。”一句可知D选项‘在自己国内的购物习惯更倾向于选择流行时尚和知名品牌’正确。

4.推理判断题。本题是问最后两段内容表明在伊斯坦布尔游览名胜的情况…。由文章倒数第二段第二句“Noguideswereavailablesoitwasdo-it-yourself,usingourguidebook,whichcheatedusofalotofinterestinghistoryandanecdotesthataprofessionalguidecouldprovide.没有导游，所以只能自己动手，用我们的导游手册，这让我们错过了很多专业导游能提供的有趣的历史和轶事。”B选项‘专业的指南是必不可少的’正确。

5.推理判断题。本题是问在伊斯坦布尔，除…外，这家人在伊斯坦布尔见过或参观过以下所有地方。综合上下文，A选项在倒数第四段提及，B,C选项在第六，七段提及，而从文章第七段中的“Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.对于我们两个人来说，他们的购物经验包括百货公司和购物中心的精品店，当你发现你可以讨价还价的时候，你可能会以一件东西的价格买到两件东西，这让我很惊讶。”确定shoppingmallboutiques是这家人在国内的购物点，而不是在伊斯坦布尔，所以符合题意，D选项正确。

7.单选题

Foryears,studieshavefoundthatfirst-generationcollegestudents-thosewhodonothaveaparentwithacollegedegree-lagotherstudentsonarangeofeducationachievementfactors.Theirgradesarelowerandtheirdropoutratesarehigher.Butsincesuchstudentsaremostlikelytoadvanceeconomicallyiftheysucceedinhighereducation,collegesanduniversitieshavepushedfordecadestorecruitloreofthem.Thishascreated’’aparadox"inthatrecruitingfirst-generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathighereducationhas"continuedtoreproduceandwiden,ratherthanclose”achievementgapbasedonsocialclass,accordingtothedepressingbeginningofapaperforthcominginthejournalPsychologicalScience.

Butthearticleisactuallyquiteoptimistic,asitoutlinesapotentialsolutiontothisproblem,suggestingthatanapproach(whichinvolvesaone-hour,next-to-no-costprogram)canclose63percentoftheachievementgap(measuredbysuchfactorsasgrades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.

Theauthorsofthepaperarefromdifferentuniversities,andtheirfindingsarebasedonastudyinvolving147students(whocompletedtheproject)atanunnamedprivateuniversity.Firstgenerationwasdefinedasnothavingaparentwithafour-yearcollegedegreeMostofthefirst-generationstudents(59.1percent)wererecipientsofPellGrants,afederalgrantforundergraduateswithfinancialneed,whilethiswastrueonlyfor8.6percentofthestudentswithatleastoneparentwithafour-yeardegree.

Theirthesis-thatarelativelymodestinterventioncouldhaveabigimpactwasbasedontheviewthatfirst-generationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotinpotentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthatfacemostcollegestudents.Theycitepastresearchbyseveralauthorstoshowthatthisisthegapthatmustbenarrowedtoclosetheachievementgap.

Manyfirst-generationstudentsstruggletonavigatethemiddle-classcultureofhighereducation,learnthe’rulesofthegame,'and"takeadvantageofcollegeresources,"theywrite.Andthisbecomesmoreofaproblemwhencollegesdon’ttalkabouttheclassadvantageanddisadvantagesofdifferentgroupsofstudents.BecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudents’educationalexperience,manyfirst-generationstudentslackinsightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudentslikethemcanimprove.

1.Recruitingmorefirst-generationstudentshas（

）.

2.Theauthorofthepaperbelievesthatfirst-generationstudents

（

）.

3.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.reducedtheirdropoutrates

B.narrowedtheachievementgap

C.misseditsoriginalpurpose

D.depressedcollegestudents

问题2选项

A.areactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgap

B.canhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudents

C.maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojects

D.areinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollege

问题3选项

A.universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-class

B.studentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresources

C.socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiences

D.collegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheprobleminquestion

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问‘招募更多第一代大学生己经如何？’根据文章第一段“Thishascreated’’aparadox"inthatrecruitingfirst-generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathighereducationhas"continuedtoreproduceandwiden,ratherthanclose"achievementgapbasedonsocialclass...这就产生了一个“悖论”，即招收第一代学生，但却眼睁睁地看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“继续繁衍和扩大，而不是缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距，所以这是一种自相矛盾的事……”。确定C选项‘能达到其最初的目的’正确。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘本文作者认为第一代学生如何？’根据第四段第一句“...first-generationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotinpotentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthatfacemostcollegestudents.第一代大学生缺少的不是潜力，而是在处理大多数大学生面对的问题时的实际的常识。”确定D选项“在大学里没有处理问题的经验”正确。

3.推理判断题。题目提问‘最后一段中可以推断什么？’根据最后一段最后一句“BecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudents’educationalexperience,manyfirst-generationstudentslackinsightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudentslikethemcanimprove.因为美国的学院和大学很少承认社会阶层是如何影响学生的教育经历的，所以许多第一代学生缺乏对他们为什么会挣扎的洞察力，也不知道像他们这样的学生如何才能进步。”可以推知D选项“学校应该为目前的问题承担部分责任”正确。

8.单选题

Onescientificdiscipline,duringitsearlystagesofdevelopment,isoftenrelatedtoanotherasanantithesistoitsthesis.Thethesisdisciplinetendtoconcernitselfwithdiscoveryandclassificationofphenomena,toofferholisticexplanationsemphasizingpatternandform,andtouseexistingtheorytoexplainthewidestpossiblerangeofphenomena.Thepairedorantidiscipline,ontheotherhand,canbecharacterizedbyamorefocusedapproach,concentratingontheunitsofconstruction,andbyabeliefthatthedisciplinecanbereformulatedintermsoftheissuesandexplanationsoftheantidiscipline.

Therelationshipofcytology(cellbiology)tobiochemistryinthelatenineteenthcentury,whenbothdisciplinesweregrowingatarapidpace,exemplifiessuchapattern.Researchersincellbiologyfoundmountingevidenceofanintricatecellarchitecture.Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.Also,theystoodapartfromthedebatethenragingoverwhetherprotoplasm,thecomplexoflivingmaterialwithinacell,ishomogeneous,networklike,granular,orfoamlike.Theirinterestlayinthecore“fundamental”issuesofthechemicalnatureofprotoplasm,especiallythenewlyformulatedenzymetheoryoflife.

Ingeneral,biochemistsjudgedcytologiststobetooignorantofchemistrytograspthebasicprocesses,whereascytologistsconsideredthemethodsofbiochemistsinadequatetocharacterizethestructuresofthelivingcell.TherenewalofMendeliangeneticsand,later,progressinchromosomemappingdidlittleatfirsttoeffectasynthesis.

Bothsideswereessentiallycorrect.Biochemistryhasmorethanjustifieditsextravagantearlyclaimsbyexplainingsomuchofthecellularmachinery.Butinachievingthisfeat(mostlysince1950)ithasbeenpartiallytransformedintothehewdisciplineofmolecularbiology—biochemistiythatdealswithspatialarrangementsandmovementsoflargemolecules.Atthesametimecytologyhasmetamorphosedintomodemcellularbiology.Aidedbyelectronmicroscopy,ithasbecomemoresimilarinlanguageandoutlooktomolecularbiology.Theinteractionofadisciplineanditsantidisciplinehasmovedbothsciencestowardasynthesis,namelymoleculargenetics.

Thisinteractionbetweenpaireddisciplinescanhaveimportantresults.Inthecaseoflatenineteenth-centurycellresearch,progresswasfueledbycompetitionamongthevariousattitudesandissuesderivedfromcellbiologyandbiochemistiyJosephFuton,abiochemist,hassuggestedthatsuchcompetitionandtheresultingtensionsamongresearchersareaprincipalsourceofvitalityand“arelikelytoleadtounexpectedandexcitingnoveltiesinthefuture,astheyhaveinthepast.”

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

2.Thepassagestatesthatinthelatenineteenthcenturycytologistsdeducedthe（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,cytologistsinthelatenineteenthcenturywerecriticalofthecellresearchofbiochemistsbecausecytologistsbelievedthat（

）.

4.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthematerialpresentedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Antitheticalscientificdisciplinescanbothstimulateandhinderoneanother’sresearchincomplexways.

B.Antitheticalscientificdisciplinesofteninteractwithoneanotherinwaysthatcanbehighlyuseful.

C.Asdisciplinessuchascytologyandbiochemistryadvance,theirinteractionnecessarilyleadstoasynthesisoftheirapproaches.

D.Cellresearchinthelatenineteenthcenturywasplaguedbydisagreementsbetweencytologistsandbiochemists.

问题2选项

A.mapsofchromosomes

B.sequenceofthemovementofchromosomesduringcelldivision

C.spatialrelationshipofmoleculeswithinthecell

D.roleofenzymesinbiologicalprocesses

问题3选项

A.themethodsofbiochemistrycouldnotadequatelydiscoverandexplainthestructuresoflivingcells

B.themethodsofbiochemistrywereinadequatetoaccountforallofthechemicalreactionsthatoccurredincytologicalpreparations

C.biochemistswerenotinterestedinthenatureofprotoplasm

D.biochemistsweretooignorantofcytologytounderstandthebasicprocessesofthecell

问题4选项

A.Anaccountofaprocessisgiven,andthenthereasonforitsoccurrenceisstated.

B.Asetofexamplesisprovidedandthenaconclusionisdrawnfromthem.

C.Ageneralpropositionisstated,andthenanexampleisgiven.

D.Astatementofprinciplesismade,andthenarationaleforthemisdebated.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文首段先提出对立的思维和论文对学科的发展很重要，接着以细胞和生物化的关系对生物学发展的影响为论据进行论述，最后得出结论说明竞争观点的共同研究对学科发展的重要性，所以B选项‘对立的科学学科经常以非常有用的方式相互作用’正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文“Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。”分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知B选项‘染色体在细胞分裂过程中运动的序列’正确。同时可知15题答案为A。

3.细节事实题。根据原文：'Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmight