2022年考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号17

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

感激是对于每一件善举，无论其大小，表示优雅地接受并欣赏的艺术。我们中

的大多数人受到款待，接收礼物和获得明显的好处的时候都不会忘记表达自己的愉悦之情。但即使在此情景下我们都需注意并能够以完善的方式表达之，使其尽可能地显得个性化和体现自己的诚意。感激的艺术首先应该体现在对待小事情上充分体现出来：公共汽车售票员、医院的护士、饭店的女招待还有校园的保洁员—所有这些人都在以不同

的方式为我们服务。通过表示感谢我们可以使日常平淡的关系显得更有人情味，让一些单调的任务变得令人愉快。我们所给予的感激永远不会过多，因为我们身边的人都会以我们的微笑构成他们的人生追求和工作的动力。

【答案】Gratitudeistheartofgraciouslyacceptingandappreciatingeveryactofkindness,nomatterhowsmall.Mostofusdonotfailtoshowourpleasurewhenwereceivehospitality,giftsandobviousbenefits,buteveninthiscase,wehavetomindandbecompetenttoperfectourmannerofshowinggratitudebymakingitaspersonalandsincereaspossible.Itis,aboveall,inthelittlethingsthatthegraceofgratitudeshouldbemostemployed.Thebusconductor,thenurseinthehospital,thewaitressatarestaurant,thecleanerinthecampus—allobligeusinonewayoranother.Byshowingourgratitudewemakeroutinerelationshipshumanandrendermonotonoustasksmoreagreeable.Gratitudeissomethingofwhichnoneofuscangivetoomuch.Forpeoplearoundusbuilduptheirpursuitoflifeandmotivationofworkonthesmileswegive.

2.单选题

Paleontologists’assumptionsabouttheequablenatureoftheclimateontheprimevalislandofPangaeaare（

）computersimulationsindicatingthattheisland’stemperaturestendedtofluctuateduringthecourseofayear.

问题1选项

A.underminedby

B.bolsteredby

C.bolsteredby

D.challengedby

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。underminedby被推翻。bolster支持，支撑。confirm确认，确定。challenge挑战。句意：古生物学家认定泛大陆早期岛屿的气候是恒定的，而计算机模拟表明岛上的温度整年都处于变化中。这结果推翻了之前的认定。根据句意可知A项符合题意。

3.翻译题

ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

宇宙间繁星密布，人们以为这之中有一些如我们的太阳一样为行星环绕，而在这些行星上可能存在有智能的生物，或许他们比我们更先进。所以有可能在百万年左右某些生物乘坐自己的飞船穿越太空时，会发现我们的某艘“旅行者(Voyager)”号飞船。星球之间的距离十分遥远，这样的一次相聚可能性极小，但这并不是完全不可能的。科学家希望有机会和我们遥远的邻居传递信息，让他们知道我们这个蓝色的星球曾经是相当聪明的、多少有点文明的人类的家园。

【答案】Amongthestarswhichdottheuniverse,peoplethinkthattherearesomestarsencircledbyplanetslikeoursunandintelligentcreaturesmayliveontheseplanets,maybetheyaremoreadvancedthanus.Soitispossiblethatwhensomecreaturestaketheirownspacecraftthroughspaceaboutonemillionyearslater,theywillfindoneofour“Voyager”spacecraft.Thedistancebetweenplanetsissofarawaythatthechanceofsuchameetingisverysmall,butthisisnotentirelyimpossible.Scientistshopetohavetheopportunitytopassinformationtoourdistantneighbors,lettingthemknowourblueplanetusedtobethehomelandofhumanbeingwhoisveryintelligentandsomewhatcivilized.

4.单选题

WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,theexplosionofaspiralnebulaorthedistributionofcosmicdust,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-rays,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.

Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly―thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoabout7percentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasicresearch.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience,tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrunratherthantoimproveit.”

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit

（

）.

3.Thefederalgovernment

（

）.

4.Lessdevelopedcountries（

）.

问题1选项

A.Roentgen'sIgnoranceofX-rays

B.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch

C.TheImportanceofBasicResearch

D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch

问题2选项

A.providesbetterunderstanding

B.isfrowneduponbytheFoundation

C.offersimmediateprofit

D.solvespracticalproblems

问题3选项

A.devotesmorethan90%ofitsresearchanddevelopmentfundstoappliedresearch

B.spendsfarmoreonappliedresearchthanmilitaryproblems

C.opposestheFoundation’sgrantstobasicsearch

D.isnotconcernedaboutthenatureofthesearchbeingdonebythescientistsitemploys

问题4选项

A.devotealargeportionoftheirbudgettoappliedresearch

B.realizethatprogressdependsonbasicresearch

C.encouragetheircareerscientiststoexperiment

D.devotelessthan7%oftheirscientificbudgettobasicresearch

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。由文章首句WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?为什么基金会把它的支持集中在基础研究而不是应用研究?以及第二段Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.为解决具体的实际问题而进行的应用研究具有直接的吸引力，因为其结果是可以看到和享受的。可知本文主要讲基础研究和应用研究的对比。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到第二段中“Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly...撇开工业研究的经费不谈——工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速增加利润······可知C项正确。

3.判断推理题。由第二段中“...thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearch

currentlyamounttoabout7percentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentfunds.目前美国政府分配基础研究基金金额约7%的整体研发基金。”可知基础研究的投资额才7%，其他都用于应用研究。故A项正确。

4.判断推理题。由题干中的Lessdevelopedcountries定位到第二段中的Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly―thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoabout7percentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentfunds.“由于现实原因，任何国家在应用研究上的投入总是远远超过在基础研究上的投入，而在欠发达国家，这一比例更加不平等。撇开工业上的研究经费不谈，工业上的研究经费自然更关心应用方面的问题，因为这能迅速增加利润。美国政府目前拨给基础研究的经费大约占其全部研究和发展经费的7%。”可知美国在基础应用上的投资尚且才7%，再由欠发达国家比例更不平衡可知欠发达国家在基础应用上的投资更少。故D项正确。

5.单选题

Theteacher’spridewasdistraughtwhenhediscoveredthathalfhisclasshad（

）theexam.

问题1选项

A.reassessed

B.disdained

C.flunked

D.redeemed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。reassessed对······再评价；disdained鄙视，蔑视；flunked放弃，失败；redeemed赎回，恢复。句意：当老师发现他班上有一半的学生放弃了考试的时候，他的自尊心受到严重打击。由前后语义可知空格处所填单词为贬义词，与考试搭配的最合适的选项是C项。

6.单选题

Ourbiologicaluniquenessrequiresthattheeffectsofasubstancemustbeverifiedby（

）experiments,evenafterthousandsoftestsoftheeffectsofthatsubstanceonanimals.

问题1选项

A.evolutionary

B.human

C.random

D.replicated

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。evolutionary进化的，发展的；human人类的；random任意的，胡乱的；replicated重复的。句意：我们生物的唯一性要求一种物质的效用必须被人类实验所证明，甚至是在经过对该物质在动物身上千万次的试验以后。根据句意可知B项符合题意。

7.单选题

SigmundFreudlivedmostofhislifeinVienna,Austria.HewastrainedinmedicineandestablishedtheInternationalPsychoanalyticAssociationin1910.Thisexcerptisfromatranslationofa1923work,TheEgoandtheId.

Therearecertainpeoplewhobehaveinaquitepeculiarfashionduringtheworkofanalysis.Whenonespeakshopefullytothemorexpressessatisfactionwiththeprogressofthetreatment,theyshowsignsofdiscontentandtheirconditioninvariablybecomesworse.Onebeginsbyregardingthisasdefianceandasanattempttoprovetheirsuperioritytothephysician,butlateronecomestotakeadeeperandjusterview.Onebecomesconvinced,notonlythatsuchpeoplecannotendureanypraiseorappreciation,butthattheyreactinverselytotheprogressofthetreatment.Everypartialsolutionthatoughttoresult;andinotherpeopledoesresult,inanimprovementoratemporarysuspensionofsymptomsproducesinthemfortheexacerbationoftheirillness;theygetworseduringthetreatmentinsteadofgettingbetter.Theexhibitwhatisknownasa“negativetherapeuticreaction.”

Thereisnodoubtthatthereissomethinginthesepeoplethatsetsitselfagainsttheirrecovery,anditsapproachisdreadedasthoughitwereadanger.Weareaccustomedtosaythattheneedforillnesshasgottheupperhandinthemoverthedesireforrecovery.Ifweanalyzethisresistanceintheusualway—then,evenafterallowancehasbeenmadeforanattitudeofdefiancetowardsthephysicianandforfixationtothevariousformsofgainfromillness,thegreaterpartofitisstillleftover;andthisrevealsitselfasthemostpowerfulofallobstaclestorecovery,morepowerfulthanthefamiliaronesofnarcissisticinaccessibility,anegativeattitudetowardsthephysicianandclingingtothegainfromillness.

Intheend,wecometoseethatwearedealingwithwhatmaybecalleda“moral”factor,asenseofguiltwhichisfindingsatisfactionintheillnessandrefusestogiveupthepunishmentofsuffering.Weshallberightinregardingthisdishearteningexplanationasfinal.Butasfarasthepatientisconcernedthissenseofguiltisdumb;itdoesnottellhimheisguilty;hedoesnotfeelguilty,hefeelsill.Thissenseofguiltexpressesitselfonlyasaresistancetorecoverywhichisextremelydifficulttoovercome.Itisalsoparticulardifficulttoconvincethepatientthatthismotiveliesbehindhiscontinuingtobeill,heholdsfasttothemoreobviousexplanationthattreatmentbyanalysisisnottherightremedyforhiscase.

1.Agoodtitleforthispassagemightbe（

）.

2.FromthepassagewecanlearnthatFreudmeansthatthesepatients

（

）.

3.Freud’sstudyofthissyndromeleadshimtothinkthat

（

）.

4.DoesFreudfeelthatanalysisisnotrightforthepatientshedescribes?

问题1选项

A.AnInverseReactiontoProgress

B.TheNeedforAnalysis

C.GuiltandSuffering

D.IntroductiontoFreud’sIdeas

问题2选项

A.actcontrarytoaphysician’sexpectations

B.getworsewhentheyshouldgetbetter

C.getbetterwhentheyshouldgetworse

D.bothAandB

问题3选项

A.mostpatientsrespondbadlytopraise

B.patientsneedtotrusttheirphysicians

C.patients’guiltmaykeepthemfromgettingwell

D.thepatients’personalemotionsneedtobeanalyzed

问题4选项

A.Yes,hefeelstheyareinlovewiththeirillness.

B.Yes,hefeelsthattheyaretooilltorecover.

C.Yes,hesensesthattheyneedanotherremedy.

D.No,butthepatientsoftenfeelthatway.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段中Thisexcerptisfromatranslationofa1923work,TheEgoandtheId.“本文节选自1923年的作品《自我与本我》。”与第二段Therearecertainpeoplewhobehaveinaquitepeculiarfashionduringtheworkofanalysis.Whenonespeakshopefullytothemorexpressessatisfactionwiththeprogressofthetreatment,theyshowsignsofdiscontentandtheirconditioninvariablybecomesworse.“在分析工作中，有些人的行为举止相当奇特。当人们满怀希望地与他们交谈，或对治疗的进展表示满意时，他们就会表现出不满的迹象，病情总是会恶化。”可推知D项“对弗洛伊德观点的介绍”正确。其他三项都是文中未提及的内容。

2.判断推理题。定位到第二段中的butthattheyreactinverselytotheprogressofthetreatment.“但是它们对治疗过程的反应是相反的。”和theygetworseduringthetreatmentinsteadofgettingbetter.“他们在治疗过程中病情恶化，而不是好转”。可知A项与B项正确，故答案为D。

3.判断推理题。由最后一段中Weshallberightinregardingthisdishearteningexplanationasfinal.我们将正确地把这个令人沮丧的解释作为最后的解释”。和“Thissenseofguiltexpressesitselfonlyasaresistancetorecoverywhichisextremelydifficulttoovercome.这种内疚感只表现为对恢复的抗拒，而恢复是极其难以克服的”。可知C项正确。

4.细节事实题由最后一段中Itisalsoparticulardifficulttoconvincethepatientthatthismotiveliesbehindhiscontinuingtobeill,heholdsfasttothemoreobviousexplanationthattreatmentbyanalysisisnottherightremedyforhiscase.要让病人相信他继续患病的动机是非常困难的，他坚持更明显的解释，即通过分析治疗并不是对他的病例的正确治疗”。可知D项正确。

8.单选题

Onecan’tbeapersonwithuprightfacialfeaturesiffilledwithenvyinhisheart,ifdishonest,or（

）saying.

问题1选项

A.skimpy

B.abstruse

C.iniquitous

D.mendacious

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。skimpy“不足的；吝啬的”；abstruse“深奥的；难懂的”；iniquitous“邪恶的；不公正的”；mendacious“虚假的；说谎的”。句意：一个人心中如果充满嫉妒、不诚实或虚假的言语，那么其不可能有正直的面容。由句中的or可知，空格处所填的词与dishonest意思接近，故答案为D。

9.单选题

Therearesomepeoplewhowilluseanykindofargument,nomatterhowillogical,solongastheycan（

）anopponent.

问题1选项

A.rebuttal

B.disputewith

C.scoreoff

D.scornwith

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组及名词词义辨析。rebuttal“反驳；反证”；disputewith“与······争论”；scoreoff“驳倒；挫败”；“scornwith轻蔑；嘲笑”。句意：只要能驳倒对手，有些人将会使用任何一种论点，不管该论点是多么不合逻辑的。只有C项符合题意。

10.单选题

Theschemeshouldbeinoperationbytheendoftheyear,andcompanieswillbedisciplined,evendisconnected,ifthey（

）phoninganyconsumerswhosenamesappearontheregister.

问题1选项

A.stayon

B.waitup

C.indulgein

D.persistin

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项stayon“继续停留”；B选项waitup“不睡而等候”；C选项indulgein“沉湎于”；D选项persistin“坚持；固执于”。句意：该计划将在今年年底前开始实施，如果企业······给登记在案的消费者打电话，它们将受到处罚，甚至被切断网络连接。“企业给消费者打电话”这一行为要受到惩罚的话，应是“执着于打电话”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

11.单选题

Whengivinganygeneraloverviewofthedevelopmentanduseofmachinetranslationsystemsandtranslationtools,itisimportanttodistinguishfourbasictypesoftranslationdemands.

Thefirst,andtraditionaltypeofdemandisfortranslationsofaqualitynormallyexpectedfromhumans,i.e.，translationsofpublishablequality.ThisillustratestheuseofMTfordissemination.Ithasbeensatisfied,tosomeextent,bymachinetranslationsystemseversincetheywerefirstdevelopedinthe1960s.However,MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or“controlled”invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.SomeMTsystemshave,however,beendevelopedtodealwithaverynarrowrangeoftextcontentandlanguagestyle,andthesemayrequirelittleornopreparationorrevisionoftexts.

Thesecondbasicdemandisfortranslationsatasomewhatlowerlevelofquality,whichareintendedforuserswhowanttofindouttheessentialcontentofaparticulardocument—andgenerally,asquicklyaspossible.Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.SinceMTsystemsdidnot(andstillcannot)producehighqualitytranslations,someusershavefoundthattheycanextractwhattheyneedtoknowfromtheuneditedoutput.Theywouldratherhavesometranslation,howeverpoor,thannotranslationatall.WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.

Thethirdtypeofdemand—MTforinterchange—comesfromtheneedforimmediatetranslationinordertoconveythebasiccontentofmessages.MTsystemsarefindinga“natural”role,sincetheycanoperatevirtuallyorinfactinreal-timeandon-lineandtherehasbeenlittleobjectiontotheinevitablepoorquality,andareusefulinproducingspokenlanguagetranslations,e.g.fortelephoneconversationsandbusinessnegotiations.Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.

Thefourthareaofapplicationisfortranslationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,informationextraction,databaseaccess,etc.ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatinrenderingpublishabletranslationsofliteraryworks,（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,usersofMTforassimilation

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthatwiththeprogressivesophisticationsystems,

（

）.

4.Translationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,etc,isnowthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropebecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.MTsystems’performanceissatisfactorytoasubstantialdegree

B.littlecouldbedonebyMTsystemsdevelopedsofar

C.MTsystemscandomuchbetterthanhumantranslators

D.considerablerevisiononMTproducedtextsisneeded

问题2选项

A.aregrowingfastinnumber

B.complainalotaboutitspoorquality

C.cangetlittlefromtheuneditedoutput

D.wouldratherhavenotranslationatall

问题3选项

A.onecancommunicateonthetelephonewithanotherwhospeaksadifferentlanguage

B.interpreterswillnolongerbeusefulininternationalnegotiationsorconferences

C.itwillbeonlynaturalthatpeoplewillfindlittleneedtolearnaforeignlanguage

D.peoplewillfindnocausetocomplainaboutthequalityoftextsturnedoutbyMTsystem

问题4选项

A.Europeanshavelittledifficultyinoralcommunication

B.therearemorelanguagesspokeninEuropethaninanyotherregionsoftheworld

C.thereisneedforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontoaccessdataindifferentlanguages

D.thereislessdifficultyindevelopingMTsystemshandlinglanguagessimilartoeachother

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。由第二段中“However，MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.”“然而，MT系统生成输出总是必须修正或“后编”，翻译人员是否达到质量要求。有时这种修订可能是实质性的，因此MT系统实际上正在产生一个“草稿”“翻译”可知D项正确。A项“MT系统的性能在很大程度上是令人满意的”；B项“到目前为止，MT系统所能做的很少”；C项“MT系统可以比人工翻译做得更好”；D项“需要对MT产生的文本进行大量修订”

2.判断推理题。A项“数量迅速增长”；B项“抱怨质量太差”；C项“从未编辑的输出中可以得到很少的东西”；D项“宁愿不要翻译”。由题干定位到第三段中“WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.”“随着市场上更便宜的基于pc的系统的出现，这种类型的应用已经迅速而显著地增长。”可知A项正确。

3.判断推理题。定位到第四段中“Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—tilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.语音识别与自动翻译相结合的问题显然难以解决，但仍在不断取得进展。在未来—仍然遥远，或许，我们可以期待在高度受限的领域中实现语音翻译的在线MT系统。”可知A项正确。

4.判断推理题。由最后一段中“ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.这一领域是欧洲目前许多项目中的重点，目的是访问所有欧盟成员国的数据和信息来源的源语言。”可知C项正确。

12.单选题

However,thevillagersdidnot（

）themthebestoutofthingstoentertainusinthemostsinceresmiletogreetthearrivalofus.

问题1选项

A.jealous

B.stingy

C.reluctant

D.begrudge

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词形容词辨析。jealous妒忌的；stingy吝啬的；reluctant不情愿的，勉强的；begrudge羡慕，吝惜。句意：然而，村民却毫不吝惜地拿出他们最好的东西来招待我们，以最真诚的笑容迎接我们的到来。根据句意可知D项符合题意。

13.单选题

Blusterywindsknockedoffhatsandrattledwindows,andtheadventurousboyswere（

）.

问题1选项

A.terrified

B.delighted

C.exclamatory

D.deceitful

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。terrified恐惧的；delighted高兴的，快乐的；exclamatory叫喊的；deceitful骗人的。句意：狂风吹落了帽子，震得窗户格格作响，那些大胆的孩子们觉得好玩。由theadventurousboys“喜欢冒险的孩子”可知这些孩子喜欢这样的场景，他们很开心。

14.单选题

Thepurchaseofahouseandacarhasbecomethe（

）ofthenewgenerationofwhite-collarworkers,alongwithholidaysoverseas.

问题1选项

A.aspiration

B.inspiration

C.attraction

D.tenacity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项aspiration“渴望；抱负”；B选项inspiration“灵感；鼓舞”；C选项attraction“吸引力；引力”；D选项tenacity“韧性；固执”。句意：买房买车已经成为新一代白领的······，当然还有去国外度假。句中的“买房买车”、“去国外度假”符合“渴望”的内容。因此A选项正确。

15.单选题

Whereashistoriansoncemaintainedthatscienceis（

）otherenterprises,theyhavecometorealizethatscienceisactuallyintertwinedwiththevalues,socialassumptions,andintellectualtraditionsofaparticularhistoricalperiod.

问题1选项

A.dependenton

B.tantamountto

C.ancillaryto

D.distinctfrom

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。dependenton依赖于；ancillaryto从属的，附属的。tantamountto等的，相当于。distinctfrom与······不同。句意：历史学家曾经坚持科学是不同于其他事业的，然而，他们开始认识到科学是和价值观、社会假设，以及一个特定历史时期的智慧传统联系在一起的。由后文中的isactuallyintertwinedwith可知空格处与这个意思相反，故答案D。

16.单选题

BillClintonprojectedan（

）personalityinthe1992campaign,butthatwasnothisonlyadvantageoverBushandanindependentcandidate,RossPerot.

问题1选项

A.informal

B.exaggerative

C.affluent

D.effervescent

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。informal“非正式的”；exaggerative“夸张的”；affluent“富裕的；流畅的”；effervescent“活跃的”。句意：比尔•克林顿（美国前总统）在1992年的竞选中表现出活跃的个性，但这不是他相对于布什和独立候选人罗斯•佩罗的唯一优势。只有D项可以形容personality。

17.单选题

ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeen,untilrecently,inthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimes,sculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmen,partly,perhaps,forpurelyphysicalreasons;itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstone,carvingwood,orworkinginmetal.Ithasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartists,andithasbeenintheUnitedStates,especiallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixties,thatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates;whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940,itwasonlyafter1945——whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld——thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen.

ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelson,whointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.Onefamousandinfluentialcritic,HiltonKramer,saidofherwork.“Formyself,IthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail.”

HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicasso,theSurrealisticobjectsofMiro,andtheMerzbauofSchwitters.Nevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyallofthese,aswellasbyAfricansculpture,andbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianart,butshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays,“Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhere,exceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind.”

Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikepackingcrates,brokenpiecesoffurniture,andabandonedarchitecturalornaments,allofwhichshehashoardedforyears,sheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketches,shegluesandnailsobjectstogether,paintsthemblack,ormorerarelywhiteorgold,andplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblages,walls,evenentireenvironmentscreateamysterious,almostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworks,theirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitles,suchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedral,suggestsuchconnotations.Insomeways,hermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpture,blitthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory.

1.Thepassagefocusesprimarilyonwhichofthefollowing?

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyinformationgiveninthepassage?

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieveswhichofthefollowingaboutNevelson’ssculptures?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutNevelson’ssculpturescanbeinferredfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Ageneraltendencyintwentieth-centuryart

B.Theworkofaparticularartist

C.Theartisticinfluencesonwomensculptors

D.Criticalresponsestotwentieth-centurysculpture

问题2选项

A.Priorto1945therewaslittlemajorsculptureproducedbymenorwomensculptorsworkingintheUnitedStates.

B.Since1950sculptureproducedintheUnitedStateshasbeenthemostoriginalandcreativesculptureproducedanywhere.

C.From1900to1950womensculptorsinEuropeenjoyedmorerecognitionfortheirworkthandidwomensculptorsintheUnitedStates.

D.Priorto1945thereweremanywomensculptorswhoseworkwasignoredbycritics.

问题3选项

A.Theyshowtheinfluenceoftwentieth-centuryarchitecture.

B.Theydonothavequalitiescharacteristicofsculpture

C.Theyaremysteriousandawe-inspiring,butnotbeautiful.

D.Theysuggestreligiousandsymbolicmeanings.

问题4选项

A.Theyaremeantfordisplayoutdoors.

B.Theyareoftenpaintedinseveralcolors.

C.Theyaresometimesverylarge.

D.Theyarebuiltaroundacentralwoodenobject.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段中第一句“ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeen,untilrecently,inthefieldofsculpture.”提出“路易丝•奈维尔森(LouiseNevelson)被许多评论家认为是20世纪最伟大的女雕刻家”及随后段落讲述“路易丝•奈维尔森的艺术作品特点，评论家对她的评论等”可知本文主要讲一个特殊的艺术家的作品。B项符合题意。A项“二十世纪艺术的普遍趋势”；C项“对女性雕塑家的艺术影响”；D项“对二十世纪雕塑的批判回应”。

2.细节事实题。定位第一段中“...whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsinthe

UnitedStatesbeforethe1940,itwasonlyafter1945——when