2022年考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号47

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Inmostcasespoliticiansare______astheyseldomtellthetruth.

问题1选项

A.credible

B.credulous

C.incredulous

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项credible“可靠的，可信的”，B项credulous“轻信的，因轻信而产生的”，C项incredulous“不肯相信的，表示怀疑的”，D项incredible“不可能相信的，很难相信的”。由主语politicians（政客）和关键信息astheyseldomtellthetruth（因为他们很少讲真话）可知，politiciansare______表示的是“政客都是不能相信的”，D项符合。句意：在大多数情况下，政客们都是难以令人相信的，因为他们很少讲真话。因此，该题选择D项。

2.单选题

Whatthesepeoplewantisa______existence—morefood,bettershelterandpeace.

问题1选项

A.rational

B.ambivalent

C.reluctant

D.tolerable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项rational“合理的，理性的”，B项ambivalent“矛盾的，好恶相克的”，C项reluctant“不情愿的，勉强的”，D项tolerable“可容忍的，容忍的”。由morefood,bettershelterandpeace（更多的食物，更好的住所和和平）可知，空格处是要填入一个褒义词，B、C项排除；D项不符合语境，只有A项正确。句意：这些人想要的是一种理性的生活：更多的食物，更好的住所和和平。因此，该题选择A项。

3.单选题

Idisagreewiththeabhorrentwayyouuseotherpeople.

问题1选项

A.loathsome

B.wholesome

C.disgusted

D.ghastly

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项loathsome“令人厌恶的，讨厌的”，B项wholesome“健全的，有益健康的”，C项disgusted“憎恶的，反感的”，D项ghastly“可怕的，惨白的”。句意：我不同意你可恶地利用别人。根据句意可知，abhorrent在句中表示“可恶的”。因此，该题选择A项。

4.单选题

TheIndianswereforcedtobuildtheirhutsalongthe______wind-sweptmountainside.

问题1选项

A.desperate

B.fertile

C.desolate

D.feeble

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项desperate“不顾一切的，令人绝望的”，B项fertile“富饶的，肥沃的”，C项desolate“荒凉的，无人烟的”，D项feeble“微弱的，无力的”。由beforcedto（被迫）可知，空格处要填入一个贬义的词语，B项排除；空格处修饰的词语是mountainside（山坡），A项修饰人，所以排除；D项修饰“山坡”并不符合语境，所以C项正确。句意：印第安人被迫沿着荒凉的向风山坡建造棚屋。因此，该题选择C项。

5.单选题

Althoughthenumberofreportedvolcaniceruptionshasrisenexponentiallysince1850,thisindicatesnotincreasingvolcanicactivitybutrathermorewidespreadand______recordkeeping.

问题1选项

A.systematic

B.erratic

C.superficial

D.abating

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项systematic“系统的，体系的”，B项erratic“不稳定的，古怪的”，C项superficial“表面的，肤浅的”，D项abating是abate的现在分词，表示“使减少，使缓和”。空格处需要填入一个和widespread并列的形容词，D项可排除；根据recordkeeping（记录保存），结合其他三个选项的意思可知，只有A项是符合语境的。句意：虽然自1850年以来，报告的火山爆发次数呈指数级增长，但这并不表示是火山活动的增加，而是更广泛和更系统的记录保存。因此，该题选择A项。

6.单选题

Farmersstreamedtothewest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.

问题1选项

A.predictable

B.impressive

C.famous

D.gradual

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项predictable“可预言的”，B项impressive“给人以深刻印象的”，C项famous“著名的，极好的”，D项gradual“逐渐的，平缓的”。句意：农民们涌向西部，以惊人的速度填满了边境土地。stunning在句中表示“惊人的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项。

7.单选题

Janet_____hersisterforeavesdroppingonherphonecalls.“Stayoutofmylovelife,”shechided.

问题1选项

A.upbraided

B.begrudged

C.underlined

D.grilled

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项“责骂”，B项“嫉妒”，C项“强调”，D项“盘问；审问”。结合句意：Janet姐姐偷听她的电话。“别插手我的爱情生活，”她斥责道。所以选A项。

8.单选题

Theactivists’energeticworkintheserviceofbothwomansuffrageandthetemperancemovementinthelatenineteenthcentury______theassertionthatthetwomovementswereinimical.

问题1选项

A.diffuses

B.undermines

C.supports

D.underscores

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项diffuse“扩散，传播”，B项undermine“逐渐削弱（信心、权威等），渐渐破坏”，C项support“支持，帮助，支撑”，D项underscore“强调，划线于……下”。根据句子可知，句子缺少一个谓语动词，由Theactivists’energeticworkintheserviceofbothwomansuffrageandthetemperancemovement（积极分子为妇女选举权和禁酒运动所做的积极工作）和theassertionthatthetwomovementswereinimical（这两个运动是敌对的断言）可判断，这两者的关系是“削弱”，B项符合。句意：19世纪晚期，积极分子为妇女选举权和禁酒运动所做的积极工作削弱了这两个运动是敌对的论断。因此，该题选择B项。

9.单选题

Theshiftfromsilenttosoundfilmattheendofthe1920smarks,sofar,themostimportanttransformationinmotionpicturehistory.Despiteallthehighlyvisibletechnologicaldevelopmentsintheatricalandhomedeliveryofthemovingimagethathaveoccurredoverthedecadessincethen,nosingleinnovationhascomeclosetobeingregardedasasimilarkindofwatershed.Innearlyeverylanguage,howeverthewordsarephrased,themostbasicdivisionincinemahistoryliesbetweenfilmsthataremuteandfilmsthatspeak.

Yetthismostfundamentalstandardofhistoricalperiodizationconcealsahostofparadoxes.Nearlyeverymovietheater,howevermodest,hadapianoororgantoprovidemusicalaccompanimenttosilentpictures.Inmanyinstances,spectatorsintheerabeforerecordedsoundexperiencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies’visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InBerlin,forthepremiereperformanceoutsidetheSovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdirectorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustriancomposerEdmundMeisel(1874-1930)onamusicalscorematchingsoundtoimage;theBerlinscreeningswithlivemusichelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.

Beyondthat,thetriumphofrecordedsoundhasovershadowedtherichdiversityoftechnologicalandaestheticexperimentswiththevisualimagethatweregoingforwardsimultaneouslyinthe1920s.Newcolorprocesses,largerordifferentlyshapedscreensizes,multiple-screenprojections,eventelevision,wereamongthedevelopmentsinventedortriedoutduringtheperiod,sometimeswithstartlingsuccess.Thehighcostsofconvertingtosoundandtheearlylimitationsofsoundtechnologywereamongthefactorsthatsuppressedinnovationsorretardedadvancementintheseotherareas.Theintroductionofnewscreenformatswasputoffforaquartercentury,andcolor,thoughutilizedoverthenexttwodecadesforspecialproductions,alsodidnotbecomeanormuntilthe1950s.

Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.Thesecriticsweremakingacommonassumption—thatthetechnologicalinadequaciesofearlierefforts(poorsynchronization,weaksoundamplification,fragilesoundrecordings)wouldinvariablyoccuragain.Tobesure,theirevaluationofthetechnicalflawsin1920ssoundexperimentswasnotsofaroffthemark,yettheyneglectedtotakeintoaccountimportantnewforcesinthemotionpicturefieldthat,inasense,wouldnottakenoforananswer.

Theseforcesweretherapidlyexpandingelectronicsandtelecommunicationscompaniesthatweredevelopingandlinkingtelephoneandwirelesstechnologiesinthe1920s.IntheUnitedStates,theyincludedsuchfirmsasAmericanTelephoneandTelegraph,GeneralElectric,andWestinghouse.Theywereinterestedinallformsofsoundtechnologyandallpotentialrevenuesforcommercialexploitation.TheircompetitionandcollaborationwerecreatingthebroadcastingindustryintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeintroductionofcommercialradioprogrammingintheearly1920s.Withfinancialassetsconsiderablygreaterthanthoseinthemotionpictureindustry,andperhapsawidervisionoftherelationshipsamongentertainmentandcommunicationsmedia,theyrevitalizedresearchintorecordingsoundformotionpictures.

In1929theUnitedStatesmotionpictureindustryreleasedmorethan300soundfilms—aroughfigure,sinceanumberweresilentfilmswithmusictracks,orfilmspreparedindualversions,totakeaccountofthemanycinemasnotyetwiredforsound.Attheproductionlevel,intheUnitedStatestheconversionwasvirtuallycompleteby1930.InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive,andinotherpartsoftheworldproblemswithrightsoraccesstoequipmentdelayedtheshifttosoundproductionforafewmoreyears(thoughcinemasinmajorcitiesmayhavebeenwiredinordertoplayforeignsoundfilms).Thetriumphofsoundcinemawasswift,complete,andenormouslypopular.

46.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisthemostsignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryoffilm?

47.Whydoestheauthormention“Japanesebenshi”and“originalmusicalcompositions”?

48.Theunderlinedword“overshadowed”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.

49.WhichofthefollowingaccountsforthedelayintheconversiontosoundfilmsinEurope?

问题1选项

A.Thetechnologicalinnovationofsoundfilmduringthe1920’s.

B.Theinventionofamethodfordeliveringmoviestopeople’shome.

C.Thedevelopmentofatechnologyfortranslatingfilmsintootherlanguages.

D.Thetechnologicalimprovementsallowingclearerimagesinfilms.

问题2选项

A.Tosuggestthataudiencespreferredotherformsofentertainmenttofilmbeforethetransitiontosoundinthe1920’s.

B.Toprovideexamplesofsomeofthefirstsoundsthatwererecordedforfilm.

C.Toindicatesomewaysinwhichsoundaccompaniedfilmbeforetheinnovationofsoundinthelate1920’s.

D.Toshowhowtheuseofsoundinfilmschangedduringdifferenthistoricalperiods.

问题3选项

A.distractedfrom

B.explained

C.conducted

D.coordinatedwith

问题4选项

A.Europeanproducersoftenlackedknowledgeaboutthenecessaryequipmentforthetransitiontosoundfilms.

B.SmallerEuropeanproducerswereoftenunabletoaffordtoaddsoundtotheirfilms.

C.Itwasoftendifficulttowireoldercinemasinthemajorcitiestoplaysoundfilms.

D.SmallerEuropeanproducersbelievedthatsilentfilmswithmusicaccompanimentwereaestheticallysuperiortosoundfilms.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】46.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据第一段，下面哪个是电影史上最重要的发展？”。根据第一段第一句Theshiftfromsilenttosoundfilmattheendofthe1920smarks,sofar,themostimportanttransformationinmotionpicturehistory.（20世纪20年代末，无声电影向有声电影的转变标志着电影史上迄今为止最重要的转变。）可知，电影史上最重要的发展是从无声电影到有声电影的转变，A项“20世纪20年代有声电影的技术革新”正确。由第二句话Despiteallthehighlyvisibletechnologicaldevelopmentsintheatricalandhomedeliveryofthemovingimagethathaveoccurredoverthedecadessincethen,nosingleinnovationhascomeclosetobeingregardedasasimilarkindofwatershed.（尽管从那以后的几十年里，在戏剧和家庭中移动影像的传输方面出现了所有高度可见的技术发展，但没有任何一项创新能够被视为类似的分水岭。）可知，B项“一种把电影送到人们家里的方法的发明”、C项“将电影翻译成其他语言的技术的发展”和D项“技术的改进使电影中的图像更加清晰”都不是。因此，该题选择A项正确。

47.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者提及‘日本配音师’和‘原创音乐作品’？”。根据题干关键词定位到文章第二段第三句Inmanyinstances,spectatorsintheerabeforerecordedsoundexperiencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies’visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.（在许多情况下，在有声电影出现之前的时代，观众在体验电影视觉图像的同时，也体验了精心制作的听觉呈现，从日本配音师，即叙述者，制作的多声音对话叙事到欧美交响乐团演奏的原创音乐作品。），从中我们可以推断，在有声电影出现之前，观众在观看无声电影时，也能够体验到精心制作的听觉呈现，包括对话叙事和原创音乐，这是说明声音陪伴电影的方式，C项“指出在20世纪20年代后期声音发明之前，声音陪伴电影的一些方式”符合题意，由此也可知A项“暗示在20世纪20年代向有声电影过渡之前，观众更喜欢其他形式的娱乐”错误。B项“提供一些为电影录制的最初声音的例子”，提供例子的目的本身就是为了说明有声电影之前，声音陪伴电影的一些方式，该项不正确；D项“展示电影中声音的使用在不同的历史时期是如何变化的”，第二段并没有论述历史时期的变化，D项错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。

48.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第三段中下划线的单词overshadowed的意思与……最接近”。根据题干定位到第三段第一句Beyondthat,thetriumphofrecordedsoundhasovershadowedtherichdiversityoftechnologicalandaestheticexperimentswiththevisualimagethatweregoingforwardsimultaneouslyinthe1920s.（除此之外，录制声音的胜利已经……20世纪20年代同时发展的视觉图像技术和美学实验的丰富多样性），第一段提到20世纪20年代发生了电影史上最大的转变，即从无声电影向有声电影转变，那么可以推测，这里的overshadowed指的是：录制声音的胜利已经盖过/超过了20世纪20年代同时发展的一些技术，那么四个选项中意思与之相近的是A项“转移，使从……分心”。B项“解释”、C项“引导，指挥”和D项“使协调，配合”都不符合。因此，该题选择A项正确。

49.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下列哪项解释了欧洲电影向有声电影转变的延迟？”。根据最后一段中的InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive（在欧洲花的时间要长一些，主要是因为有更多的小制作者，对他们来说声音成本高得令人望而却步）可知，欧洲电影向有声电影转变的推迟是因为声音成本太高，小的制片人负担不起，B项“较小的欧洲制片人往往无力为他们的电影添加声音”正确。A项“欧洲制片人往往缺乏向有声电影过渡所需设备的知识”和D项“较小的欧洲制片人认为有音乐伴奏的无声电影在美学上优于有声电影”没有提到；由andinotherpartsoftheworldproblemswithrightsoraccesstoequipmentdelayedtheshifttosoundproductionforafewmoreyears(thoughcinemasinmajorcitiesmayhavebeenwiredinordertoplayforeignsoundfilms)（在世界的其他地方，由于权利和设备的问题，声音制作的转变又推迟了几年，尽管大城市的电影院可能已经安装了设备以播放外国有声电影。）可知，C项“给大城市里的老电影院安装电线播放有声电影常常是困难的”并不符合原文。因此，该题选择B项正确。

10.单选题

Justasthereareoccupationsthatrequirecollegeorevenhigherdegrees,______occupationsforwhichtechnicaltrainingisnecessary.

问题1选项

A.sotoothereare

B.soalsothereare

C.sotherearetoo

D.sotooarethere

【答案】D

【解析】考查句型和倒装结构。本题考查的是“justas…so”句型和倒装结构，“justas…so”的意思为“正好和……一样”。so在本句中表达“也，同样”的含义，连接并列句。too如果在句子中提前，则要求后面的主谓形成部分倒装，所以A，C均不成立；so和also语义重复，因此B选项排除。因此D为正确答案。

11.单选题

TounderstandtheancientMayanpeoplewholivedintheareathatistodaysouthernMexicoandCentralAmericaandtheecologicaldifficultiestheyfaced,onemustfirstconsidertheirenvironment,whichwethinkofas“jungle”or“tropicalrainforest.”Thisviewisinaccurate,andthereasonprovestobeimportant.Properlyspeaking,tropicalrainforestsgrowinhigh-rainfallequatorialareasthatremainwetorhumidallyearround.ButtheMayahomelandliesmorethansixteenhundredkilometersfromtheequator,atlatitudes17to22degreesnorth,inahabitattermeda“seasonaltropicalforest.”Thatis,whiletheredoestendtobearainyseasonfromMaytoOctober,thereisalsoadryseasonfromJanuarythroughApril.Ifonefocusesonthewetmonths,onecallstheMayahomelanda“seasonaltropicalforest”;ifonefocusesonthedrymonths,onecouldinsteaddescribeitasa“seasonaldesert.”

FromnorthtosouthintheYucatanPeninsula,wheretheMayalived,rainfallrangesfrom18to100inches(457to2,540millimeters)peryear,andthesoilsbecomethicker,sothatthesouthernpeninsulawasagriculturallymoreproductiveandsupporteddenserpopulations.ButrainfallintheMayahomelandisunpredictablyvariablebetweenyears;somerecentyearshavehadthreeorfourtimesmorerainthanotheryears.Asaresult,modernfarmersattemptingtogrowcornintheancientMayahomelandshavefacedfrequentcropfailures,especiallyinthenorth.TheancientMayawerepresumablymoreexperiencedanddidbetter,butneverthelesstheytoomusthavefacedrisksofcropfailuresfromdroughtsandhurricanes.

AlthoughsouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthannorthernareas,problemsofwaterwereparadoxicallymoresevereinthewetsouth.WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodernarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.InthenorthernpeninsulatheelevationissufficientlylowthattheancientMayawereabletoreachthewatertableatdeepsinkholescalledcenotes,oratdeepcaves.Inlow-elevationnorthcoastalareaswithoutsinkholes,theMayawouldhavebeenabletogetdowntothewatertablebydiggingwellsupto75feet(22meters)deep.Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.

HowdidthosedensesouthernMayapopulationsdealwiththeresultingwaterproblem?Itinitiallysurprisesusthatmanyoftheircitieswerenotbuiltnexttotheriversbutinsteadonhighterraininrollinguplands.TheexplanationisthattheMayaexcavateddepressions,ormodifiednaturaldepressions,andthenpluggedupleaksinthekarstbyplasteringthebottomsofthedepressionsinordertocreatereservoirs,whichcollectedrainfromlargeplasteredcatchmentbasinsandstoreditforuseinthedryseason.Forexample,reservoirsattheMayacityofTikalheldenoughwatertomeetthedrinkingwaterneedsofabout10,000peopleforaperiodof18months.AtthecityofCobatheMayabuiltdikesaroundalakeinordertoraiseitslevelandmaketheirwatersupplymorereliable.ButtheinhabitantsofTikalandothercitiesdependentonreservoirsfordrinkingwaterwouldstillhavebeenindeeptroubleif18monthspassedwithoutraininaprolongeddrought.Ashorterdroughtinwhichtheyexhaustedtheirstoredfoodsuppliesmightalreadyhavegottenthemindeeptrouble,becausegrowingcropsrequiredrainratherthanreservoirs.

58.WhydoestheauthorcalltheMayanhomelandbotha“seasonaltropicalforest”and“seasonaldesert”?

59.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutancientandmodernagricultureintheYucatanPeninsulaissupportedbyparagraph2?

60.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheavailabilityofwaterintheMayanhomelandissupportedbyparagraph3?

61.Accordingtothepassage,whywasthesouthernMayanhomelandhardtofarm?

问题1选项

A.ToillustratehowtheclimateoftheMayanhomelandvariedfromregiontoregion.

B.ToexplainhowtheclimateoftheMayanhomelandissimilartothatofajungleortropicalrainforest.

C.ToemphasizethevastsizeoftheareathatcompromisedtheMayanhomelandinancienttimes.

D.TomakethepointthattheMayanhomelandisclimaticallymorecomplexthanisgenerallyassumed.

问题2选项

A.ModernagriculturalmethodshavesolvedmanyoftheancientproblemsoffarmingintheYucatanPeninsula.

B.AncientMayanfarmersmayhavebeensomewhatmoresuccessfulatfarmingintheYucatanPeninsulathanfarmersaretoday.

C.FarmingtodayiseasierthaninthepastbecauseenvironmentalchangesintheYucatanPeninsulahaveincreasedavailablerainfall.

D.TheYucatansoilsinwhichancientfarmersworkedwerericher,moreproductive,andthickerthantheyaretoday.

问题3选项

A.Theconstructionofwellswasanuncommonpracticeinboththenorthandthesouthbecauseitwastoodifficulttodigthroughthekarst.

B.Inmostareasinthenorthandthesouth,rainwaterwasabsorbeddirectlyintotheporouskarst.

C.ThewatertablewasanimportantresourceforagricultureinboththenorthandthesouthoftheYucatanPeninsula.

D.Thelackofsurfacewaterinboththenorthandthesouthwasprobablyduetothefactthatmostofitwasquicklyusedupforagriculturalpurposes.

问题4选项

A.Thepresenceofnumeroussinkholesandwellsinterferedwithfarming.

B.Southernsoillackedthedepthcropsneededforgrowth.

C.Undergroundwaterwastoofarbelowthesurfacetoreach.

D.Thepresenceofkarstcausedfrequentflooding.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】58.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者称玛雅家园为‘季节性热带雨林’和‘季节性的沙漠’？”。根据第一段中的Properlyspeaking,tropicalrainforestsgrowinhigh-rainfallequatorialareasthatremainwetorhumidallyearround.ButtheMayahomelandliesmorethansixteenhundredkilometersfromtheequator,atlatitudes17to22degreesnorth,inahabitattermeda“seasonaltropicalforest.”Thatis,whiletheredoestendtobearainyseasonfromMaytoOctober,thereisalsoadryseasonfromJanuarythroughApril.（确切地说，热带雨林生长在赤道多雨地区，终年潮湿。但是玛雅的家园位于北纬17到22度，距离赤道1600多公里，在一个被称为“季节性热带森林”的栖息地。也就是说，虽然5月到10月确实有雨季，但1月到4月也有旱季。）可知，玛雅家园的气候比一般的要复杂，D项“为了表明玛雅家园的气候比一般认为的要复杂”正确。A项“以说明玛雅家园的气候如何因地区而异”，文中并没有说各个地区不同；B项“来解释玛雅人家园的气候与丛林或热带雨林的相似之处”只说到了雨季，没有说旱季；C项“为了强调古代玛雅家园的广阔面积”中的“广阔面积”在文中也没有提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。

59.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“关于尤卡坦半岛古代和现代农业，下列哪一项陈述得到第2段的支持？”。根据关键词ancient和modern定位到第二段最后两句Asaresult,modernfarmersattemptingtogrowcornintheancientMayahomelandshavefacedfrequentcropfailures,especiallyinthenorth.TheancientMayawerepresumablymoreexperiencedanddidbetter,butneverthelesstheytoomusthavefacedrisksofcropfailuresfromdroughtsandhurricanes.（因此，现代农民要在玛雅遗址种植谷物就要面临频繁的作物减产的风险，尤其在半岛的北部地区。古玛雅人也许更有经验也做得更好，但是不管怎么说他们都必须面对旱灾和飓风带来的颗粒无收的风险。），由此可知，现代和古代的玛雅人都会遇到同样的问题，即自然灾害带来的作物减产，但在某种程度上，古代人比现代人解决的更好，因此B项“古代玛雅农民在尤卡坦半岛的农业可能比今天的农民更成功”符合题意，A项“现代农业方法解决了尤卡坦半岛许多古老的农业问题”正好相反，A项错误。C项“由于尤卡坦半岛的环境变化增加了可用的降雨量，今天的农业比过去更容易”和D项“古代农民耕种的尤卡坦半岛的土壤比现在更肥沃、更多产、更厚”在该段都没提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。

60.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪一项关于玛雅家园水资源的陈述得到了第3段的支持？”。根据第三段倒数第二句和第三句Inlow-elevationnorthcoastalareaswithoutsinkholes,theMayawouldhavebeenabletogetdowntothewatertablebydiggingwellsupto75feet(22meters)deep.Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.（在没有排水口且海拔较低的北部沿海地区，玛雅人就需要借助凿井到达75英尺深的地下水含水层。但在南方若想通过排水口或凿井达到含水层的话，深度就要深得多。）可知，北部打井容易而南部却很难，所以A项“无论是在北方还是南方，打井都是一种罕见的做法，因为在岩溶中挖掘太困难了”错误，C项“地下水位是尤卡坦半岛北部和南部重要的农业资源”中的“地下水位”虽然有提及，但是并没有提到它的重要性，所以C项也不选。由第三段最后一句Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.（更糟糕的是，尤卡坦半岛大部分地区属于喀斯特地貌，多孔状如海绵的石灰岩地形，雨水直接流入地下，几乎没有地表水余留。）可知，B项“在北方和南方的大部分地区，雨水被直接吸收到多孔的喀斯特地貌”符合原文。D项“北方和南方地表水的缺乏可能是由于大部分地表水很快被用于农业用途”在原文中没有对应。因此，该题选择B项正确。

61.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章，为什么南部玛雅人的家园很难耕种？”。根据第三段第三句ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.（可能的解释是，尤卡坦半岛的地下有一片淡水区域，但地表高度从北向南增加，所以当你向南移动时，地表高于地下水位的位置越来越高。）可推知，玛雅南部的地表高于地下水位，所以地下水无法达到地表，从而南部玛雅人很难耕种，故C项“地下水在地表以下很远，无法到达”正确。根据第三段倒数第二句Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.（但在南方若想通过排水口或凿井达到含水层的话，深度就要深得多。）可知，在玛雅南部凿井是很困难的，所以A项“大量排水口和井的存在妨碍了农业”是错误的。B项“南方土壤缺乏作物生长所需的深度”在原文中没有提到。由第三段最后一句Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.（更糟糕的是，尤卡坦半岛大部分地区属于喀斯特地貌，多孔状如海绵的石灰岩地形，雨水直接流入地下，几乎没有地表水余留。）可知，喀斯特地貌导致的是雨水直接流下地下，而不是洪水，D项“喀斯特地貌的存在导致频繁的洪水”错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。

12.单选题

AlthoughHankappearsoutgoingandboldoncamera,inpersonheisalivingpictureofdocilityand______.

问题1选项

A.sycophantic

B.servile

C.submissive

D.slavish

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项sycophantic“说奉承话的，阿谀的”，B项servile“奴性的，恭顺的”，C项submissive“顺从的，服从的”，D项slavish“照搬的，刻板模仿的”。根据although可知，句子前后表示对比，前面提到outgoingandbold（外向大胆），结合选项可知docilityand______可填入B项表示“顺从”。句意：虽然汉克在镜头前显得外向而大胆，但他本人却是一个温顺顺从的活生生的形象。因此，该题选择C项。

13.单选题

Lodger:I’mterriblysorrythatIbrokeyourpreciousvase.I’llpayforit.

Landlady:____________________

问题1选项

A.Can’tcomplain.

B.Nevermind.

C.Relaxyourself.

D.Takecare.

【答案】B

【解析】考查语义。句意：对不起，我打碎了你珍贵的花瓶，我会赔的。。别人因损害了自己的利益或冒犯了自己而道歉时，客气的应答为nevermind“没关系”，所以B符合；A项“(生活/工作)还行”，C项“放松点”，D项“保重”，都不符合对话场景。

14.单选题

Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthemachineshavebeenintroduced.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry.”Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization’seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen’slives.

Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriterandthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof“dead-end”jobs,thenceforthconsidered“women’swork.”Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.

Women’sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.

46.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

47.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen’swork?

48.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmanyemployersbeforethetwentiethcenturyisNOTimpliedinthepassage?

49.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionoftheconcludingsentenceofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen’sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.

B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety’straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers.

C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen’sworktochangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Themechanizationofwomen’swork,whileextremelyrevolutionaryinitseffects,hasnot,onthewhole,hadthedeleteriouseffectsthatsomecriticshadfeared.

问题2选项

A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityofwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.

B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.

C.Survey