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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Shewasyoungandbeautiful;hewasoldbutveryrich.Rumorssaidthather______tendencydrovehertomarryhim.

问题1选项

A.avaricious

B.frugal

C.austere

D.penurious

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项avaricious“贪婪的,贪得无厌的”,B项frugal“节俭的,朴素的”,C项austere“严峻的,简朴的”,D项penurious“吝啬的,缺乏的”。由rich可知,四个选项中只有A项符合语境。句意:她年轻美丽;他虽然老了,但很富有。有谣言说她的贪婪倾向驱使她嫁给了他。因此,该题选择A项。

2.单选题

ThelandscapeoftheGiant’sCauseway,lurkingbelowthegauntseawallwherethelandends,musthavestruckwonderintotheheartsoftheancientIrish,whosubsequentlyfeltinspiredandcreatedlegendsaboutitsbuilder:thegiantFinnMcCool.TheCausewayCoasthasanunparalleleddisplayofgeologicalformationsrepresentingvolcanicactivityduringtheEarlyTertiaryPeriodsome5060millionyearsago.ItsTertiarylavasoftheAntrimPlateau,coveringsome3,800sqkm,representthelargestremaininglavaplateauinEurope.

TheCausewayisamassofbasaltcolumnspackedtightlytogether.Thetopsofthecolumnsformsteppingstonesthatleadfromtheclifffootanddisappearunderthesea.Altogetherthereare40,000ofthesestonecolumns,mostlyhexagonal,butsomearequadrangular,pentagonal,heptagonalandoctagonal.Thetallestateabout40feethigh,andthesolidifiedlavainthecliffsis90feetthickinplaces.

AfinecircularwalkwilltakeyoudowntotheGiant’sCauseway,pastamphitheatresofstonecolumnsandformationswithfancifulnamesliketheHoneycomb,theWishingWell,andtheGiant’sGranny,pastawoodenstaircasetoBenbaneHead,andbackalongthecliff-top.Furtherdownthecoast,thestunningCarrick-a-rederopebridgespansagapingchasmbetweenthecoastandasmallislandusedbyfishermen.Theeighty-footdropcanbecrossedviatheswingingbridge―andisnotforthefaint-hearted!

TheGiant’sCausewayandCausewayCoastsitewasinscribedasaWorldHeritageSitebyUNESCOin1986.ThesiteisofoutstandinguniversalvalueandmeetsthecriteriasetintheWorldHeritageConvention.Namely,itisanoutstandingexamplerepresentingmajorstagesoftheearth’shistoryincludingtherecordoflife:significanton-goinggeologicalprocessesinlandformdevelopments,andsignificantgeomorphicandphysiographicfeatures;moreover,italsocontainssuperlativenaturalphenomenaandareasofexceptionalnaturalbeautyandaestheticimportance.

MoyleDistrictCouncil’sCausewayVisitorCentreisopendailyallyearroundandlocatedontheclifftop1kmfromthesite.TheCentreistheidealstartingpointforwalksalongthecoastalandcliff-toppaths,providingallexcellentrangeofvisitorservices.A12-minuteaudio-visualpresentation,withcommentaryavailablein5Europeanlanguages,enablesvisitorstofurtherexploretheoriginsoftheGiant’sCausewaythroughlocalfolkloreandscientifictheory,andhighlightsthemanyotherattractionsoftheCausewayCoastandGlensofAntrimarea.

50.TheGiant’sCausewaywascreatedby______.

51.ThelastsentenceinParagraph3impliesthatthetripontheswingingbridgeisquite______.

52.WhichoftheGiant’sCauseway’sfeaturesbestfitswiththecriteriasetintheWorldHeritageConvention?

53.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheGiant’sCauseway?

问题1选项

A.theancientIrishpeople

B.thegiantFinnMcCool

C.thevolcanicactivities

D.thedriftoflavaplateau

问题2选项

A.inviting

B.intimidating

C.eye-opening

D.heart-breaking

问题3选项

A.Itsunparalleleddisplayofgeologicalformations.

B.Itsamphitheatreswithfancilynamedstonecolumns.

C.ItslargestremaininglavaplateauinEurope.

D.Itsswingingropebridgebetweenthecoastandalittleisle.

问题4选项

A.Itprovidesvisitorsgrandandbreath-takingviews.

B.ItisasourceofliteraryinspirationfortheancientIrish.

C.Itservesasanexcellentpieceofmaterialforscientificresearch.

D.ItdwarfsmanyotherWorldHeritageSitesinEurope.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】50.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“巨人之路是由……创造的”。根据文章第一句ThelandscapeoftheGiant’sCauseway,lurkingbelowthegauntseawallwherethelandends,musthavestruckwonderintotheheartsoftheancientIrish,whosubsequentlyfeltinspiredandcreatedlegendsaboutitsbuilder:thegiantFinnMcCool.(潜伏在陆地尽头、荒凉的海堤下的巨人之路,肯定让古代爱尔兰人感到惊奇,他们随后受到启发并创造了有关它的建造者的传说,即巨人芬恩麦库尔)和第二句TheCausewayCoasthasanunparalleleddisplayofgeologicalformationsrepresentingvolcanicactivityduringtheEarlyTertiaryPeriodsome5060millionyearsago.(堤道海岸有着无与伦比的地质构造,代表了约5亿6千万年前第三纪早期的火山活动),以及第四段中的TheGiant’sCausewayandCausewayCoastsitewasinscribedasaWorldHeritageSite…itisanoutstandingexamplerepresentingmajorstagesoftheearth’shistoryincludingtherecordoflife:significanton-goinggeologicalprocessesinlandformdevelopments,andsignificantgeomorphicandphysiographicfeatures(巨人之路和堤道海岸于1986年被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录……它是一个杰出的例子,代表了地球历史的主要阶段,包括生命的记录:在地形发展中的重要的持续地质过程,以及重要的地貌和地貌特征),可知,巨人之路的创造是由于火山的活动而产生了持续的地质过程,从而形成巨人之路,所以C项“火山活动”正确。A项“古代爱尔兰人”错误;D项“熔岩高原的漂移”中的“漂移”文中没有提及;B项“巨人芬恩麦库尔”为干扰项,文章第一句说到了legend(神话),可知巨人之路是由巨人芬恩麦库尔创造的并不是真实发生的事情,而是爱尔兰人们为了解释这一现象而创造出来的神话,该项不选。因此,该题选择C项正确。

51.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“第三段的最后一句话暗示了在摇摆桥上的旅行是相当……”。根据题干定位到第三段最后一句Theeighty-footdropcanbecrossedviatheswingingbridge―andisnotforthefaint-hearted!(可以通过80英尺落差的摇摆桥,胆小的人可不行!),由最后的faint-hearted(怯懦的,胆怯的)就可以推知,摇摆桥是令人害怕的,B项“令人生畏的”正确。A项“诱人的,有魅力的”、C项“使人开眼界的”和D项“心碎的”都不正确。因此,该题选择B项正确。

52.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“巨人之路的哪一个特征最符合世界遗产公约的标准?”。根据题干定位到文章第四段ThesiteisofoutstandinguniversalvalueandmeetsthecriteriasetintheWorldHeritageConvention.Namely,itisanoutstandingexamplerepresentingmajorstagesoftheearth’shistoryincludingtherecordoflife:significanton-goinggeologicalprocessesinlandformdevelopments,andsignificantgeomorphicandphysiographicfeatures;moreover,italsocontainssuperlativenaturalphenomenaandareasofexceptionalnaturalbeautyandaestheticimportance.(该遗址具有突出的普世价值,符合《世界遗产公约》规定的标准。也就是说,它是一个杰出的例子,代表了地球历史的主要阶段,包括生命的记录:在地形发展中的重要的持续地质过程,以及重要的地貌和地貌特征;此外,它还包含了最高的自然现象和特殊的自然美和美学重要性的领域。),可知巨人之路的持续地质过程、重要的地貌和地貌特征以及自然现象和自然美是最符合世界遗产公约的标准,所以A项“无与伦比的地质构造”最能概括这几点。B项“它的圆形凹地有着名字奇特的石柱”、C项“欧洲最大的熔岩高原”和D项“在海岸和一个小岛之间的摇摆绳索桥”都是包括在里面的。因此,该题选择A项正确。

53.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“关于巨人之路,下列哪项是不正确的?”。由最后一段第二句TheCentreistheidealstartingpointforwalksalongthecoastalandcliff-toppaths,providingallexcellentrangeofvisitorservices.(该中心是沿海岸和悬崖的理想起点,为游客提供各种优质的服务。)可知,A项“它为游客提供了壮丽的景色”符合原文。由文章第一句ThelandscapeoftheGiant’sCauseway,lurkingbelowthegauntseawallwherethelandends,musthavestruckwonderintotheheartsoftheancientIrish,whosubsequentlyfeltinspiredandcreatedlegendsaboutitsbuilder:thegiantFinnMcCool.(潜伏在陆地尽头、荒凉的海堤下的巨人之路,肯定让古代爱尔兰人感到惊奇,他们随后受到启发并创造了有关它的建造者的传说,即巨人芬恩麦库尔)可知,B项“它是古代爱尔兰文学灵感的来源”正确。由最后一段倒数第一句A12-minuteaudio-visualpresentation,withcommentaryavailablein5Europeanlanguages,enablesvisitorstofurtherexploretheoriginsoftheGiant’sCausewaythroughlocalfolkloreandscientifictheory…(12分钟的视听介绍,配有5种欧洲语言的解说,使游客可以通过当地的民间传说和科学理论进一步探索巨人之路的起源……)可知,巨人之路在科学理论的探索上发挥了作用,C项“它是科学研究的绝佳材料”也符合。只有D项“它使欧洲的许多其他世界遗产相形见绌”在文中并没有提到。因此,该题选择D项正确。

3.单选题

Thereisnodoubt______thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesaleproject.

问题1选项

A.why

B.that

C.whether

D.when

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句型。A项why为疑问副词,表示“为什么”;B项that为关系代词,可指代某人或某物;C项whether为疑问副词,表示“是否”;D项when为疑问副词,表示“何时”。根据句子可知,thereisnodoubtthat…为固定句型,表示“毫无疑问”。句意:毫无疑问,公司在销售项目上做出了正确的决定。因此,该题选择B项正确。

4.单选题

Economicgrowthinvolvesincreasesovertimeinthevolumeofacountry’spercapitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)ofgoodsandservices.Suchcontinuingincreasescanraiseaveragelivingstandardssubstantiallyandprovideastrongerbaseforotherpolicyobjectivessuchasnationaldefense,variouskindsofcapitalinvestments,orpublicwelfareservices.Itisonlyinthelasttwocenturiesthatcontinuedgrowthinlivingstandardshasbeenrealizedforanumberofnow-developedcountries,andthisprocesshasbroadenedinthe20thcenturytoincludeanumberofdevelopingcountries.However,thefairlysteadyexpansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewaytoaperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforbothhigh-andlow-incomecountries,whilesomeoftheeconomicallypoorestcountrieswerethusfarunabletoestablishaself-sustainingpatternofdevelopment.Italsobecameincreasinglyevidentthattherewereseriousenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwithsometypesofgrowthinproduction.

Thisarticleexaminestherecordofeconomicgrowthanddevelopment,someexplanationsforthechangesinvolved,andtheattemptsbygovernmentstoplanthesechanges.Twomajorissuesareinvolved.Thefirstiswhyeconomicgrowthoccursmorequicklyinsomecountriesandperiodsthaninothers.Itistheincreaseinthesizeandqualityofthefactorsofproductionthatunderliesgrowth,butcertainforces—innovationsandentrepreneurship,thepartplayedbygovernments,andtheroleofinvestmentasdistinctfromconsumption—deservespecialattention.Avarietyofmodelsofeconomicgrowthgiveexpressiontotheunderstandingoftheseforces.Increasingattentionhasbeenpaidinthesemodelsandinpolicytotheinternationalaspectsofgrowth.Thistrendispartlyareflectionofthegrowinginternationalizationofeconomicactivity.Italsoreflectsanumberofpotentiallydestabilizingchangesintheinternationaleconomythatbecameevidentduringthe1970s.Whiletheprecisenatureoftheireffectsisopentodebate,amongthesechangesshouldbenotedthetransitiontomoreflexibleexchangerates,thesupplyshocksinpetroleumandotherproducts,thegrowthofinternationaldebt,andthedevelopmentofseveralmajorcentersofeconomicpower.

Thesecondissueisthechallengesfacingthelow-incomecountries,namely,tomovefromsubsistencelevelsofpercapitaincometoalevelthatwouldgenerateself-sustaininggrowthandalsotoreducethegapbetweenthemselvesandthehigh-incomecountries.Differencesamongthelowerincomecountrieswarnagainstmakingsweepinggeneralizationsonthedevelopmentprocess,butthreetopicshaveattractedmuchattention.Oneishowfarexistingprivateandpublicorganizationsmustbechangedsoastoinstitutionalizedevelopment.Asecondistheviewthat,particularlyformanufacturesandforsmallermarkets,relianceonimportsubstitutionshouldgivewayfairlyquicklytoexportdevelopment.Thethirdistheimpactofpopulationgrowthonbothdevelopmentandlivingstandards.

62.Accordingtothispassage,theeconomicexpansioninmanydevelopedanddevelopingcountriesdidnotbecomesloweruntil______.

63.Theunderlinedword“erratic”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.

64.Thesecondparagraphofthispassageismainlyabout______.

65.Accordingtotheauthorofthisarticle,______.

问题1选项

A.thelasttwocenturies

B.the20thcentury

C.the1980s

D.The1960s

问题2选项

A.consistent

B.unstable

C.Invariable

D.erotic

问题3选项

A.therecordofeconomicgrowthanddevelopment

B.someexplanationsforthechangesinvolved

C.thegrowinginternationlizationofeconomicactivity

D.thereasonsforthedifferencesineconomicgrowthratesamongdifferentcountriesandperiods

问题4选项

A.economicgrowthreliesmainlyoninnovations

B.anumberofmodelshavefocusedontheglobaleconomicgrowth

C.agreementhasbeenreachedonthenatureofthedestabilizingchangesofthe1970s

D.populationgrowthhasanotableimpactontheenvironment

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】62.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“根据文章,许多发达国家和发展中国家的经济扩张直到……才变得缓慢”。根据第一段倒数第二句话However,thefairlysteadyexpansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewaytoaperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforbothhigh-andlow-incomecountries,whilesomeoftheeconomicallypoorestcountrieswerethusfarunabletoestablishaself-sustainingpatternofdevelopment.(然而,在20世纪的第三个25年的时候,对于高收入国家和低收入国家,相对稳定的经济扩张让位于较慢且更不稳定的经济增长,即使一些最贫穷的国家到目前为止还无法建立一种自我维持的发展模式。)可知,在20世纪的第三个25年时,稳定的经济扩张开始让位于发展慢且不稳定的经济增长,所以D项“20世纪60年代”是正确的。A项“过去两个世纪”、B项“20世纪”和C项“20世纪80年代”都错误。因此,该题选择D项正确。

63.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段中下划线的单词erratic最有可能的意思是……”。根据题干关键词定位到第一段倒数第二句thefairlysteadyexpansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewaytoaperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforbothhigh-andlow-incomecountries…(对于高收入国家和低收入国家,相对稳定的经济扩张让位于一段较慢且更erratic的增长时期……),由givewayto可知,前后为对比关系,前面提到了steady(稳定的),那么后面的erratic与之对应的就是“不稳定的”,故B项“不稳定”正确。A项“一致”、C项“不变的”和D项“性爱的,色情的”都不符合。因此,该题选择B项正确。

64.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“文章第二段主要是关于……”。第二段第三句提到Thefirstiswhyeconomicgrowthoccursmorequicklyinsomecountriesandperiodsthaninothers.(第一个问题是为什么在一些国家和在不同时期的经济增长比其他国家更快),接着后面的内容都是就这个问题展开的论述,所以D项“不同国家、不同时期经济增长率差异的原因”符合题意。根据第二段前两句Thisarticleexaminestherecordofeconomicgrowthanddevelopment,someexplanationsforthechangesinvolved,andtheattemptsbygovernmentstoplanthesechanges.Twomajorissuesareinvolved.(本文考察了经济增长和发展的记录,对所涉及的变化的一些解释,以及政府计划这些变化的尝试。其中涉及两个主要问题。)可知,经济增长和发展的记录、所涉及的变化的一些解释和政府的一些尝试主要涉及两个问题,而第二段阐述的是第一个问题,所以开头第一句话只是为了引出下面的内容,A项“经济增长和发展的记录”和B项“对所涉及的变化的一些解释”不选。C项“经济活动日益国际化”只是第一个问题中的一部分内容,并不全面。因此,该题选择D项正确。

65.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据作者,……”。由第二段中的Itistheincreaseinthesizeandqualityofthefactorsofproductionthatunderliesgrowth,butcertainforces—innovationsandentrepreneurship,thepartplayedbygovernments,andtheroleofinvestmentasdistinctfromconsumption—deservespecialattention.(生产要素的规模和质量的增加是经济增长的基础,但某些力量,如创新和企业家精神、政府发挥的作用以及投资不同于消费的作用也值得特别注意。)可知,经济增长有很多因素,A项“经济增长主要依靠创新”不正确。根据第二段中的Increasingattentionhasbeenpaidinthesemodelsandinpolicytotheinternationalaspectsofgrowth.(在这些模式和政策中,越来越重视经济增长的国际层面)可知,这些模式和政策日益关注全球的经济增长,所以B项“一些模式关注的是全球经济增长”符合题意。根据Italsoreflectsanumberofpotentiallydestabilizingchangesintheinternationaleconomythatbecameevidentduringthe1970s.Whiletheprecisenatureoftheireffectsisopentodebate…(它还反映了在20世纪70年代期间明显出现的国际经济中一些可能造成不稳定的变化。虽然其影响的确切性质还有待讨论……)可知,在20世纪70年代,国际经济中的不稳定的变化的性质还有待讨论,C项“已经就20世纪70年代不稳定变化的性质达成了协议”不符合原文。由最后一段最后一句Thethirdistheimpactofpopulationgrowthonbothdevelopmentandlivingstandards.(第三是人口增长对发展和生活水平的影响。)可知,人口增长影响的是发展和生活水平,D项“人口增长对环境有显著影响”错误。因此,该题选择B项正确。

5.单选题

Bladderwrack,atough,leatherybrownseaweed,clingstorockstenaciously.

问题1选项

A.growsunder

B.hidesunder

C.sticksto

D.yieldsto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项growunder“在……下成长”,B项hideunder“在……掩盖之下”,C项stickto“坚持,粘住”,D项yieldto“屈服,让步”。句意:一种坚韧的棕色海藻,顽强地附着在岩石上。clingsto在句中表示“附着”。因此,该题选择C项。

6.单选题

ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehavior,ofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimals,andthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituation,suchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.Thustheant-lionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardwithabdomen,goesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatens,andendeavors,withtheutmostexertionstoboreintoit.Itknowsnoothermodeoffightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandisinterrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactions(asuselessascultivatinganunsownfield)ordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwood,whenremovalfromahalf-finishedhome,willnotbeginagain,thoughitwillcontinueanotherburrow,evenonemadewithapencil.

Advancedinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habits,insteadofbeingbornready-made(Whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatall)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremodeledtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.

Thismeans,onemightatfirstimagine,thatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect-likecreaturesarenolongerinherited,althoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingon,yetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors.

58.Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?

59.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheexampleoftheant-lion?

60.Basedontheexampleprovidedinthepassage,wecantellthatwhenaspiderisremovedtoanewpositionwherehalfofanethasbeenmade,itwillprobably____.

61.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouthabits?

问题1选项

A.TheEvolutionofInsects.

B.EnvironmentandHeredity.

C.Education:TheInfluenceoftheEnvironment.

D.TheInstinctsofAnimals.

问题2选项

A.Instinctsofanimalscanleadtounreasonablereactionsofanimalsinastrangesituation.

B.Whenitisengagedinachainactionsitcannotbeinterrupted.

C.Environmentandheredityaretwosupplementaryfactorsintheevolutionofinsects.

D.Alongthelinesofevolutionhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.

问题3选项

A.beginacompletenet

B.destroythehalf-madenet

C.spintherestofthenet

D.stayawayfromthenet

问题4选项

A.Theyarenaturalendowmentstolivingcreature.

B.Theyaremoreimportantthaninstinctstoallanimals.

C.Theyaresubjecttheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment.

D.Theyaredestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityintheevolutionofhumanbeings.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】58.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】主旨大意题。这是一篇科技性的文章,从文中内容可知,作者是在讲外部环境和遗传是互补的因素,主要是为了说明两个生物和遗传学中重要的概念:先天的“本能”(instinct)和后天的“习惯”(habit),以及它们之间相互的关系。选项A“昆虫的进化”可以排除掉,文章的主题显然不是讨论昆虫的进化。选项C“教育:环境的影响”,D“动物的本能”都分别是文章讨论的一个侧面,也可以排除。所以应该选B“环境和遗传”,从全篇文章尤其是最后一句都明确表现出文章“环境和遗传”这一主题。

59.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。本题可参照第一段中间一句话ifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandisinterrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactions…ordiesinhelplessinactivity(如果这样一个孤独的动物在一连串的行动中被打断,它要么徒劳地继续剩下的行动……要么在无助的无为中死去),从中可知,蚁狮会执著地做出本能的反应。因此A项“当它参与连锁行动时它不能受到干扰”为正确答案。B项“动物的本能会导致动物在陌生的情况下做出不合理的反应”,C项“环境和遗传在昆虫进化中是两个补充因素”,D项“沿着进化方向遗传作用变小环境变得更为重要”,皆与文章不符。

60.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。文章第一段最后一句Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwood,whenremovalfromahalf-finishedhome,willnotbeginagain,…(一只织网的蜘蛛在挖洞的时候,用沙砾和木屑筑起一个堡垒,当它从一个半成品的家里搬走时,它不会再开始……),可知当一只蜘蛛建造它的小巢的工作进行到一半的时候,到了一个新的环境,它不会重新开始修建另一个巢穴,而是会继续完成一个半成品的巢穴,这是动物的本能的反映。依此类推,当人们把一只蜘蛛从一个织了一半的网上拿到另外一个织了一半的网上的时候,它显然会在本能的驱使下把那个织了一半的网完成。因此C项“继续织剩下的网”,为正确答案。A项“开始织一个完整的网”,B项“摧毁织了一半的网”,D项“远离网”,均不符合文意。

61.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。可从第二段最后一句Habits,insteadofbeingbornready-made(Whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatall)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremodeledtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm(习惯,而不是天生的现成的(当它们被称为本能而不是习惯的时候),越来越多地被环境的影响所左右,其中最重要的因素是父母在幼年时期照顾小动物,在幼年时期,比昆虫更模糊的本能被模仿来适应环境,环境可能会发生很大的变化而不会造成伤害),对习惯的描述推出C“他们受到环境的影响”。A项“他们是生物的自然天赋”,B“对所有动物来说,它们比本能更重要”,D“他们注定会在人类的进化中开阔有极其远大前景的可能性”,均错误。

7.单选题

Socialscientistshaveestablishedfairlyclear-cut______thatdescribetheappropriatebehaviorofchildrenandadults,butthereseemstobeconfusionaboutwhatconstitutesappropriatebehaviorforadolescents.

问题1选项

A.functions

B.rigidities

C.norms

D.castes

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项function“功能,职责”,B项rigidity“硬度,严格,刻板”,C项norm“标准,规范”,D项cast“投掷,抛”。根据句子可知,空格处缺少一个名词,并且后面的that是作定语从句修饰空格,它的意思是“描述儿童和成人的适当行为”,那么结合选项可推测,这个定语从句修饰的名词是“规范”。句意:社会科学家已经建立了相当明确的规范,描述儿童和成人的适当行为,但青少年的适当行为是由什么构成的,似乎还存在困惑。因此,该题选择C项。

8.单选题

It’sabrandnewworld—aworldbuiltaroundbrands.Hardcharging,noisemaking,cultureshapingbrandsareeverywhere.They’reonsupermarketshelves,ofcourse,butalsoinbusinessplansfordotcomstartupsandinthenamesofsportscomplexes.Brandsareinfiltratingpeople’severydaylives—bystickingtheirlogosonclothes,inconcertprograms,onsubwaystationwall,eveninelementaryschoolclassrooms.

WeliveinanageinwhichCBSnewscasterswearNikejacketsontheair,inwhichBurgerKingandMcDonald’sopenkiosksinelementary-schoollunchrooms,inwhichschoolslikeStanfordUniversityareendowedwithaYahoo!FoundersChair.Butasbrandsreach(andthenoverreach)intoeveryaspectofourlives,thecompaniesbehindtheminvitemorequestions,deeperscrutiny—andaninevitablebacklashbyconsumers.

“Ourintellectuallivesandourpublicspacesarebeingtakenoverbymarketing—andthathasrealimplicationsforcitizenship,saysauthorandactivistNaomiKlein.“It’simportantforanyhealthyculturetohavepublicspace—aplacewherepeoplearetreatedascitizensinsteadofasconsumers.We’vecompletelylostthatspace.”

Sincethemid-1980s,asmoreandmorecompanieshaveshiftedfrombeingaboutproductstobeingaboutideas—Starbucksisn’tslingcoffee;it’ssellingcommunity!—thosecompanieshavepouredmoreandmoreresourcesintomarketingcampaigns.

Topayforthosecampaigns,thosesamecompaniesfiguredoutwaystocutcostselsewhere—forexample,byusingcontractlaborathomeandlow-wagelaborindevelopingcountries.Contractlaborersarehiredonatemporary,per-assignmentbasis,andemployershavenoobligationtoprovide(anybenefits,suchashealthinsurance)orlong-termjobsecurity.Thissavescompaniesmoneybutobviouslyputsworkersinvulnerablesituations.IntheUnitedStates,contractlaborhasgivenrisetoso-calledMcJobs,whichemployersandworkersalikepretendaretemporary—eventhoughthesejobsareusuallyheldbyadultswhoaretryingtosupportfamilies.

Themassiveexpansionofmarketingcampaignsinthe1980scoincidedwiththereductionofgovernmentspendingforschoolsandformuseums.Thismadethoseinstitutionsmuchtoowilling,eveneager,topartnerwithprivatecompanies.Butcompaniestookadvantageoftheneedsofthoseinstitutions,reachingtoofar,andoverwhelmingthecivicspacewiththeirmarketingagendas.

46.Whatdoesthepassageintendtotellus?

47.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorstateasafactorintheincreasingpresenceofbrandsinpeoples’lives?

48.ThetextsuggeststhatmostcontractlaborersintheU.S.______.

49.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat______.

问题1选项

A.Theproblemswithcurrentcorporatepractices.

B.Thenatureofcurrentmarketingcampaignsandstrategies.

C.TheimportanceofbrandsinAmericanculture.

D.Theexcessivepresenceofbrandsandmarketinginpeople’slives.

问题2选项

A.Theaggressivenatureofcorporatemarketing.

B.Thewillingnessofschoolsandmuseumstocooperatewithprivatecompanies.

C.Thelackofgovernmentregulationsofmarketingmethods.

D.Themarketingcampaignstakeuppublicspaces.

问题3选项

A.pretendtobetemporaryworkers

B.mayhavetroublesupportingtheirfamiliesfinancially

C.haveworkconditionscomparabletothoseoflow-wageworkersoverseas

D.arelikelytoreceivehealthbenefitsfromtheiremployers

问题4选项

A.inadequatefederalfundingfacilitatedtheprivatizationofschoolsandmuseums

B.governmentreducedspendingforschoolsandmuseumsfortheircooperationwithcompanies

C.publicinstitutionsweretooquicktoacceptcorporatemarketingasasourceoffunding

D.bythe1980s,veryfewpublicinstitutionswerenotbeingfundedbycorporations

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】46.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章想要告诉我们什么?”。文章在第一段就提到It’sabrandnewworld–aworldbuiltaroundbrands.Hardcharging,noisemaking,cultureshapingbrandsareeverywhere.(这是一个全新的围绕品牌建立的世界。强势收费、制造噪音、塑造文化的品牌无处不在。),接下来几个段落,作者通过举例指出品牌和营销在人民生活中的不断渗入,包括衣服、电视节目、公共空间和教室等,并且品牌和营销使得公司费用增加,从而迫使公司降低员工的成本;综合推断可知,这篇文章主要讲的是品牌和营销在人们生活的方方面面中过度渗透,D项“品牌和营销在人们生活中的过度存在”正确;A项“公司现行做法存在的问题”和B项“当前营销活动和策略的性质”都只是文章的部分内容;C项“品牌在美国文化中的重要性”没有提到。因此,该题选择D项正确。

47.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为下列哪项是品牌在人们生活中日益增多的一个因素?”。第二段最后一句提到Butasbrandsreach(andthenoverreach)intoeveryaspectofourlives,thecompaniesbehindtheminvitemorequestions,deeperscrutiny—andaninevitablebacklashbyconsumers.(但是,随着品牌渗透到我们生活的方方面面,然后是过度渗透,它们背后的公司引来了更多的问题和更深入的审视,以及消费者不可避免的强烈反应。),以及文章最后一句Butcompaniestookadvantageoftheneedsofthoseinstitutions,reachingtoofar,andoverwhelmingthecivicspacewiththeirmarketingagendas.(但企业利用了这些机构的需求,影响太远,用营销计划压倒了公民空间。)综合推断,品牌在人们生活中日益增加的一个原因是品牌营销侵略性太强,故A项“企业营销的侵略性”正确;由文章最后一段第一句Themassiveexpansionofmarketingcampaignsinthe1980scoincidedwiththereductionofgovernmentspendingforschoolsandformuseums.(20世纪80年代,市场营销活动的大规模扩张与政府对学校和博物馆的开支削减相吻合。)可知,B项“学校和博物馆与私营公司合作的意愿”只是市场营销活动的大规模扩张与政府开支削减吻合的结果,并不符合题干;C项“市场营销方式缺乏政府监管”没有提到;D项“营销活动占用了公共空间”属于营销侵略性的特点。因此,该题选择A项正确。

48.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章暗示美国大多数合同工……”。根据第五段最后一句IntheUnitedStates,contractlaborhasgivenrisetoso-calledMcJobs,whichemployersandworkersalikepretendaretemporary—eventhoughthesejobsareusuallyheldbyadultswhoaretryingtosupportfamilies.(在美国,合同劳工催生了所谓的“麦当劳工作”,雇主和工人都假装这些工作是临时的,尽管做这些工作通常是设法养家糊口的人。)可推知,文章暗含的意思就是这些美国合同工养家糊口可能是有困难的,B项“养家糊口可能有困难”正确;A项“假装是临时工”在文章中明确提及了,并不是暗含的意思;C项“工作条件与海外的低薪工人相当”没提到;由第五段中的Contractlaborersarehiredonatemporary,per-assignmentbasis,andemployershavenoobligationtoprovide(anybenefits,suchashealthinsurance)orlong-termjobsecurity.(合同工是临时雇佣的,按任务分配,雇主没有义务提供任何福利,如医疗保险或长期的工作保障)可知,D项“有可能从他们的雇主那里得到健康福利”错误。因此,该题选择B项正确。

49.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“我们从最后一段可以推断出……”。根据最后一段前两句的内容Themassiveexpansionofmarketingcampaignsinthe1980scoincidedwiththereductionofgovernmentspendingforschoolsandformuseums.Thismadethoseinstitutionsmuchtoowilling,eveneager,topartnerwithprivatecompanies.(20世纪

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